The Day After Tomorrow? A climate disaster could occur at ANY time in the next 6,000 years, scientists warn

• Researchers say it's almost impossible to predict timing of climate tipping points
• They warn catastrophe could strike at any time in the next 6,000 years

By Xantha Leatham Deputy Science Editor

It's the film that left us all wary of disastrous and abrupt climate change.

But The Day After Tomorrow is probably not when we're going to experience apocalyptic weather events, according to a study.

Researchers argue that it's almost impossible to predict the timing of climate tipping points – and that catastrophe could strike at any time in the next 6,000 years.

A team from the Technical University of Munich and the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research provided the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) as an example.

This system circulates water from north to south and back in a long cycle within the Atlantic Ocean, carrying warm water from the tropics northwards.

It's the film that left us all wary of disastrous and abrupt climate change. But The Day After Tomorrow is probably not when we're going to experience apocalyptic weather events, according to a study 

Read More

• The real-life Day After Tomorrow? The Gulf Stream is weakening thanks to climate change 

Climate models suggest the AMOC will weaken over the 21st century due to increases in greenhouse gases and melting ice.

If the system collapsed the Northern Hemisphere would get colder, causing temperatures in Europe to drop dramatically.

Wet seasons in the Amazon rainforest would be reversed to dry seasons, and in coastal cities the sea would rise even faster.

Previous predictions from historical data suggest a collapse could occur between 2025 and 2095.

However, the new study revealed that uncertainties are so large that these predictions are not reliable.

Using different data sets and analysis, tipping times for the AMOC ranged from 2050 to 8065 – a 6,000-year window which isn't particularly useful, the researchers said.

Writing in the journal Science Advances they said the timing of other climate tipping points – such as the melting of the polar ice sheets or the collapse of tropical rainforests – are also too uncertain.

This is because there is too much still unknown about the underlying physical mechanisms of climate change, a lack of direct observations of the climate system, and incomplete history data, they explained.

Lead author Maya Ben-Yami said: 'Our research is both a wake-up call and a cautionary tale.

Climate models suggest the AMOC will weaken over the 21st century due to increases in greenhouse gases and melting ice. If the system collapsed the Northern Hemisphere would get colder, causing temperatures in Europe to drop dramatically 

'There are things we still can't predict, and we need to invest in better data and a more in-depth understanding of the systems in question.

'The stakes are too high to rely on shaky predictions.'

While the study shows we cannot reliably predict tipping events, the possibility of such events cannot be ruled out either, the team said.

They also stressed that statistical methods are still very good at telling us which parts of the climate have become more unstable.

'We still need to do everything we can to reduce our impact on the climate, first and foremost by cutting greenhouse gas emissions,' co-author Niklas Boers said.

'Even if we can't predict tipping times, the probability for key Earth system components to tip still increases with every tenth of a degree of warming.'

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

02-08-2024 om 22:30 geschreven door peter  

Flakes of Natural Graphene Found in Lunar Soil Samples

 by Natali Anderson

In lunar regolith samples collected by China’s Chang’e-5 probe, planetary scientists have identified few-layer graphene formed together with complex minerals. The finding provides new insights into the origin of the Moon, supporting the hypothesis of a carbon-containing Moon.

Structural and compositional characterization of few-layer graphene in the Chang’e-5 lunar soil sample.

Image credit: Zhang et al., doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwae211.

“Graphene has revolutionized the research of condensed matter physics and materials science with its novel physical phenomena and extraordinary properties,” said Jilin University Professor Wei Zhang and colleagues.

“It plays an increasingly important role in extensive areas including planetary and space science.”

“It is estimated that around 1.9% of total interstellar carbon is in the form of graphene and protosolar graphene has been identified in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites.”

The researchers analyzed an olive-shaped sample of lunar soil, about 2.9 mm by 1.6 mm, collected by the Chang’e 5 mission in 2020.

Using a special spectrometer, they found an iron compound that is closely related to the formation of graphene in a carbon-rich section of the sample.

They then used advanced microscopic and mapping technologies to confirm that the carbon content in the sample comprised ‘flakes’ that have two to seven layers of graphene.

The scientists proposed that the few-layer graphene may have formed in volcanic activity in the early stages of the Moon’s existence, and been catalyzed by solar winds that can stir up lunar soil and iron-containing minerals that helped transform the carbon atoms’ structure.

Meteorite impacts, which create high-temperature and high-pressure environments, may also have led to the formation of graphene.

Scientists have discovered graphene on the Moon, in a lunar sample returned to Earth

Depositphotos

“This is the first study to verify the presence of natural few-layer graphene in lunar soil samples by examining its microstructure and composition,” the authors said.

