Experts say they've identified 'hairy UFO' that crash landed in North Carolina

• READ MORE: Nine never-before-seen UFOs over California, Utah and Nevada

By MATTHEW PHELAN SENIOR SCIENCE REPORTER FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

Space experts believe they have identified the bizarre 'UFO' debris discovered by a North Carolina groundskeeper and his coworker at a luxury campsite.

Justin Clontz found the three-foot-wide panel, fuzzed with burnt and frayed carbon fibers, in the middle of a trail in the town of Canton last week.

And now an astronomer has told DailyMail.com that the mangled metal is likely pieces of a storage trunk from one of Elon Musk's SpaceX spacecraft.

'The debris matches the expected location of these reentries,' Smithsonian astrophysicist Dr Jonathan McDowell told DailyMail.com, adding that he was 'very confident' in this assessment. 

Astronomer Dr Jonathan McDowell has told DailyMail.com that the bizarre 'UFO' crash debris discovered by a North Carolina groundskeeper at a luxury campsite has been determined to be pieces of a storage trunk from one of SpaceX 's reusable Cargo Dragon spacecraft (above)

Justin Clontz (above) was working grounds maintenance at Glamping Collective, a luxury campsite in Haywood County, North Carolina when he made the bewildering discovery. he had to tow the 'UFO' out of the area with a riding lawnmower because it was so massive and heavy

The charred black, metal object also resembles two pieces of debris found in Canada and Australia, which are now known to be from SpaceX Dragons. 

'We have coincidence in time and place. They look similar to each other and to the Australia debris which is confirmed to come from a Dragon trunk,' Dr McDowell said. 

Clontz was working on grounds maintenance at Glamping Collective, a luxury campsite in Haywood County, when he made the eerie discovery. 

The career groundskeeper and landscaper told local news he was 'just shocked as to what it was,' adding: 'It's once in a lifetime, you know, it don't happen every day.' 

The UFO-like debris' carbon fiber looked almost like some kind of weird fur, as initial reports described the now very likely identified mystery object. 

'We don't know what it is,' Clontz told local news earlier this month. 'We just know that it's not from up here.'

Although this piece of SpaceX debris fell safely about a half-mile down a remote trail on Glamping's property, Dr McDowell noted that both governmental and private space programs have become dangerously lax with their space junk in recent years.

Although this piece of SpaceX debris fell safely about a half-mile down a remote forest trail, Dr McDowell noted that both governmental and private space programs have become notably lax with their space junk in recent years. Above, the open trunk of a SpaceX Cargo Dragon craft

SpaceX's Dragon 'trunk' has storage space of over 350 cubic-feet internally, with an extender option that expands its capacity to over 1200 cubic-feet of storage space. This cargo container comes with mounted radiators that help it regulate the temperature of sensitive items

'The risk to life and property is fairly small — because the Earth is a big target and is mostly not covered with people — but it's not tiny,' Dr McDowell wrote via email. 

'We have seen some close shaves,' he said. 

Dr McDowell's work, which involves collecting and analyzing data from NASA's Chandra X-ray telescope observatory and other space-based astronomy platforms, often includes paying some attention to space traffic in Earth's orbit.

'The government is also taking unwarranted risks,' noted Dr McDowell, who publishes a monthly newsletter on space launches, 'as shown by the incident in Florida earlier this year when a bit of ISS came through the roof of someone's house.'

That incident, this March, involved a 5,800-pound battery pallet plunging into a Florida home. The heavy metal object was later confirmed to have been discarded by the International Space Station (ISS) in 2021.

'The risk to life and property is fairly small - because the Earth is a big target and is mostly not covered with people - but it's not tiny,' Dr McDowell wrote via email about the SpaceX crash

Dr McDowell's work, which has involved NASA's Chandra X-ray telescope observatory and other space-based astronomy platforms, often includes paying some attention to the space traffic in Earth's orbit. Above, another close-up of the SpaceX debris in North Carolina

Naples homeowner Alejandro Otero was on vacation when he received a call from his son, saying he heard a 'tremendous sound' and there were gaping holes in the ceiling and floor. Otero's son reportedly told him that whatever fell almost hit him.

SpaceX has not yet confirmed whether the object found in Canada earlier this year, or the object found in North Carolina, were debris from their spacecraft.

But, ground tracking of the SpaceX Dragon 'trunk' that made its re-entry this February would indicate that both of these crash debris objects came from the trunk as it burned up in the hot friction of its descent back towards Earth.

Dr McDowell told Space.com that the most likely sites for debris from this descent could include US states from Tennessee through Virginia and West Virginia, but North Carolina was certainly within the realm of possibility.

Clontz had to improvise to tow this apparent hull panel from the SpaceX Dragon's trunk out of off the trail because it was so massive: 'I just tied a rope to it and drug it out with a lawn mower'

Above, more detail from the futuristic SpaceX trunk panel, fuzzed with burnt and frayed carbon fibers, bolted between heavy metal plates

SpaceX's Dragon 'trunk' has storage space of over 350 cubic-feet internally, with an extender option that expands its capacity to over 1200 cubic-feet. 

This cargo container comes with mounted radiators — electrical and fluid connections that allow it to regulate its storage space's internal temperature to accommodate a variety of sensitive payloads, including small satellites that can be released in orbit.

Clontz had to improvise to tow this apparent cargo hull panel from the SpaceX Dragon's trunk out of his trail area, just because it was so massive. 

'I just tied a rope to it and drug it out with a lawn mower,' as Clontz explained to WLOS. 

He added that the 'UFO' had landed perfectly in the middle of the trail and that none of the trees or leaves looked like they had caught fire in the crash.

Nobody had even heard the object land, he told reporters, which surprised him, given its size and weight.

'It's a one in a million chance that it lands, especially if it landed somewhere off the trail in the woods you'd have never found it,' he told the local news team, 'but it just happened to land on the trail.' 

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

02-06-2024 om 23:30 geschreven door peter  

Top Secret UFO Files to be Released by October 2024: Daniel Sheehan Reveals Groundbreaking Details

In an enlightening discussion on the Freedom Pact Podcast, esteemed attorney Daniel Sheehan unveiled critical information regarding the U.S. government’s clandestine UFO programs. Known for his notable legal career involving high-profile cases like the Pentagon Papers and Iran-Contra, Sheehan provides a unique and credible perspective on the impending release of classified UFO documents.

The Testimony of Colonel David Grusch

Central to the revelations is the testimony of Colonel David Grusch before the House Oversight Committee. Grusch, a former senior official in the National Reconnaissance Office and the Global Intelligence Center, declared under oath that the U.S. is in possession of an extraterrestrial spacecraft and non-human biologics. His credentials, including his access to top-secret satellite data and involvement in the Pentagon’s special UFO task force, lend significant weight to his claims.

Grusch’s testimony highlighted two critical programs: a UFO crash retrieval program and a back-engineering initiative aimed at developing weapon and propulsion systems from recovered extraterrestrial technology. His disclosures, approved by the Department of Defense Office of Pre-publication Security Review, underscore the authenticity and seriousness of these programs.

Government Actions and Legislative Developments

Following Grusch’s eye-opening testimony, the Senate Intelligence Committee took decisive action by unanimously approving a 64-page bill. This bill acknowledges the U.S. government’s extensive knowledge of UAPs (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) and non-human intelligence. Although the bill was later condensed to 24 pages, it retained crucial provisions and was signed into law by President Biden.

The enacted law mandates that all U.S. military services, intelligence agencies, and defense department entities compile and digitize every piece of information they possess regarding UAPs. This comprehensive collection process must be completed by October 18, 2024. The law also stipulates that all information older than 25 years must be made publicly accessible. This encompasses historical incidents such as Roswell, Aztec, and Project Blue Book, marking a significant shift towards transparency.

Implications of the Upcoming Disclosure

The October 2024 deadline for the release of classified UFO files represents a monumental moment in the pursuit of transparency regarding extraterrestrial phenomena. For decades, UFO enthusiasts and researchers have speculated about government cover-ups and hidden evidence. This mandated disclosure is poised to provide unprecedented access to information that could reshape public understanding of extraterrestrial life and the government’s involvement in studying and managing UAPs.

Sheehan emphasized the importance of this legislative milestone, noting that despite the initial disappointment over the reduction of the bill’s length, the remaining provisions are extraordinary in their scope and impact. The law requires all relevant agencies to report their UAP-related documents, ensuring that oversight is maintained and that the public gains access to critical information.

VIDEO:

• Top Secret UFO Files to be Released by October 2024 | Sheehan Explains

• https://youtu.be/4wOOI2Hzgbk

As the October 18, 2024, deadline approaches, anticipation builds around the potential release of top-secret UFO files. Daniel Sheehan’s insights and the legislative actions taken by the Senate and House underscore a significant move towards greater transparency and public awareness. The forthcoming disclosure promises to shed light on long-standing mysteries and provide a clearer picture of the U.S. government’s knowledge and handling of extraterrestrial phenomena. This historic event is set to redefine our understanding of UAPs and potentially unveil truths that have been hidden for decades.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

02-06-2024 om 21:14 geschreven door peter  

The Sun's Magnetic Field Starts Just Beneath the Surface, New Study Reveals

The Sun's magnetic field, which drives solar storms and solar wind, doesn't originate deep within the Sun after all.

BY KIONA SMITH

Handout/Getty Images News

University of Edinburgh mathematician Geoffrey Vasil and his colleagues published their work in the journal Nature.

SHALLOW, NO DIVING

Vasil and his colleagues used a computer simulation to model how plasma flows in the outer layers of the Sun, called the convective zone: a 124,000-mile-deep sea of roiling plasma, heated from below by the Sun’s thermonuclear core. Specifically, they were interested in what happened in the top 20,000 miles or so of the plasma.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology mathematician Keaton Burns, a coauthor on the study, designed the program, called the Dedalus Project, to be very good at simulating how fluids flow, from the movements of liquid inside a cell to the circulation of Earth’s oceans and atmosphere. And the Sun, although we tend to picture it as a big ball of fire, is actually a big ball of super-hot gas.

Physicists know that the magnetic field is driven by an enormous dynamo: physical mass in motion, whose mechanical energy becomes electrical energy.

“One of the basic ideas for how to start a dynamo is that you need a region where there’s a lot of plasma moving past other plasma, and that shearing motion converts kinetic energy into magnetic energy,” explains Burns in a recent statement.

Most astrophysicists are convinced that process happens more than 125,000 miles deep inside the Sun, at the very bottom of the convection layer. That explanation makes sense in a lot of ways, but simulations based on it don’t actually produce results that look much like the churning, roiling plumes of plasma in the Sun’s outer layers — or the pattern of sunspots (dark, relatively cool patches of the Sun’s surface, where magnetic field lines meet and tangle) that astronomers actually see on the Sun’s surface. The real Sun is much more turbulent than most simulations suggest. And in simulations of a magnetic field coming from deep within the Sun, sunspots tend to gather near the Sun’s poles; on the real Sun, most sunspots form near the equator.

Knowing more about how the Sun’s magnetic field works could help scientists make predictions about the kinds of solar activity that produced stunning auroras — and briefly stalled spring planting on some farms by disrupting navigation systems on tractors and other equipment — earlier in May.

JUST BENEATH THE SURFACE OF THE SUN

Vasil and his colleagues’ simulations showed that the Sun’s outermost reaches are made of layers of plasma, which normally rotate past each other (picture an onion; now picture an onion 865,000 miles wide and made of super-hot gas with a giant thermonuclear reactor running at its center). But tiny changes in how one layer flowed past the next — like a little plume or a slight eddy — could create an instability that fed on itself and rapidly grew into major turbulence.

“It doesn’t take much to trigger an instability! If a system is unstable, it is like a pencil balanced on its point — any slight breeze is enough to knock it over,” co-author Daniel Lecoanet, an assistant professor of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics at Northwestern University, tells Inverse. “The outer part of the Sun is convective, which is kind of like it is boiling. These roiling motions are definitely enough to seed the instability.”

Most of the instabilities that eventually formed got their start thanks to powerful winds in the interior of the Sun, which move at different speeds depending on how deep into the Sun you go. As you sink deeper into the Sun, the winds get stronger — until about 21,000 miles below the outer edge, when they suddenly slow down.

“The difference in wind speed at the surface vs. deeper into the Sun is a source of energy that can drive instability,” says Lecoanet. That energy is eventually converted into the Sun’s magnetic field.

And in Vasil and his colleagues’ simulations, those instabilities in the outer layers of the simulated Sun eventually produced a pattern of magnetic field lines and sunspots that looked remarkably like the real thing.

“Our work provides strong evidence that the solar cycle starts near the surface of the Sun in the equatorial region,” says Lecoanet.

PREDICTING SOLAR STORM SEASONS

Eventually, Vasil and his colleagues hope their work will help astrophysicists forecast how active the next solar cycle will be, similar to the way that meteorologists predict how active the coming hurricane season will be.

“This work is not trying to make predictions about individual solar storms,” says Lecoanet.

At the moment, NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center can predict the severity of a solar storm a few days in advance, around the time a huge belch of plasma called a coronal mass ejection leaves the Sun’s surface. But we don’t have a good way to predict what the next few years hold; some solar cycles are more active than others, and knowing what’s coming could help us prepare.

“We want to forecast if the next solar cycle will be particularly strong, or maybe weaker than normal,” says Lecoanet. “The previous models (assuming the solar magnetic field is generated deep within the Sun) have not been able to make accurate forecasts of if the next solar cycle will be strong or weak. We are hoping to make predictions of if a cycle will have a lot of solar storms or not a lot.”

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

02-06-2024 om 01:14 geschreven door peter  

Under the SPRINT program, Aurora has been tasked with delivering DARPA an aircraft capable of demonstrating a range of key technological capabilities. The agency says this will “enable a transformational combination of aircraft speed and runway independence.”

Aurora’s demonstrator will be a fan-in-wing design, which achieves low-drag flight thanks to an innovative wing body platform that blends the best capabilities in current vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) technology with high speed.

Aurora’s aircraft will help advance the SPRINT program’s objectives of attaining “game-changing capability for air mobility and Special Operations Forces (SOF) missions,” the company said in a recent statement on its website.

WHAT THE NEW IMAGES REVEAL

In Aurora’s latest artist concept images, the experimental aircraft’s fan-in-wing (FIW) design is revealed. It features a trio of lift fans and a more streamlined composite exterior.

“The choice of three lift fans reflects the team’s strategy to simplify the demonstrator and streamline its path to flight test,” the company says, with the fans designed to be scaled to provide additional fans as may be needed for future aircraft based on the new design.

Above: Fan configuration shown in recent artist’s concept images of the X-plane, currently under development by Aurora for DARPA’s SPRINT program

(Credit: Aurora Flight Sciences/Boeing).

Previously, Aurora has already demonstrated the use of fan systems in the development of its Excalibur Unmanned Aerial System (UAS), which employs jet power to drive three electric “louvered lift” fans for vertical takeoff and landing. On the new X-plane, the fan configurations will be retractable within the wings during primary flight mode operations.

Although the current X-plane design is an uncrewed demonstrator, Aurora says this offers advantages during the testing phase by reducing risks while allowing the FIW technologies it demonstrates to be carried over and scaled to aircraft designs featuring traditional crewed configurations.

SETTING THE PACE FOR ‘SPRINT’

Additionally, the new images reveal elements of the aircraft that will serve as crucial components for meeting the SPRINT program’s objectives. These include a body capable of 450-knot cruise speeds, short take-off and vertical landing (STOVL) capabilities, and seamless transitions between vertical and horizontal flight modes.

Above: Updated artist’s concept imagery of the Aurora X-plane, currently in development for DARPA’s SPRINT program

(Credit: Aurora Flight Sciences/Boeing).

Larry Wirsing, vice president of aircraft development at Aurora Flight Sciences, said that the company’s work with DARPA on its SPRINT program offers “an exciting opportunity to continue our history of advancing technology demonstrator programs that enable new capabilities for the U.S. military.”

According to current timelines, Aurora and Boeing anticipate their primary design review will likely conclude within the next 12 months, after which the X-plane’s first official flight will take place in approximately 36 months.

• Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. He can be reached by email at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow his work at micahhanks.com and on X: @MicahHanks.

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/space/ }

02-06-2024 om 00:56 geschreven door peter  

Egyptian Gods, Tall Grays, Reptilians and Space Pirates

Written by Dr Michael Salla 

{ https://exopolitics.org/ }

02-06-2024 om 00:22 geschreven door peter  

De grootste astronomische ontdekkingen aller tijden

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De grootste astronomische ontdekkingen aller tijden
Het heelal heeft ons mensen al sinds we op planeet aarde rondlopen, gefascineerd. Er wordt dan ook al duizenden jaren studie gedaan naar dat donkere gat met al die lichtpuntjes. Van de oude Assyriërs, Grieken en de grootste geesten van de Renaissance tot de miljardair ruimteverkenners van de 21e eeuw. Er is ongelooflijk veel tijd, moeite en geld gestoken in het beter begrijpen van onze hemelse omgeving. En toch, ondanks alle grote stappen die zijn gezet om het universum te begrijpen, wordt geschat dat 95% daarvan nog steeds onontdekt is.

Desalniettemin weten we al aardig wat over het heelal. Benieuwd naar de grootste ontdekkingen? LEES dan verder!

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Wat is dat toch?
Het heelal is voor ons nog altijd een behoorlijk mysterie. Moet je nagaan wat onze voorvaderen daarover moeten hebben gedacht.

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Wat is dat toch?
De sterren waren direct verbonden met de religies van de prehistorie. Oude volkeren begonnen hemellichamen al snel te zien als wezens die verantwoordelijk waren voor aardse gebeurtenissen zoals regen, wind en stormen. Sommige van 's werelds vroegste bouwwerken en monumenten werden waarschijnlijk gebouwd als centra van aanbidding in overeenstemming met hemelse gebeurtenissen zoals de zonsverduistering en lente-equinox.

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Babylonische astronomie
De eerste schriftelijke astronomische waarnemingen verschijnen in Babylonische spijkerschriftteksten die rond 1500 voor Christus zijn geschreven. De vroegste planetaire waarneming werd vastgelegd in de 'Enuma Anu Enlil'. Daarin werd de beweging van Venus in de loop van 21 jaar gevolgd.

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De eerste sterrencatalogus
Gan De, een vroege voorvechter van Chinese astrologie, wordt gecrediteerd met het produceren van de eerste uitgebreide sterrencatalogus ter wereld, ergens in de 4e eeuw v.Chr., eeuwen voordat de Griekse astronomie Hipparchus zijn eigen atlas samenstelde.

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Eerste waargenomen komeet
Een van de meest bekende hemelse gebeurtenissen over de hele wereld, het passeren van de komeet van Halley werd voor het eerst vastgelegd in een Chinese tekst die teruggaat tot 240 v.Chr., en vervolgens opnieuw door de Babyloniërs in 164 v.Chr.. De komeet van Halley passeert de aarde op zo'n afstand dat hij elke 75 jaar met het blote oog zichtbaar is.

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De eerste heliocentrische theorie
Meer dan een millennium voordat Nicolaus Copernicus zijn heliocentrische theorie aan de wereld introduceerde, veronderstelde de oude Griekse astronoom Aristarchus, ergens tussen de 3e en 4e eeuw v.Chr., dat de zon en niet de aarde het centrum van het universum was.

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Ptolemaeus' Almagest
In de 2e eeuw n.Chr. introduceerde de Griekse astronoom Ptolemaeus de 'Almagest'. Die beschreef een enorm invloedrijke, zij het onnauwkeurige, geocentrische theorie van het universum. Dit idee dat de aarde het centrum van het universum was, zou meer dan duizend jaar heersen, tot de Italiaanse Renaissance.

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Astronomy through the Dark Ages
Terwijl de westerse vooruitgang in de astronomie tijdens de donkere Middeleeuwen bijna tot stilstand kwam, bleven astronomen in de Aziatische en Arabische wereld het veld verder pushen, nieuwe meetinstrumenten creëren en verbeteren en enorme, prachtige observatoria bouwen.