“Our finding provides new insights into the origin of the Moon, supporting the hypothesis of a carbon-containing Moon.”

“Moreover, the exotic properties of graphene are highly structurally and environmentally dependent.”

“Further in-depth property investigation of natural graphene would provide more information on the geologic evolution of the Moon.”

“In turn, the mineral-catalysed formation of natural graphene sheds light on the development of low-cost scalable synthesis techniques for high-quality graphene.”

“Therefore, a new lunar exploration program may be promoted and some forthcoming breakthroughs can be expected.”

Chinese researchers have discovered a form of carbon in lunar soil samples collected in 2020 which could overturn the theory that the moon was formed by a cosmic collision between Earth and a smaller planet.

Photo: Reuters

• The findings were published in the journal National Science Review.
• Wei Zhang et al. Discovery of natural few-layer graphene on the Moon. National Science Review, published online June 17, 2024; doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwae211

{ https://www.sci.news/ }

02-08-2024 om 21:39 geschreven door peter  

Study: Lunar soil has the right stuff for “extraterrestrial photosynthesis”

It could pave a way for plants, fuel, and so much more.

by Doris Elín Urrutia

 

Rainer Fuhrmann / EyeEm/EyeEm/Getty Images

What’s new — The new study proposes “extraterrestrial photosynthesis,” a process by which humans in space can draw on just two simple, out-of-this-world ingredients — lunar soil and sunlight — to produce fuel and recycle carbon dioxide back into breathable oxygen on long-duration crewed missions to the Moon and Mars.

One major talking point for space agencies with their eyes to the skies: How do you power a trip far from Earth? The longest crewed lunar mission to date — NASA’s Apollo 15 flight in 1971 — lasted 12 days. They maintained themselves on the supplies they brought along, which had the heaviest payload in a lunar orbit at about 107,000 pounds.

Digging into the details — The study looks at ways to replenish water, oxygen, and fuel by using human byproducts, solar radiation, and local lunar soil called regolith. If this is successfully achievable, space agencies can save on cargo weight and vehicle space for crewed missions lasting weeks or even months.

Their preliminary findings inspired them to propose a model for how a self-sustaining Moon outpost could work.

The team analyzed the Chang’e-5, or “CE-5,” regolith samples to see what chemicals they contained and then investigated how well these components could catalyze carbon dioxide into oxygen. Exhaled breath might be used for potable water, or turned into hydrogen or methane for fuel.

Their experiments yielded some positive results. They saw bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen gas, for example. The paper reports that compounds in lunar regolith catalyzed a reaction during a photovoltaic-driven water electrolytic (PV-EC) test, which takes light and water and turns the liquid into those two gases. On the Moon, the water used here would come from lunar ice and human breath that would have previously gone through a dehydrating process. The astronauts would use the water for drinking.

What’s next — A lot more needs to be done before the research is Moon-ready. The researchers wrote that “the current catalytic performance from the CE-5 lunar sample cannot fully satisfy the requirement of extraterrestrial survival,” adding that their findings weren’t on par with the efficiency of existing catalyst systems on Earth.

They wrote that researching the compounds on the Moon more thoroughly could lead to more success.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

02-08-2024 om 21:36 geschreven door peter  

UFO over Spain? Tourist video captures strange object vanishing in seconds, UAP Sighting News.

The UFO was spotted in Ibiza, Spain.

© Provided by Hindustan Times

Date of sighting: July 31, 2024
Location of sighting: Ibiza, Spain

Watch the video here:

Introduction

Unidentified flying objects (UFOs) have intrigued humanity for decades, sparking countless debates and discussions about the existence of extraterrestrial life. These sightings often stir the imagination and provoke questions about what lies beyond our planet. The latest UFO sighting comes from the picturesque island of Ibiza, Spain, where a group of tourists captured a mysterious object in the sky that vanished within seconds. This astonishing video has now gone viral, captivating the attention of UFO enthusiasts and skeptics alike.

Green Light in Ibiza Skies: UFO or Illusion?

The Incident

The incident occurred on a clear day near the coastline of Ibiza, a popular tourist destination known for its stunning beaches and vibrant nightlife. A group of tourists, enjoying the scenic beauty near a cliff, inadvertently became witnesses to an unusual phenomenon. The video, recorded by one of the tourists, begins with a serene view of the landscape, capturing the natural beauty of the area.