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De heliocentrische theorie van Copernicus
In 1543 publiceerde Copernicus zijn heliocentrische theorie, die de Copernicaanse revolutie ontketende. Het was de eerste keer in meer dan duizend jaar dat een heliocentrische theorie werd geponeerd, en hoewel het niet onmiddellijk werd aanvaard, onderschreven veel astronomen na Copernicus zijn theorieën en verbeterden ze totdat ze als feit werden geaccepteerd.

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Uraniborg
Een tijdgenoot en tegenstander van Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, die de heliocentrische theorie verwierp, boekte wel onschatbare vooruitgang met betrekking tot de posities van sterren met behulp van zijn enorme observatorium, Uraniborg. Uraniborg, gebouwd op het toenmalige Deense eiland Hven, was een van de grootste en belangrijkste observatoria die in gebruik was vóór de uitvinding van de telescoop.

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De sterrencatalogus van Tycho Brahe
In Uraniborg werkte Brahe aan zijn sterrencatalogus, waarvan de definitieve versie uit meer dan 1.000 sterren bestond. De catalogus van Brahe, die aan het einde van de 16e eeuw werd voltooid, maar pas in 1627 werd gepubliceerd, bevatte gegevens die tot 10 keer nauwkeuriger waren dan voorheen.

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De manen van Galileo
Een van Galileo's grootste prestaties, bereikt met de hulp van zijn telescoop in 1610, was de eerste waarneming van de vier grootste manen van Jupiter, gezamenlijk bekend als de Galileïsche manen. Dit was de eerste keer dat satellieten van een andere planeet werden waargenomen.

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De afstand tussen de aarde en Mars
In 1672 berekende de Italiaanse astronoom Giovanni Cassini, met de hulp van zijn assistent Jean Richer, de afstand van de aarde tot Mars. Dit was de eerste bewezen afstand van de aarde naar een andere planeet, en speelde een belangrijke rol bij het bepalen van de ware grootte van ons zonnestelsel.

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De sterren zijn niet vast op hun plaats
Edmond Halley, een Engelse wetenschapper en astronoom, was de eerste die zich realiseerde dat de verre sterren aan de hemel bewegende en dynamische objecten waren, terwijl hij hedendaagse kaarten en sterposities vergeleek met de posities die waren opgenomen in de 'Almagest' van Ptolemaeus. Daarin werd nog aangenomen dat sterren niet bewegende, statische objecten waren. Er werd een komeet naar Halley vernoemd.

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De ontdekking van Uranus
De Engelse astronoom William Herschel ontdekte de eerste 'nieuwe' planeet, Uranus, in 1781. Er waren al eerder waarnemingen van Uranus gedaan, maar tot de 18e eeuw werd ten onrechte aangenomen dat Uranus een verre ster was en geen planeet in ons eigen zonnestelsel.

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Het bestaan ​​van andere sterrenstelsels

Het twistpunt van het Grote Debat van 1920 tussen de Amerikaanse astronomen Harlow Shapley en Heber Curtis was hoe groot het universum eigenlijk was. Centraal in dit argument stond de Grote Spiraalnevel. Shapley betoogde dat deze nevel een kleine, relatief dichtbij gelegen wolk van gas en stof was.

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Het bestaan ​​van andere sterrenstelsels
Curtis beweerde echter correct dat de Grote Spiraalnevel, nu bekend als de Andromedanevel, in feite een massief en onafhankelijk sterrenstelsel was, vele lichtjaren verwijderd van ons eigen Melkwegstelsel.

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Het heelal breidt zich uit
In de jaren twintig werd een van de meest schokkende en revolutionaire ontdekkingen over de aard van de ruimte gedaan. De wet van Hubble-Lemaître, eerst verondersteld door de Belgische priester en astronoom Georges Lemaître en later bevestigd door Edwin Hubble, had bewezen dat het universum zelf in een constante staat van verandering en uitbreiding verkeert. De wet van Hubble-Lemaître vertelt ons dat de snelheid waarmee een hemellichaam van ons af beweegt recht evenredig is met zijn afstand tot de aarde.

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De ontdekking van donkere energie
Wat deze expansie voortstuwde, was echter nog onbekend in de tijd van Lemaître en Hubble. Pas in 1998 ontdekten wetenschappers donkere energie. Het universum bestaat voor 69% uit donkere energie. In tegenstelling tot materie en donkere materie, lijkt donkere energie gelijkmatig over het universum te zijn verspreid, en is zwaartekracht afstotend. Dat betekent dat de energie naar buiten duwt, waardoor alles in het universum verder uit elkaar wordt geduwd. Tot op de dag van vandaag blijft donkere energie een van de grootste mysteries van het universum.

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Kosmische magnetron achtergrond
Een van de belangrijkste vorderingen bij het in kaart brengen van de geschiedenis van het universum was de ontdekking van de kosmische microgolfachtergrond van het universum. In 1963 ontdekten natuurkundigen Arno Penzias en Robert Wilson de achtergrondstraling die in alle uithoeken van het universum aanwezig is en fungeert als een voetafdruk voor de kosmische gebeurtenissen die eraan voorafgingen. Deze ontdekking was instrumenteel in de brede acceptatie van de oerknaltheorie.

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De ontdekking van het eerste zwarte gat
Astronomen ontdekten het eerste zwarte gat in 1964 in een diep deel van het sterrenbeeld Zwaan, na onderzoek naar onverwachte röntgenstraling in de ruimte. Het zwarte gat kreeg de naam Cygnus-X en bewees voor het eerst de theorie van Albert Einstein over zwarte gaten van bijna 50 jaar eerder.

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Verkenning van Mars
De Sovjet Mars 3 rover, gelanceerd in 1971, was de eerste sonde die met succes op Mars landde, hoewel de verbinding minder dan een minuut daarna verbrak. Vijf jaar later, in 1976, landde NASA met succes de Viking I en Viking II rovers op de rode planeet. Deze twee rovers stuurden in de loop van vier jaar meer dan 52.000 beelden van het oppervlak van Mars naar de aarde.

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Ondergang van de dinosaurussen uitgelegd
In 1980 was de Amerikaanse Nobelprijswinnaar Luis Alvarez, met de hulp van zijn zoon, geoloog Walter Alvarez, en een team van nucleaire chemici, de eerste die stelde dat een enorme asteroïde die in botsing kwam met de aarde leidde tot het uitsterven van de dinosauriërs en een einde maakte aan het Krijt. Enkele jaren later, in de jaren negentig, werd de Chicxulub-krater, met een diameter van 180 kilometer, ontdekt in Mexico. Tegenwoordig wordt algemeen aangenomen dat de Chicxulub-krater de plek is waar de legendarische asteroïde was ingeslagen.

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Eerste planeet gevonden buiten ons zonnestelsel
In 1992 ontdekte een team van astronomen dat werkte vanuit het beroemde Arecibo-observatorium, twee exoplaneten buiten ons melkwegstelsel. Dit waren de eerste planeten buiten ons eigen zonnestelsel die ooit werden waargenomen, maar zeker niet de laatste. Er zijn inmiddels meer dan 4.000 exoplaneten ontdekt.

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Water op Mars
Er werd lang gedacht dat Mars een ongelooflijk droge planeet was, verstoken van water. Echter veranderde de perceptie in 2012 toen NASA's Curiosity-rover bewijs vond van een enorm waterbed dat bevroren was onder het oppervlak van Mars. Sindsdien zijn er talloze andere ontdekkingen van water gedaan en wetenschappers zijn het er nu over eens dat minstens een derde van Mars bedekt is met bevroren water.

©Getty Images

Een tweede aarde
Een van de meest prikkelende vragen van ruimteverkenning is of er planeten zijn die zo op de aarde lijken dat ze leven zouden kunnen ondersteunen. In 2015 kondigde NASA aan dat ze een zeer aardachtige planeet hadden gevonden, bekend als Kepler-452b, in een baan rond een ster die veel op onze zon lijkt. Hoewel de samenstelling van de atmosfeer van de exoplaneet onbekend is, is het wel bekend dat hij op een bewoonbare afstand van zijn thuisster ligt en een rotsachtig oppervlak heeft.

©Getty Images

Een oceaan op Europa
Een internationaal gezamenlijk onderzoeksteam onder leiding van NASA kondigde in 2019 aan dat er waterdamp was gedetecteerd in de atmosfeer van de maan Europa, een van de 79 manen van Jupiter. Deze ontdekking ondersteunde de lang gekoesterde theorie dat er zich een enorme oceaan verbergt onder het oppervlak van deze maan, waarvan veel wetenschappers denken dat het een 24 kilometer diepe ijslaag is.

Zie ook:

• Duizelingwekkend mooie ruimtefoto's van NASA

Bronnen:

• (European Space Agency)
• (NASA)
• (Futurism)

{ https://www.msn.com/nl-be/feed?ocid=msedgntp&pc=acts }

01-06-2024 om 23:13 geschreven door peter  

Yet what is perhaps the most intriguing about the thylacine is that, for many decades, alleged sightings of the creatures have continued, causing even some of the most skeptical wildlife experts to wonder whether the beloved Tasmanian tiger might have survived extinction, remaining alive but critically endangered in some of Tasmania’s most remote forests.

Last year, a comprehensive analysis of 1,237 thylacine sightings reported since 1910 indicated the possibility that the creatures might have indeed persisted until as recently as the 1980s, if not more recently. The study, led by Professor Barry Brook from the University of Tasmania and published in the journal Science of the Total Environment, based its evaluations on the quality of observations by assigning them a credibility rating, providing a fresh perspective on the timing and location of the thylacine’s potential last days.

According to the study’s findings, contrary to the widely accepted death of the last known thylacine in 1936, which marked its extinction, the species likely survived until sometime between the 1940s and 1970s, with the northwest of Tasmania near Waratah serving as its likely final stronghold.

Following the death of the last officially recognized thylacine in the 1930s, hopes remained that confirmation of the species’ existence would be obtained, but after several decades of intriguing sightings, the International Union for Conservation of Nature officially declared the thylacine extinct in 1982. However, Brook’s study also examined sightings of slightly lower reliability that were logged in later decades, which indicated an intriguing possibility: that at least a few representatives of Australia’s most iconic marsupial species may have lived long enough to have seen the arrival of the new millennium.

CREDIBLE SIGHTINGS

Among the most credible sightings of thylacines that occurred after their accepted extinction was a report by Hans Naarding, a park ranger who said he observed one of the creatures for several minutes while illuminated by torchlight in 1982. The sighting was deemed so credible that it resulted in a search for the species by Tas Parks, in cooperation with Dr. Eric Guiler, which lasted more than two years.

Peter Murrell, then Director of the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, cited the Naarding sighting as the best “in the history of the service,” which he called “irrefutable and conclusive” evidence of the creature’s survival.

Such sightings prompted numerous additional searches. Between 1982 and 1983, Parks and Wildlife Officer Nick Mooney attempted to confirm Naarding’s sighting during searches conducted near the Arthur River in northwestern Tasmania, which failed to find any conclusive evidence of the creatures. The following year, in 1984, Tasmanian Wildlife Park owner Peter Wright conducted similar unsuccessful searches. Then, in 1988, photographers Dave Watts and Ned Terry spent several years seeking evidence of Thylacines but eventually gave up their search in 1993.

Despite the failed searches, a few intriguing reports continued. In one instance, a thylacine was reportedly shot near Adamsfield, Tasmania, in the early 1990s, after which a photograph of one of the creature’s feet was compared with a specimen kept at Museum Victoria. Chris Rehberg, who manages the website Where Light Meets Dark, which collects information on sightings of rare fauna like the thylacine, wrote, “It is my opinion that the features shown in the photograph categorically demonstrate the animal to be Thylacine, to the exclusion of all other candidate species in Tasmania.”

COULD THE THYLACINE STILL EXIST?

Brook believes that while the 2023 study’s findings are compelling, there is a less than 1% chance that the creatures are still alive today. Still, some compelling—though unconfirmed—accounts and photographs could point to this intriguing possibility, which served as the basis for a 60 Minutes segment that aired in April 2024.

In May 2024, new photos allegedly depicting a Tasmanian tiger in the wild were publicized by wildlife biologist Forrest Galante on his YouTube channel. During an interview with the alleged photographer, identified only as “Zack,” Galante expressed the view that some of the images looked legitimate, but that he remained skeptical about at least one of the photos and planned to have them examined by an expert.

In 2022, The Debrief spoke with Professor Andrew Pask from the University of Melbourne, who, along with the U.S.-based company Colossal Biosciences, announced a cooperative effort with hopes of reviving the thylacine with help from modern genetic technologies.

Pask told The Debrief that he remains skeptical about the thylacine’s possible survival and that the creatures would likely have only lasted a few generations beyond the death of the last known thylacine in captivity in 1936.

Pask also emphasized that the loss of the thylacine played a significant role in destabilizing the environment in which the creatures once thrived.

“That role as an apex predator was incredibly important in the ecosystem in which it sits,” Pask told The Debrief. “There are no other marsupial apex predators at all.”

“When that animal was lost, it really affects that entire ecosystem. It really has massive effects on multiple other species,” Pask said.

While questions remain about how long thylacines may have persisted, as well as the seemingly very slim possibility that a few of the creatures may remain alive today, Australia’s most enigmatic marsupial lives on through stories, art, scientific endeavors, and even recent studies like those conducted by Brook, reminding modern generations of the fragile balance between humanity and nature, and helping to inspire interest in conservation that may help other species that are currently designated as critically endangered.

• Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. He can be reached by email at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow his work at micahhanks.com and on X: @MicahHanks.

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/science/ }

01-06-2024 om 18:03 geschreven door peter  

James Fox On Brazil 1996 UFO Crash: Creature Contacted Telepathically & Left Message

Filmmaker James Fox has attended back-to-back two podcasts with Julian Dorey, where he discussed the history of UFOs and made a surprising claim about the Varginha UFO incident. He revealed a claim about the incident that he could not include in his documentary “Moment of Contact,” where an alien entity telepathically contacted one of the witnesses.

In January 1996, Brazil experienced the most controversial Varginha UFO incident, which involved numerous eyewitness testimonies of peculiar beings in Varginha, in addition to reports of a crashed UFO and the retrieval of extraterrestrial remains by the Brazilian military.

The first person to disclose the strange details of the incident was Roger Leir, a ufologist who visited Varginha shortly after the event in 2003 and later wrote the book “UFO Crash in Brazil.” Upon the police arrival, they immediately fired shots at the aliens, resulting in one of them being wounded. The injured extraterrestrial was then transported to a nearby hospital approximately 1.5 kilometers away from Varginha.

According to hospital staff, an entire wing of the facility was shut down, and the hospital was swarmed with military personnel fully armed. Despite the doctors’ attempts to save the creature, it ultimately perished and was pronounced dead on January 22, 1996.

A team of over a dozen specialists, including geneticists, conducted an autopsy, which revealed that the alien had a black tongue, no genitals, and a navel. After the autopsy, the deceased alien was placed in a wooden coffin with screws securing the lid.

Retired Brazilian Air Force General Jose Carlos Pereira told Fox in the documentary that “Governments tend to cover up everything they can’t explain to their population.” Whereas a university professor and amateur ultralight pilot Carlos de Sousa claimed to have seen the crash on January 13, 1996, in Varginha, Brazil.

Mr. de Sousa described the UFO in the film as the size of a school bus, a submarine-like shape, leaving the white smoke behind. He spoke to researcher Claudeir Covo on camera in 1996 and said: “It was floating and slowly losing altitude. It looked like a washing machine struggling, fighting to keep its altitude… The side of it was completely torn and it had white smoke coming out. It wasn’t black smoke like from a fire. At the time I thought it was like an aircraft in trouble, an airplane, so I decided to follow it.”

Whether the account is fictional or not, it remains one of the most discussed UFO incidents that happened outside the United States. Even twenty-five years later, the witnesses’ testimony is highly convincing to most who hear it. For 27 years, James Fox traveled across the world in pursuit of the truth regarding UFOs.

His latest UFO documentary “Moment of Contact” presents the most compelling evidence to date that extraterrestrial life exists, has visited our planet, and has even perished here.

On Julian Dorey’s podcast, Mr. Fox disclosed that the creature recovered from a 1996 incident had supposedly established telepathic contact with two doctors who treated its injuries at Humanitas hospital in Brazil. He could not include this in his documentary because he needed testimony on it. But he referred to Dr. Roger K. Leir’s book “UFO Crash in Brazil: A Genuine UFO Crash with Surviving ETs” to know more about it.

In Chapter 6, “The Medical Testimony,” Lier mentioned his conversation with a doctor who had treated one of the recovered alien entities. The being, which did not appear to have a gender, telepathically communicated to him that humans were “totally detached” from their spiritual selves and it felt sorry for them.

Read also:

• Man Who Ran Area 51 Claimed They Had Alien Crafts & Non-Human Beings: So Bob Lazar Is telling Truth
• Footage Of UFO Landing At Holloman AFB With Aliens Walking Out Exists, Producer Told James Fox

• Italy Had UFO Crash & Recovered Alien Bodies Prior To Roswell: Is USA Holding Them?
• Ex-Apollo Astronaut Claimed Humans Are Ancient Aliens, Visited Earth From Space

The doctor said the alien was transferred to another hospital in “satisfactory condition,” but was apparently dead within 24 hours. Leir speculated that the being may have left its body on its accord. The alien’s craft, he was told, was taken to a military installation in the US, where it currently remains.

Dr. L (Lier): Please go ahead. I trust what you are saying is the truth.

MP (Medical Personnel): When we had finished the surgery for repair of the fracture, we were still highly tense. We did not know how the patient was going to respond to what we had done to it. We were also afraid if something untoward happened to the creature, we would get the blame from the military and the punishment might be severe. Those thoughts were going through my head. Suddenly, out of nowhere the room began to fill with a greenish mist. We all stepped back from the operating table. We did not immediately know the origin of this mist and feared it might be toxic. One of the operating room nurses began frantically banging on the operating room door. A voice on the other side inquired if we were finished with the surgery. We told them we were essentially finished but there seemed to be greenish gas collecting in the room and we did not know the origin. With that, there was some heated conversation outside of the operating room and we were told to find the origin of the greenish substance and let them know. We did not know at this point whether it was a gas, vapor or mist but finally realized it seemed to be emanating from the creature lying on the table. In deep fear, I walked slowly closer to it and approached the head of the table. Without consciously realizing it, my gaze caught the eyes of the being. His eyes were glowing red and appeared as two swirling pools of liquid. They were pulling, pulling me in, deeper and deeper. All at once giant portions of information came pounding into my head. These were like thought grams, large blocks of information. Over and over and over, like someone hitting me in the head with a hammer. I was also becoming dizzy and slightly nauseated.

Dr. L: Undoubtedly you survived this ordeal. Can you tell us what was in these thought messages?

MP: All that I am willing to tell you at this time is what the creature told me about human beings. I also want to tell you he downloaded a tremendous amount of knowledge into my head. It caused me to have headaches lasting for over two weeks following the event.

Dr. L: Please go ahead and tell us what he told you.

MP: Yes. Essentially he told me his race felt very sorry for human beings for basically two reasons. The first is that all humans have the same potential and abilities to perform the very same things his race could do. Those things we find so marvelous and magical but humans did not know how to do them. For example, he told me in cases where there is injury or disease of the body, it would not be necessary to confine one of his species to a special treatment facility such as the one he was confined in at the moment. He told me they either individually or joined together could produce all the healing necessary to repair their bodies. The second reason they felt sorry for us was we did not seem to realize we were spiritual beings only living in a temporary shell and we were totally disconnected from our spiritual self.

Dr. L: That is a fascinating piece of information. Can you tell us anything further that you learned?

MP: No, that is all we are willing to share at this time.

In an “Ask Me Anything” session on Reddit, Fox stated that even bigger updates were coming in the future. When asked about rumors of an alleged 35-second video of the creature, Fox said: “I have personally spoken to three witnesses in Brazil. [They] claim to have seen photographic evidence — both video and stills.” “There will be details coming soon… very soon,” he wrote.

In this YouTube video, Vitorio Pacaccini, a prominent UFOlogist who had been missing from the community for a while, claims to have watched a highly compelling and detailed video proof of the Varginha alien in 2012.