Suddenly, the tranquility is interrupted by a girl running and pointing towards the sky, drawing the attention of the others. The camera follows her gesture, panning to reveal a bright, clear sky with the moon prominently visible. Beside the moon, an unidentified object appears, hovering momentarily before it disappears within seconds. The object’s sudden vanishing act leaves the onlookers stunned and puzzled.

Public Reaction

The video quickly gained traction on social media, with users from around the world sharing and commenting on the mysterious sighting. UFO enthusiasts were particularly excited, viewing the footage as potential evidence of extraterrestrial activity. Skeptics, on the other hand, offered various explanations ranging from natural atmospheric phenomena to sophisticated drones or even a hoax.

Regardless of one’s stance on the existence of UFOs, the video has undeniably sparked curiosity and debate. Many people are fascinated by the possibility of encountering something beyond the realm of known science, while others enjoy the mystery and intrigue that such sightings bring.

Expert Opinions

To gain a deeper understanding of the sighting, several experts were consulted. Dr. Laura Mendes, an astronomer and UFO researcher, analyzed the footage and provided her insights.

“The video is intriguing, and while it does show an unidentified object, it’s important to approach such sightings with a scientific mindset. There are many plausible explanations, including atmospheric distortions, reflections, or man-made objects. Without more data, it’s difficult to draw any definitive conclusions,” Dr. Mendes stated.

Aviation expert Carlos Rodriguez also weighed in on the sighting. “Given the proximity to a tourist area, it’s possible that what was seen could be a drone or another type of aircraft. However, the rapid disappearance is unusual and warrants further investigation,” he remarked.

Historical Context of UFO Sightings

UFO sightings have been reported for centuries, with varying levels of credibility and detail. From ancient texts describing celestial events to modern-day videos captured on smartphones, the phenomenon has persisted through time. One of the most famous incidents is the Roswell incident of 1947, where an alleged UFO crash in New Mexico spurred widespread speculation and conspiracy theories.

In recent years, the U.S. government has declassified numerous reports and videos of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP), reigniting interest in the topic. These disclosures have lent some credibility to the notion that there are aerial objects that defy conventional explanations.

The Science Behind UFOs

While the idea of extraterrestrial visitors is captivating, scientists urge caution and critical thinking. Most UFO sightings can be attributed to natural phenomena or human activities. For instance, weather balloons, experimental aircraft, and atmospheric conditions can create optical illusions that mislead observers.

The scientific method relies on reproducibility and evidence. For a UFO sighting to be considered credible, it must be corroborated by multiple witnesses, radar data, and other forms of empirical evidence. In the case of the Ibiza sighting, while the video is compelling, more information would be needed to reach a conclusive explanation.

The Cultural Impact of UFO Sightings

UFO sightings often capture the public’s imagination and inspire various forms of media, including movies, books, and television shows. The idea of encountering alien life forms has become a staple of science fiction, reflecting humanity’s curiosity and desire to explore the unknown.

Movies like "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" and "Independence Day" have popularized the concept of UFOs and alien encounters, blending entertainment with speculative science. These cultural artifacts shape our perception of UFO sightings, often blurring the lines between fiction and reality.

Personal Accounts and Eyewitness Testimonies

Eyewitness testimonies play a crucial role in the study of UFO sightings. Personal accounts, like the one from Ibiza, provide valuable insights into how these phenomena are experienced and perceived by individuals. However, eyewitness accounts are also subject to cognitive biases and memory distortions, which can affect the accuracy of the observations.

In the Ibiza case, the tourists’ reactions and the immediate recording of the event add a layer of authenticity to the sighting. Their spontaneous responses and genuine astonishment suggest that they truly witnessed something unexpected.

The Role of Technology in UFO Sightings

Advancements in technology have significantly impacted the documentation and analysis of UFO sightings. High-resolution cameras, drones, and satellite imagery provide new tools for capturing and investigating aerial phenomena. These technologies can help distinguish between known objects and genuinely unidentified ones.

The Ibiza video, recorded on a smartphone, benefits from modern technology, offering clear footage that can be analyzed frame by frame. This level of detail was not available in earlier UFO sightings, making contemporary reports more credible and easier to scrutinize.

Government Involvement and Disclosure

Governments worldwide have historically shown interest in UFO sightings, often conducting secret investigations. The U.S. government’s recent release of UAP reports has highlighted the importance of transparency and scientific inquiry in addressing these phenomena.

In Spain, the government has not released any official statements regarding the Ibiza sighting. However, the increasing public interest in UFOs may prompt authorities to take a more proactive role in investigating and disclosing information about such incidents.