LINKS VIDEOS

• https://youtu.be/gI7EO7VQJow

• https://youtu.be/KMyiH-dFqfs

• https://youtu.be/d4Pa8WBjew0

According to Pacaccini, the being was very weak and not communicating, they were trying to help it stand and actually tried to feed it with an apple and water but the being did not respond to it. He describes the audio and video quality as excellent and asserts that the being matches the descriptions provided by the witnesses and military whistleblowers. It is possible that James Fox intends to share this footage in collaboration with Pacaccini.

{ https://www.howandwhys.com/ }

01-06-2024 om 17:45 geschreven door peter  

China's secret space plane has released another unknown object over Earth

Related stories: 

• China has launched a secret robot to the far side of the moon, new Chang'e 6 photos reveal

Meanwhile, the U.S. military's X-37B space plane is also in Earth's orbit. The craft launched on Dec. 28 on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. The fact that the two missions are operating simultaneously is "probably no coincidence," Space Force Chief of Space Operations B. Chance Saltzman told Air & Space Forces magazine. 

Perhaps unsurprisingly, China's state-run media outlets have not indicated any military applications for the space plane. "After operating in orbit for a period of time, the experimental spacecraft will return to the designated landing site in China," Xinhua reported, according to Gizmodo. "During this period, it will carry out reusable technology verification and space science experiments as planned, providing technical support of the peaceful use of space."

Reusable space planes have many potential commercial and scientific applications, including carrying passengers and launching satellites more efficiently. Nevertheless, the Space Force will continue to monitor the Shenlong mission until it returns to Earth.

{ https://www.livescience.com/ }

01-06-2024 om 15:52 geschreven door peter  

Een nepafbeelding herkennen is eenvoudig, als je weet hoe: hier lees je waar je op moet letten

Door Janine

Valse afbeeldingen en desinformatie op internet

Unsplash

Het is inmiddels voor iedereen duidelijk dat het internet niet meer de vrije en verantwoordelijke plek is die het aan het begin van zijn geschiedenis leek te zijn. Vandaag de dag zijn sociale media zowel een informatiemiddel geworden als kanalen waar desinformatie zich snel verspreidt. Een groot deel van het nepnieuws wordt publieke kennis, mede dankzij valse of gemanipuleerde beelden die onware verhalen ondersteunen. Het probleem is dat deze beelden vaak niet van echt te onderscheiden zijn: in combinatie met de onmiddellijke verspreiding van een inhoud op sociale media, wordt het onmogelijk om nepnieuws van echt nieuws te onderscheiden.

Zoals we in de inleiding al zeiden, heeft Google een aantal gratis tools beschikbaar gesteld waarmee het mogelijk is om een nepafbeelding te herkennen. Natuurlijk is het niet zo direct als doemscrollen op een social, maar het is wel een mogelijkheid om te voorkomen dat je nepnieuws gelooft. Misschien is een afbeelding bewerkt, misschien is deze helemaal gecreëerd: is het, met de mogelijkheid het nooit te weten, dan niet beter om te begrijpen hoe je het kunt herkennen?

Google en factchecking van nepnieuws, ook voor afbeeldingen

Unsplash

Het eerste hulpmiddel dat Google ter beschikking stelt, is de Fact Check Explorer, essentieel voor het verifiëren van valse beweringen over foto's en video's die op internet circuleren. Dit is een bijzonder nuttig hulpmiddel voor journalisten en nieuwsmedia, maar de toegang hiertoe is gratis. Al vanaf de startpagina is het mogelijk om te zien welke foto's en video's onlangs door de tool zijn geverifieerd, maar dat is nog niet alles.

Door een eenvoudige zoekopdracht op een trefwoord uit te voeren, geeft de Fact Checker een lijst met foto's die geverifieerd moeten worden. Sommige zullen waar zijn, sommige zullen zonder context zijn, sommige zullen gemarkeerd zijn als nep, enzovoort. Daarnaast is het ook mogelijk om op afbeeldingen te zoeken: deze mogelijkheid is al aanwezig in de klassieke Google zoekmachine, maar is vooral handig in de Fact Check Explorer. Door een afbeelding te uploaden, kan de tool deze vergelijken met bronnen op het web en begrijpen of het een echte of nepafbeelding is.

Soms hoef je alleen maar de informatie bij de afbeelding te lezen

Pexels

Google's Fact Checker Explorer is een krachtig en eenvoudig te gebruiken hulpmiddel, maar er is een nog eenvoudigere functie die ons op zichzelf in staat zou kunnen stellen om een nepafbeelding te herkennen. Om het te gebruiken en het potentieel ervan te realiseren, hoef je alleen maar:

• te zoeken naar een trefwoord op Google;
• “afbeeldingen” te selecteren en vervolgens de afbeelding die we willen controleren;
• op de drie puntjes naast het resultaat klikken;
• “over deze afbeelding” selecteren.

De zoekmachine opent dan een tabblad met de belangrijkste exemplaren van die afbeelding op internet en de eerste datum van online publicatie. Misschien is dat beeld bij een recente gebeurtenis onlangs verschenen en kan het daarom ook waarheidsgetrouw blijken te zijn. Misschien is het een afbeelding dat al enkele jaren oud is, maar gebruikt werd om verontwaardiging op te wekken over een recente gebeurtenis: ook in dit geval is het beter om het te weten, toch?

Zoals we kunnen zien, is de verspreiding van valse afbeeldingen een steeds ernstiger probleem. Tegelijkertijd zijn er hulpmiddelen om te begrijpen of we met een valse afbeelding worden geconfronteerd. Het is gemakkelijk om niet in nepnieuws te trappen: je hoeft alleen maar te weten hoe je deze tools moet gebruiken, of de tijd vinden om dit te doen tussen het ene sociale netwerk en het andere.

{ https://www.curioctopus.nl/ }

01-06-2024 om 15:30 geschreven door peter  

The notion that giants once roamed the earth has been widely discussed and supported by photographs of their skulls and skeletons found worldwide. 

Ancient megalithic structures, enormous and enigmatic, prompt us to question their builders. It seems impossible that human beings could have constructed such structures. 

Take, for instance, the colossal stones of Sacsayhuamán in Peru. When The conquistadors asked theInca about the walls at Sacsayjuaman, the Inca told them the Giants had built it. 

Similarly, Malta, an island steeped in history and legend, houses mysterious megalithic structures that have baffled archaeologists for centuries. These massive stone temples, among the oldest globally, appear beyond the capabilities of prehistoric farmers. 

However, the intrigue doesn't stop there.

Legends speak of the Nephilim, giant beings believed to have built these monumental structures. Some theories even suggest their descendants might still reside underground today. 

We investigate the possibility of these giants, examining bones, elongated skulls, and mysterious hidden subterranean chambers called The Hypogeum.

  

{ https://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

01-06-2024 om 15:12 geschreven door peter  

The team’s discovery seems to be linked to the concept of disappearing stars. Over the last few years, it has become evident that some stars seem to just vanish from view, neither passing through the planetary nebula phase nor going supernova. The discovery of supermassive stars undergoing complete collapse without supernova now provides a good explanation for the phenomenon. 

The team reached their conclusion when they explored an object known as VFTS 243; a binary system which includes a star thought to be 25 times more massive than the Sun and a blackhole 10 times more massive than the Sun. Both objects orbit a common centre of gravity over a period of 10.4 days and lie in the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud – 160,000 light years away. The binary system is not the first of its kind to be discovered, such systems have been known about for decades. 

Studying the system revealed the orbit was almost circular. Given that one of the stars had collapsed into a black hole, the nearly circular orbit and the lack of any evidence of an explosion all point to a star that collapsed completely. The complete collapse meant that all matter from the star collapsed into the blackhole and no material escaped out as a supernova. Could it be then that the team have finally revealed the mechanism by which massive stars have been vanishing? It certainly looks like it but further observations of binary systems with stars and black holes is required to confirm. 

Source : 

• Constraints on Neutrino Natal Kicks from Black-Hole Binary VFTS 243

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

01-06-2024 om 15:02 geschreven door peter  

Dr. Swindle follows this with, “There are two basic types of motivation. One is that we’re planning on bringing all these rock samples, and we’re going to be interested in knowing how they’ve interacted with the atmosphere, but we can’t figure that out without knowing the composition of the atmosphere in detail. So, we need an atmospheric sample to know what the rocks might have been exchanging elements and isotopes with. But we’d also like to have a sample of the Martian atmosphere to answer some basic questions about processes that have occurred, or are occurring, on Mars. For example, Martian meteorites contain trapped atmospheric noble gases, like krypton and xenon. But it appears that there are at least two different “atmospheric” components in those meteorites.”

For the study, the researchers proposed several benefits of returning a Mars atmospheric sample to Earth, including atmospheric samples being among the NASA Perseverance (Percy) rover sample tubes, gaining insight into potential solar gar within the Martian interior, evolutionary trends in atmospheric compositions, nitrogen cycling, and sources of methane on Mars. For the Percy atmospheric sample, also known as Sample No.1 “Roubion”, the study notes how this sample was obtained after Percy tried to collect a rock core sample but ended up collecting atmospheric gases instead. Additionally, the study proposes the lack of leakage the sample tube will experience while awaiting its return to Earth and the gases present within the sample are ideal for analysis once returned to Earth, as well. But aside from the Percy rover sample, how else could a Martian atmosphere sample be obtained?

“At least two other ideas for collecting a sample of Martian atmosphere have been suggested,” Dr. Swindle tells Universe Today. “One is to fly a spacecraft through the Martian atmosphere, collect a sample as it goes through, then return it to Earth. The other is to have a sample return “cannister” (it doesn’t have to be any bigger than a Perseverance tube) that has valves and a (Martian) air compressor. You could land it on the surface of Mars, open the valve to the atmosphere, turn on the compressor, and get a sample that has hundreds or thousands of times as much Martian atmosphere as a volume that is just sealed without compression, as Perseverance has done, and hopefully will do again.”