Conclusion

The UFO sighting in Ibiza has captured the imagination of people around the world, reigniting debates about the existence of extraterrestrial life and the nature of unidentified flying objects. While the video offers a tantalizing glimpse of something unexplained, it also underscores the need for rigorous scientific investigation and critical thinking.

As technology continues to advance and more sightings are documented, the mystery of UFOs may eventually be unraveled. Until then, incidents like the one in Ibiza will continue to intrigue and inspire, reminding us of the vastness and wonder of the universe.

Whether you are a skeptic or a believer, the sighting serves as a reminder that there is still much to explore and discover in our world and beyond. The quest for understanding UFOs is not just about finding answers but also about embracing the unknown and celebrating the human spirit of curiosity and exploration.

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

02-08-2024 om 21:10 geschreven door peter  

Cryptoterrestrials: Are Aliens Already Living Among Us?

The concept of extraterrestrial life has long captivated the human imagination, often depicted as beings visiting Earth from distant galaxies. However, a compelling hypothesis suggests an alternative possibility: aliens might already be living among us, hiding in plain sight as “cryptoterrestrials.” This theory challenges traditional views of alien life and opens up intriguing discussions about the nature of extraterrestrial existence on Earth.

Understanding the Cryptoterrestrials Hypothesis

The cryptoterrestrials hypothesis proposes that extraterrestrials are not just visiting Earth but have been residing here, possibly for millennia. Unlike the typical depiction of aliens arriving in spaceships from far-off planets, cryptoterrestrials are thought to be integrated into human society, cleverly disguised to avoid detection. This idea shifts the focus from outer space exploration to a more introspective examination of life on Earth.

Four Categories of Cryptoterrestrials

The hypothesis can be divided into four distinct categories, each presenting a unique perspective on how aliens might be living among us:

1. Ancient Super Civilization: This theory suggests that an advanced civilization once thrived on Earth but was destroyed by a catastrophic event, such as a flood. The survivors of this civilization, possibly connected to legends like Atlantis, might still be present today, blending into human society.
2. Animal-Like Alien Civilization: Another possibility is that a complex civilization of aliens exists, resembling more animal-like beings rather than humanoid forms. These creatures might have developed unique ways to coexist with humans, perhaps living in remote or hidden locations.
3. Hidden Underground Aliens: Some theorists propose that aliens are hiding underground, utilizing Earth’s vast subterranean environments to remain concealed. This notion aligns with various myths and legends of underground worlds inhabited by mysterious beings.
4. Magical or Mythical Beings: The final category encompasses the idea that aliens could be perceived as mythical creatures, such as sprites, fairies, or goblins. These beings might possess abilities that enable them to exist undetected, contributing to folklore and mythical narratives.

Speculation and Skepticism

The cryptoterrestrials hypothesis, while intriguing, is primarily speculative. It seeks to expand the boundaries of thought and academic discussion, challenging established notions about extraterrestrial life. However, it’s important to note that proponents of this hypothesis acknowledge the lack of concrete evidence supporting the idea of aliens walking among us. The hypothesis is intended to provoke thought and encourage exploration of alternative possibilities rather than make definitive claims.

The Role of Media and Public Perception

Media plays a significant role in shaping public perception of the cryptoterrestrials hypothesis. Sensationalist headlines and exaggerated claims can often distort the original intentions of speculative discussions. While some media outlets may present the idea humorously or dismissively, it is crucial to approach such topics with an open mind and a critical eye.

A Historical Perspective

Throughout history, many revolutionary scientific ideas have initially been met with skepticism and ridicule. The notion of a round Earth, once considered absurd, eventually became a widely accepted fact. Similarly, the cryptoterrestrials hypothesis challenges us to reconsider our understanding of life on Earth and the potential for hidden civilizations.

Conspiracy Theories and Cultural Influences

The cryptoterrestrials hypothesis intersects with various conspiracy theories and cultural beliefs about non-human entities living among us. Concepts like “lizard people” or “skinwalkers” have circulated for decades, often rooted in folklore and mythology. The hypothesis serves as a framework to explore these longstanding ideas and examine their plausibility in a modern context.

The Possibility of Alien Integration

While the cryptoterrestrials hypothesis remains speculative, it raises thought-provoking questions about the potential motivations and methods of extraterrestrial life integrating into human society. If aliens are indeed living among us, what could they gain from such integration? Would their presence have an impact on human culture, technology, or evolution?

The Age of the Galaxy and Earth’s History

Considering the vast age of the galaxy, estimated to be around 13 billion years, and Earth’s 4.5 billion-year history, there is ample time for the development and evolution of intelligent life forms. If cryptoterrestrials do exist, they might have arrived on Earth long before humans, potentially influencing the course of human history in ways we have yet to understand.