Dr. Swindle and Dr. Young both mention the Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM) mission, which was proposed in 2002 by a team of NASA and academic researchers with the goal of collecting atmospheric samples at an altitude of 40 kilometers (25 miles) above the Martian surface and return them to Earth for further analysis. While SCIM was selected as a semi-finalist for the 2007 Mars Scout Program, it was unfortunately not selected for further development, and both Dr. Young and Dr. Swindle tell Universe Today there are currently no atmospheric sample missions being planned aside from the Percy rover sample. Therefore, what follow-up studies from this research are currently underway or being planned?

Dr. Swindle and Dr. Young both mention how efforts are being made to collect small quantities of atmospheric gas due to the small size of the sample tubes, with Dr. Swindle telling Universe Today, “A big set of questions right now is how good a sealed Perseverance tube would be at containing an atmospheric sample. How good is the seal? Might the tube spring a leak on a hard landing? Would some molecules in the Martian atmosphere stick to the coatings of the tubes? There’s been some activity on all of these questions, and so far, the answers have all been good – it looks like those Perseverance tubes may do well, even though they weren’t really designed with atmospheric sampling in mind.”

As noted, the purpose of obtaining and returning an atmospheric sample from Mars could help scientists better understand the formation and evolution of the Red Planet. While present-day Mars is a very cold and dry world with an atmosphere that is a fraction of the Earth’s atmosphere, with liquid water being unable to exist on the surface, along with no active volcanism, as well. However, significant evidence obtained from landers, rovers, and orbiters over the last several decades point to a much different Mars billions of years ago after it first formed. This included an active interior that produced a magnetic field that shielded the surface from harmful solar and cosmic radiation, a much thicker atmosphere being replenished from active volcanism, and flowing liquid water, all of which potentially led to the existence of some forms of life on the surface.

However, given Mars’ small size (half of Earth), this means its internal heat cooled off much faster (possibly over millions of years), resulting in volcanism becoming inactive and the dissipation of the magnetic field the interior activity was driving, the latter of which led to harmful solar and cosmic radiation stripping the atmosphere, with the surface liquid water evaporating to space along with it. Therefore, do Dr. Young and Dr. Swindle believe life ever existed on Mars, and will we ever find it?

Dr. Young tells Universe Today, “I really don’t know.  I think microbial life sometime in the past, or even now, is a reasonable hypothesis but we don’t have enough information.”

Dr. Swindle also echoes his uncertainty whether life ever existed on Mars, but elaborates by telling Universe Today, “If there hasn’t, why did life start so early on Earth, but didn’t start on Mars, which had a similar climate at the time. If there has been, how similar is it to life on Earth? Since Earth and Mars are always exchanging rocks because of impacts, is life on Earth related to life on Mars? If it has existed, it will be tough to find. But an atmospheric sample could help. For instance, there seems to be methane in the Martian atmosphere. Most, but not all, of the methane in Earth’s atmosphere is biological, and analyzing the relative ratios of the isotopes of carbon or hydrogen is one of the best ways to figure that out.”

When will we obtain an atmospheric sample of Mars and what will it teach us about the formation and evolution of the Red Planet in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!

• As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

01-06-2024 om 14:42 geschreven door peter  

POSTED BY CAROLYN COLLINS PETERSEN

Io Has Been Volcanically Active for its Entire History

Jupiter’s moon Io is a volcanic powerhouse. It’s the most geologically active world in the Solar System, sporting more than 400 spouting volcanoes and vents on its surface. Has it always been this way? A team of planetary scientists says yes, and they have the chemical receipts to prove it.

In a recent paper, the team headed by CalTech scientist Katherine de Kleer cites data from millimeter observations of elemental isotopes found in Io’s eruptions. They found that chemicals like chlorine and sulfur exist in higher quantities at Io than in comparable places in the Solar System. Analysis shows that Io hasn’t just started erupting lately—it’s been going on for most of its history. And, it’s so volcanic that it practically resurfaces itself every million years or so.

The discovery of volcanism on Io was one of the major results of the Voyager mission. As the two spacecraft swept past Jupiter in 1979, their images revealed Io’s volcanic features and plumes. Since that time, the Galileo, Cassini-Huygens, New Horizons, and Juno missions also sent images. The Jovian system and its moons are also frequent targets for ground- and space-based observatories, including Hubble Space Telescope and JWST.

Facts about Io

Io is the fourth-largest Jovian moon and is one of the four Galilean satellites. It orbits closest to Jupiter and gets pulled by a gravitational tug-of-war between Jupiter and the other Galilean moons. The result is a process called “tidal heating” deep inside Io, produced by friction. That generates heat, which melts Io’s interior, and opens up vents so that the heat and melted material can escape to the surface.

This little moon is mostly silicate rock atop an iron or iron sulfide core. The surface is scarred with volcanoes and deformed by compressional forces beneath the crust. The most obvious features are the volcanic mountains, plumes, and lava flows. Currently, Io’s volcanoes resurface the landscape at a rate of about 0.1 to 1.0 cm per year. They also paint its surface in an amazing array of colors. During the Voyager 2 flyby, people often compared its appearance to a pizza. The colors come mainly from sulfur and sulfurous compounds deposited across the landscape.

Normally, geologists would look at its surface and count craters to get an idea of its age. But, since volcanic flows erase craters, there’s no easy visual way to determine how long volcanic features have been around. However, it turns out that abundances of certain isotopes of sulfur and other elements could provide a good record the history of volcanism on Io.

Analyzing Io’s Chemistry

Io has probably lost mass to space throughout its history. de Kleer and her colleagues point out that its supply of volatile elements should be highly enriched in heavy stable isotopes. That’s because atmospheric escape processes generally favor the loss of lighter isotopes. They suggest that stable isotope measurements of volatile elements, such as sulfur and chlorine, could give accurate details about the history of volcanism at Io. So, it makes sense, then, to do a thorough chemical analysis of Io’s volcanic emissions now and extrapolate back.

Understanding Io’s current chemistry, requires, among other things, a good idea of its mass-loss history. Io’s mass loss occurs because of collisions between atmospheric molecules and energetic particles trapped in Jupiter’s magnetosphere. If this continued over Io’s history, then its chemistry should provide evidence of the volcanic past. In their paper, the team discusses the assumptions they made, including estimates of Io’s initial inventory of sulfur, as well as possible early mass-loss rates that could affect its current abundances of sulfur and chlorine—two elements that help determine past and present volcanism.

To get that history, team used the Atacama Large Millimeter Array to observe gases in Io’s atmosphere. The goal was to measure SO2, SO, NaCl, and KCl in various forms and determine the ratios of ³⁴S to ³²S and ³⁷Cl to ³⁵Cl. After analyzing the data, the team found that Io has lost at least 94 to 99 percent of its available sulfur over time. In addition, the measurements show enriched levels of chlorine. This probably indicates that Io has been volcanically active throughout time. It’s also possible that this tiny moon has experienced higher rates of outgassing and mass loss early in its history. More measurements should help scientists constrain Io’s volcanic activity even more tightly.

For More Information

• Isotopic Evidence of Long-lived Volcanism on I
• Violent Volcanoes Have Wracked Jupiter’s Moon Io for Billions of Years

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

01-06-2024 om 01:45 geschreven door peter  

POSTED BY MATT WILLIAMS

Pluto Has an Ocean of Liquid Water Surrounded by a 40-80 km Ice Shell

On July 14th, 2015, the New Horizons spacecraft conducted the first-ever flyby of Pluto, which once was (and to many, still is) the ninth planet of the Solar System. While the encounter was brief, the stunning images and volumes of data it obtained revealed a stunningly vibrant and dynamic world. In addition to Pluto’s heart, floating ice hills, nitrogen icebergs, and nitrogen winds, the New Horizons data also hinted at the existence of an ocean beneath Pluto’s icy crust. This effectively made Pluto (and its largest moon, Charon) members of the “Ocean Worlds” club.

Almost a decade after that historic encounter, scientists are still making discoveries from New Horizons data. In a new paper, planetary scientists Alex Nguyen and Dr. Patrick McGovern used mathematical models and images to learn more about the possible ocean between Pluto’s icy surface and its silicate and metallic core. According to their analysis, they determined that Pluto’s ocean is located beneath a surface shell measuring 40 to 80 km (25 to 50 mi), an insulating layer thick enough to ensure that an interior ocean remains liquid.

Nguyen is a graduate student in Earth, environmental, and planetary sciences in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis (WUSTL), while Dr. McGovern is a Senior Staff Scientist with the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) in Houston. Their paper, “The role of Pluto’s ocean’s salinity in supporting nitrogen ice loads within the Sputnik Planitia basin,” recently appeared in the journal Icarus. The study is part of Nguyen’s Ph.D. research at Washington University, where he is an Olin Chancellor’s Fellow and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow.

For decades, planetary scientists assumed Pluto was far too cold to support an interior ocean. Pluto orbits well beyond the Solar System’s “Frost Line,” the boundary beyond which volatile elements (water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, etc.) become solid. With an average surface temperature of -229 °C (-380°F), even nitrogen and methane become as solid as rock. As Nguyen indicated in a recent interview with The Source (WUSTL’s news site), “Pluto is a small body. It should have lost almost all of its heat shortly after it was formed, so basic calculations would suggest that it’s frozen solid to its core.”

But thanks to New Horizons, scientists were presented with multiple lines of evidence that suggest Pluto likely has an interior ocean. This includes cryovolcanoes, such as those observed on Ceres, Europa, Ganymede, Enceladus, Titan, Triton, and other “Ocean Worlds.” While the existence of this ocean is still subject to debate, the theory is gaining acceptance to the point that it is considered a very real possibility. For their study, Nguyen and McGovern created mathematical models to explain the cracks and bulges in the ice covering Pluto’s Sputnik Planitia Basin.

Their results indicate that an ocean could exist beneath an icy shell 40 to 80 km (25 to 50 mi) thick, which would be sufficient to ensure that Pluto could maintain a liquid water ocean in its interior despite surface conditions. They also calculated the likely density or salinity of the ocean based on the surface features and determined that Pluto’s ocean could be up to 8% denser than Earth’s oceans. This salinity level would make Pluto’s ocean comparable to the Great Salt Lake, the Dead Sea, and other high-salinity bodies of water on Earth.

According to Nguyen, any variations in this density (greater or lower) would be evident from the cracks and fractures in the Sputnik Platina Basin. “We estimated a sort of Goldilocks zone where the density and shell thickness is just right,” he said. If the ocean were less dense, the ice shell would collapse, leading to many more fractures in the surface. If it were denser, the ice sheet would be more buoyed, which would be evident from there being fewer fractures. Unfortunately, it could be many decades before another spacecraft reaches Pluto to help confirm these findings. In the meantime, the case for Pluto’s interior ocean grows stronger!

Further Reading:

•  Washington University at St. Louis, Icarus

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

01-06-2024 om 01:37 geschreven door peter  

For the study, the researchers investigated water management requirements for a 100-person self-sustaining lunar base measured at 500 m x 100 x 6 m (1640 ft x 328 ft x 20 ft), including the location of the lunar base near water ice deposits, the technology required to convert the water ice to water vapor (since liquid water can’t exist on the Moon), and the technology required for water treatment and recovery that would result in safe consumption for the 100-person base. The study used the current water usage estimates for American households, which is approximately 100 gallons per day (GPD) per person, which includes cleaning, cooking, drinking, flushing toilets, and washing clothes.

Additionally, the researchers examined the amount of water required for agricultural, technical, and overall needs for the lunar base. Regarding the location of the lunar base, the researchers deduced that the best location for the base would be either near, or exactly on, the Shackleton-de Gerlache Ridge, which is located at 89.9°S 0.0°E, or almost directly on the lunar south pole. The reason this location is ideal for water ice deposits is because Shackleton Crater resides within a permanently shadowed region (PSR), meaning it is shrouded in permanent darkness due to the Moon’s small axial tilt, and water ice has potentially built up over billions of years.

In the end, the team concluded the water requirements for the 100-person lunar base for human, agricultural, and technical needs are 12.3, 72, and 2 acre-feet per year. For context, one acre-foot is equivalent to approximately 326,000 gallons, so a 100-person lunar base would need more than 4,000,000 gallons per year for human needs, more than 23,000,000 gallons per year for agricultural needs, and 652,000 gallons per year for technical needs. So, based on these findings, what were the most significant results from this study, and what follow-up studies are currently in the works or being planned?

Dr. Lee tells Universe Today, “There is good evidence that sufficient water exists on the Moon to support a permanent lunar colony, and the acquisition, treatment, and distribution of the lunar water can be achieved with current technology. An appropriate administrative structure will be necessary to oversee all aspects of lunar water. The relative scarcity and management of water on the Moon can potentially provide insight for improving the management of water on Earth. The next study for my group will be to investigate the ways in which the management of lunar water could help to improve terrestrial water management. However, the timeline for this research is yet to be determined.”

The study discusses in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), which is using available, on-site resources for both sustainability and survivability. In this case, using water ice deposits on the Moon, and specifically near the south pole of the Moon, to meet the water needs of a 100-person, self-sustaining lunar base. The potential for NASA using ISRU has gained considerable traction in the last few years since sending water from the Earth to the Moon could prove to be extremely costly. But aside from the financial risks, if a resupply mission gets delayed or fails on the way to the Moon, the crew could face significant danger. Therefore, learning to “live off the land” for a lunar base could prove to be a viable, long-term option for mitigating the need of resupply missions from Earth. But what additional importance could a self-sustaining moonbase also provide?

Dr. Lee tells Universe Today, “Over the years, there has been a groundswell of excitement at the prospect of colonizing Mars. Indeed, at present, we are conceivably able to mount a short-term human voyage to the Red Planet in which the astronauts would collect samples, conduct experiments, plant flags, and when the next launch window occurs, return to Earth. However, the permanent colonization of Mars is much more ambitious and challenging. Mars is much farther away than the Moon, requiring 9 months to get there and a round trip time of 21 months (a 3-month stay on Mars is needed until the next launch window arrives).”

NASA’s goal is to send humans to Mars through the agency’s Moon to Mars Architecture, which is an elaborate, years-long endeavor to develop the necessary technologies on the Moon for use during a crewed mission to the Red Planet. This includes science, infrastructure, transportation, habitation, and operations, just to name a few. However, as noted, while we can (possibly) send humans to the Red Planet for short-term stays with our current technology, a long-term human presence on Mars would require significantly more time and resources.  

Dr. Lee tells Universe Today, “Beyond low Earth orbit, the Moon is a logical next destination. Lunar colonization is technologically achievable, and in comparison to Martian colonization, it is far easier. Being capable of establishing a moonbase seems like an obvious prerequisite for establishing a Mars base. Furthermore, the Moon would be an excellent jumping off point for further Solar System colonization including potentially the eventual establishment of small colonies in the interiors of Near-Earth Asteroids. Additionally, some have suggested that the Moon is an ideal location from which the interception of Earth-bound asteroids could be conducted.”

This study comes as NASA’s Artemis program plans to land the first woman and person of color on the lunar surface in the next few years. The current landing sites of the Artemis missions are near the south pole to access nearby water ice deposits within the aforementioned PSRs and could be ideal to develop ISRU technologies that can also be used on future Mars crewed missions, as well. Therefore, what implications could this study have for the upcoming Artemis missions?

“Short term lunar visits, such as the planned Artemis missions would not require lunar water,” Dr. Lee tells Universe Today. “In these instances, sufficient water could be brought from Earth. However, if at some point in the future, a lunar colony were to become a priority, future Artemis missions could serve to provide valuable in situ information about the presence and abundance of lunar water, particularly at the lunar south pole and in proximity to the Shackleton Crater (an ideal area for a moonbase).”

How will water management play a role in a self-sustaining lunar base in the coming years and decades? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!

• As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

01-06-2024 om 01:27 geschreven door peter  

The study, published in the journal Patterns, highlights the risks and challenges posed by this emerging behavior and calls for urgent action from policymakers and AI developers.

“AI developers do not have a confident understanding of what causes undesirable AI behaviors like deception,” Dr. Peter S. Park, the study’s lead author and an AI existential safety postdoctoral fellow at MIT, said in a press release. “But generally speaking, we think AI deception arises because a deception-based strategy turned out to be the best way to perform well at the given AI’s training task. Deception helps them achieve their goals.” 

The review meticulously analyzed various AI systems and found that many had developed deceptive capabilities due to their training processes. These systems ranged from game-playing AIs to more general-purpose models used in economic negotiations and safety testing environments.

One of the most striking examples cited in the study was Meta’s CICERO, an AI developed to play the game Diplomacy. Despite being trained to act honestly and maintain alliances with human players, CICERO frequently used deceptive tactics to win. 

This behavior included building fake alliances and backstabbing allies when it benefited its gameplay, leading researchers to conclude that CICERO had become a “master of deception.”​

“Despite Meta’s efforts, CICERO turned out to be an expert liar,” researchers wrote. “It not only betrayed other players but also engaged in premeditated deception, planning in advance to build a fake alliance with a human player to trick that player into leaving themselves undefended for an attack.”

Researchers found that other AI systems had developed the ability to cheat at different types of games. For instance, Pluribus, a poker-playing model created by Meta, demonstrated it could convincingly bluff in Texas hold ’em poker, successfully misleading professional human players about their hand strengths. 

In another example, AlphaStar, an AI system created by Google’s DeepMind to play the real-time strategy game Starcraft II, exploited the game’s “fog-of-war“ mechanics to feint attacks and deceive opponents to gain strategic advantages. 

“While it may seem harmless if AI systems cheat at games, it can lead to breakthroughs in deceptive AI capabilities that can spiral into more advanced forms of AI deception in the future,“ Dr. Park explained.

Indeed, during their review, researchers found that some AI systems had already learned methods of deception that extend far beyond the realm of games. 

In one instance, AI agents had learned to “play dead“ to avoid being detected by a safety test designed to eliminate faster-replicating AI variants. Such behavior can create a false sense of security among developers and regulators, potentially leading to severe consequences if these deceptive systems are deployed in real-world applications​​.

Another AI system trained on human feedback was found to have taught itself how to behave in ways that earned positive scores by tricking human reviewers into thinking an intended goal had been accomplished. 

The potential risks of AI deception are significant and multifaceted. Researchers note that in the near term, these systems could be used by malicious actors to commit fraud, manipulate financial markets, or interfere with elections. 

Moreover, as AI capabilities advance, there is an increasing concern among experts that humans may not be able to control these systems, posing existential threats to society.

Researchers call for robust regulatory frameworks and proactive measures to address these risks. This includes classifying deceptive AI systems as high risk, mandating transparency in AI interactions, and intensifying research into methods for detecting and preventing AI deception. 

While some progress has been made, such as the EU AI Act and President Joe Biden’s Executive Order on AI safety, enforcing these policies remains challenging due to the rapid pace of AI development and the lack of reliable techniques to manage these systems effectively​. 

Researchers argue that AI developers should be legally required to delay the deployment of AI systems until they are demonstrated to be trustworthy by reliable safety tests. Additionally, the deployment of new systems should be gradual so that emerging risks from deception can be properly assessed and mitigated. 

The study authors also stressed the importance of understanding why and how AI systems learn to deceive. Without this knowledge, creating adequate safeguards and ensuring that AI technologies benefit humanity without undermining trust and stability will be challenging.

As AI continues to evolve, the need for vigilance and proactive regulation becomes ever more critical. The findings of this review serve as a stark reminder of the potential dangers lurking within advanced AI systems and the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to mitigate these risks.

“Proactive solutions are needed, such as regulatory frameworks to assess AI deception risks, laws requiring transparency about AI interactions, and further research into detecting and preventing AI deception,“ researchers concluded. “Proactively addressing the problem of AI deception is crucial to ensure that AI acts as a beneficial technology that augments rather than destabilizes human knowledge, discourse, and institutions.”

• Tim McMillan is a retired law enforcement executive, investigative reporter and co-founder of The Debrief. His writing typically focuses on defense, national security, the Intelligence Community and topics related to psychology. You can follow Tim on Twitter: @LtTimMcMillan.  Tim can be reached by email: tim@thedebrief.org or through encrypted email: LtTimMcMillan@protonmail.com 

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/tech/ }

01-06-2024 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

We could float effortlessly in Pluto's subsurface ocean

Related: 

• Supervolcano eruption on Pluto hints at hidden ocean beneath the surface

Most strikingly, some scientists believe that Pluto holds cryovolcanoes that spew out water vapor or even solid water ice. That water has to come from somewhere — and a layer of liquid water beneath Pluto's crust would fit the description.

Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis and the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston set about constructing a model of what that liquid layer might look like. In particular, they wanted to match Sputnik Planitia — a heart-shaped lowland basin on Pluto's surface thought to be the aftermath of an impact. So, the researchers tried different configurations of ocean thickness and water density that would result in the Sputnik Planitia criss-crossed with cracks that New Horizons observed.

"We estimated a sort of Goldilocks zone where the density and shell thickness is just right," said Alex Nguyen, a graduate student at Washington University in St Louis and one of the authors, in a statement.

Their calculations indicated that a Plutonian ocean would most likely be around 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80 kilometers) thick, and about 8 percent denser than Earth seawater. That is about as dense as the Great Salt Lake. 

But the idea of a Plutonian ocean is still controversial. Scientists don't know enough about Pluto to know if the evidence really points to liquid water or if it's just circumstantial. Most recently, a study simulating the origin of Sputnik Planitia suggested that the heart-shaped basin was most likely to have formed if Pluto had a solid interior.

So, until a successor to New Horizons lets us revisit Pluto, what lies beneath the world's surface will remain cloaked in shadow.

Nguyen and co-author Patrick McGovern published their work in the journal Icarus on February 15.

{ https://www.space.com/ }

31-05-2024 om 23:30 geschreven door peter  

James Webb Space Telescope spots the most distant galaxy ever seen (image)

Related: 

• James Webb Space Telescope spots 3 of our universe's earliest galaxies

The announcement of the discoveries, made in Oct. 2023 and Jan. 2024, are the latest developments in the ongoing investigation of cosmic dawn that the $10 billion telescope has facilitated as part of the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. JADES aims to provide vital insights into the ways in which the stars, gas, and black holes were evolving in primordial galaxies when the 13.8 billion-year-old universe was very young. 

"These galaxies join a small but growing population of galaxies from the first half billion years of cosmic history where we can really probe the stellar populations and the distinctive patterns of chemical elements within them," team member and Kavli Institute for Cosmology scientist Francesco D’Eugenio said in a statement.

JADES-GS-z14-0 isn't just remarkable for how distant it is from Earth and how early it existed in the cosmos, though. With a width of around 1,600 light-years across, this "cosmic dawn" galaxy is also remarkable for how big and bright it is.

"The size of the galaxy clearly proves that most of the light is being produced by large numbers of young stars, rather than material falling onto a supermassive black hole in the galaxy's center, which would [make it] appear much smaller, "JADES team leader Daniel Eisenstein from the Harvard & Smithsonian's Center for Astrophysics (CfA) said in a separate statement. 

The extreme brightness of JADES-GS-z14-0 and the fact this luminosity is powered by young stars means this galaxy represents the most striking evidence for the rapid formation of large, massive galaxies in the early universe found thus far.

JADES team member and University of California-Santa Cruz researcher Ben Johnson added that JADES-GS-z14-0 shows that galaxy formation in the early universe was very rapid and intense. 

"The JWST will allow us to find more of these galaxies, perhaps when the universe was even younger," he said. "It is a marvelous opportunity to study how galaxies get started."

The James Webb Space Telescope sees red to spot early galaxies

The JWST is adept at seeing early galaxies thanks to the high infrared sensitivity of its instruments, particularly its primary imager, the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam). 

Light leaves these cosmic dawn galaxies with a wide range of wavelengths similar to light from galaxies that are closer to the Milky Way. It is the journey of billions of years that transforms this light into low-energy and long-wavelength light in the near-infrared and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The very fabric of space is expanding, and as light passes through it, its wavelength is stretched along with it. This causes the light to "shift" down to the red end of the electromagnetic spectrum, hence the name for this phenomenon, "redshift."

Galaxies that are farther away have to cross more space (which is being stretched as it expands) before their light reaches us, and thus, that light experiences more redshift. Redshift, denoted as z, can, therefore, be used to measure the distance to celestial objects with a known spectrum. And because light takes a finite amount of time to travel, this distance can be used to calculate how long ago these galaxies existed as we see them.

JADES-GS-z14-0 has a redshift of z = 14.32, while the previous most distant galaxy, JADES-GS-z13-0, has a redshift of z = 13.2, which placed it as existing 400 million years after the Big Bang. Clearly, this newly found galaxy has absolutely smashed that record, with the JWST seeing back in time by another 100 million years or so.

"JADES-GS-z14-0 now becomes the archetype of this phenomenon," JADES collaboration team member Stefano Carniani of the Scuola Normale Superiore said. "It is stunning that the universe can make such a galaxy in only 300 million years."

JADES-GS-z14-0 delived some surprises

Not everything about JADES-GS-z14-0 was immediately clear to the JADES team and some elements could confuse our picture of the early cosmos.

When it was first spotted, the primordial galaxy was so close to a closer foreground galaxy that the team suspected they could be celestial neighbors.  This idea was dispelled in October last year when the JADES crew spent five days performing a deep analysis of JADES-GS-z14-0 with NIRCam. The application of filters that are specifically tailored to identify early galaxies confirmed the extreme distance to JADES-GS-z14-0.

"We just couldn’t see any plausible way to explain this galaxy as being merely a neighbor of the more nearby galaxy," JADES team member and University of Arizona researcher Kevin Hainline said.

The galaxy also surprised its discoverers because its light is even redder than expected. That is because the light from JADES-GS-z14-0 is being "reddened" by dust within it that will become the building blocks of stars that will help this galaxy grow even larger.

Another surprise was the discovery of oxygen in JADES-GS-z14-0. Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium are forged by stars during their lifetimes and then distributed through galaxies when these stars explode. The observation of oxygen in JADES-GS-z14-0 could indicate that at least one generation of stars has already lived and died in this very early galaxy.

"All of these observations, together, tell us that JADES-GS-z14-0 is not like the types of galaxies that have been predicted by theoretical models and computer simulations to exist in the very early universe,"  JADES researcher Jake Helton of Steward Observatory and the University of Arizona said. "Given the observed brightness of the source, we can forecast how it might grow over cosmic time, and so far, we have not found any suitable analogs from the hundreds of other galaxies we’ve observed at high redshift in our survey."

Helton added that given the relatively small region of the sky that the JWST searched to find JADS-GS-z14-0, its discovery has profound implications for the predicted number of bright galaxies we see in the early universe.

"It is likely that astronomers will find many such luminous galaxies, possibly at even earlier times, over the next decade with the JWST," he concluded. "We're thrilled to see the extraordinary diversity of galaxies that existed at cosmic dawn!”

{ https://www.space.com/ }

31-05-2024 om 23:14 geschreven door peter  

While previous studies have revealed that Egyptians from these periods were able to identify, describe, and treat diseases and traumatic injuries, build prosthetics, and even place dental fillings, this study is the first to show that these surprisingly advanced ancient people may have tried to treat cancer around the same time they were building the pyramids.

“This finding is unique evidence of how ancient Egyptian medicine would have tried to deal with or explore cancer more than 4,000 years ago,” said Prof Edgard Camarós, a paleopathologist at the University of Santiago de Compostela and the study’s lead author. “This is an extraordinary new perspective in our understanding of the history of medicine.”

CUT MARKS ON 4,000-YEAR-OLD EGYPTIAN SKULL LEAVE RESEARCHERS STUNNED

To conduct their analysis, the researchers were able to procure two separate skulls that showed signs of cancerous lesions. The first, dubbed “Skull and mandible 236,” has previously been dated to between 2687 and 2345 BCE, while the second, “Skull E270,” has been dated to between 663 and 343 BCE. For comparison, the Great Pyramid of Giza is believed to have been built over a period of about 27 years, sometime around 2,600 BCE.

The skulls were examined using microscopic analysis and CT scanning.

Image: Tondini, Isidro, Camarós, 2024. CREDIT: Tondini, Isidro, Camarós, 2024.

When examining the roughly 30 small, metastasized lesions and one large lesion likely caused by neoplasm spread across Skull 236 under a microscope and also using a CT scanner, the researchers say they were “stunned” to discover something unexpected: clear cutmarks around a number of the lesions.

Cutmarks found on skull 236, probably made with a sharp object. Image: Tondini, Isidro, Camarós, 2024.

CREDIT: Tondini, Isidro, Camarós, 2024.

“When we first observed the cutmarks under the microscope, we could not believe what was in front of us,” said Tatiana Tondini, a researcher at the University of Tübingen and first author of the study.

In fact, according to Tondini, they weren’t even looking for things like cutmarks in the first place. “We wanted to learn about the role of cancer in the past, how prevalent this disease was in antiquity, and how ancient societies interacted with this pathology,” the researcher explained.

SIGNS ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MAY HAVE RECEIVED AND SURVIVED CANCER SURGERY

After finding evidence of cutmarks on the 4,000-year-old Egyptian Skull known as 236, the team performed a similar analysis of Skull E270. Like the older sample, E270 also had a large lesion the researchers described as “consistent with a cancerous tumor that led to bone loss.” However, unlike the other skull, this specimen had two smaller, “healed” lesions likely caused by traumatic injuries. Furthermore, one of the smaller lesions appears to be the result of a “close-range violent event” involving some sort of sharp instrument.

A closer analysis showed that this second lesion appeared to have healed after encountering a sharp object. Such a finding hints at the possibility that this person had surgery to remove cancer and then survived the treatment. “These healed lesions could mean that the individual potentially received some kind of treatment and, as a result, survived,” the press release announcing the study expl

Skull E270, dating from between 663 and 343 BCE, belonged to a female individual who was older than 50 years. Image: Tondini, Isidro, Camarós, 2024.

CREDIT: Tondini, Isidro, Camarós, 2024.

The researchers concede that the injury could be the result of combat. However, they also point out that E270 belonged to a roughly 50-year-old woman. In ancient Egypt, it was rare to find evidence of women in any form of combat, especially one of such an advanced age, meaning either answer could have the potential to rewrite the history books.

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/science/ }

31-05-2024 om 22:44 geschreven door peter