VIDEO:

• Cryptoterrestrials: Aliens Walking Among Us? | Strange & Suspicious TV Show

• https://youtu.be/8O_BHyW6joc

The cryptoterrestrials hypothesis invites us to expand our perspective on extraterrestrial life, challenging the conventional narrative of aliens as distant visitors. While evidence supporting the existence of cryptoterrestrials is currently lacking, the hypothesis encourages curiosity and exploration of alternative explanations for unexplained phenomena. As scientific understanding evolves, the possibility of discovering hidden civilizations or new forms of life continues to inspire both intrigue and skepticism. Ultimately, the cryptoterrestrials hypothesis serves as a reminder of the boundless mysteries that the universe, and perhaps even our own planet, still holds.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

02-08-2024 om 18:55 geschreven door peter  

20 Years Later, MESSENGER Is Still Giving Us Strange Hidden Gems

A recent study looking decades-old data suggests Mercury may have a 10-mile-thick layer of diamond deep in its interior.

by Kiona Smith

 

NASA

Yongjiang Xu, of the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research in Beijing, and his colleagues published their work in the journal Nature Communications.

Diamonds In The Rough

Like most rocky planets, Mercury was once a seething, churning ball of magma. Over time, that magma cooled and solidified, and in the process, it settled into layers — giving the planet a dense inner core, a slightly lighter and mostly fluid mantle, and a light, rocky outer crust. To simulate that process, Xu and his colleagues made digital models using data from MESSENGER that offered clues about Mercury's inner structure. They also squashed a lot of carbon samples in the lab to see how the material behaved under tremendous heat and pressure.

According to Xu and his colleagues’ simulations, there should be a layer of diamond lying atop Mercury's core and just beneath its mantle — and it could be between 9 and 11 miles thick. The diamond would have crystallized out of an ocean of carbon-rich magma that once covered Mercury billions of years ago.

Meanwhile, on the surface, carbon crystallized into a different (and much less sparkly) form called graphite. Graphite and diamond are both pure carbon, but the atoms are arranged in different crystal structures, which gives the two materials very different properties. At the surface, where pressures and temperatures were much lower, the carbon formed dark, soft graphite. Deep below, the intense pressure beneath Mercury's mantle pressed carbon into diamond — if Xu and his colleagues are right.

Don’t Shoot The Messenger

The finding is just the latest scientific gem MESSENGER has laid at our feet since its launch 20 years ago. It took four years just to reach Mercury in 2008, and then the spacecraft had to make a carefully-planned series of flybys to slow down enough to enter Mercury's orbit without also accidentally getting pulled into the Sun. (Trying to maneuver a spacecraft that close to the Sun's gravitational influence is a challenge.) MESSENGER settled into Mercury's orbit in 2011.

During its four years in orbit around Mercury, MESSENGER revealed some surprising things about our Solar System's innermost planet. One of those is the graphite that dusts its surface, which gives the planet's surface its dark, patchy appearance — and gave Xu and his colleagues the idea for their recent simulations.

MESSENGER also revealed that Mercury has tectonic quakes, similar to the quakes that happen on Earth and Mars, and that the already-small planet is actually shrinking a little bit every year. The mission found evidence of frozen water deep in the permanent shadows of some of Mercury’s polar craters. And there's even a hint that some organic chemistry, and maybe even very simple cells, once could have eked out an existence beneath the planet's surface.

Xu and his colleagues’ simulations may help explain another of MESSENGER's most important discoveries: Mercury's surprisingly strong magnetic field.

For such a small planet, Mercury boasts a disproportionately powerful magnetic field. If Xu and his colleagues are right, the layer of diamond lying beneath the mantle could be changing how heat flows from the core to the mantle (because diamond transfers heat very efficiently). That, in turn, could be changing how convection, currents driven by hot liquid rising and cool liquid sinking, happens in the molten outer layers of Mercury's core. And since all that flowing molten metal is part of what generates the magnetic field, the diamond layer could be a big part of the explanation.

The MESSENGER mission came to a dramatic end on April 30, 2015, when the spacecraft smashed into Mercury's surface at more than 8,000 miles per hour. Because MESSENGER was on the far side of the planet at the time, its human team back on Earth didn't witness its final moments; they heard only the silence of the dead spacecraft failing to resume radio contact a few moments later.

MESSENGER set the foundation for the European Space Agency's BepiColombo mission, and it may also shed light on the interiors of other rocky planets.

"The processes that led to the formation of a diamond layer on Mercury might also have occurred on other planets, potentially leaving similar signatures," says Yanhao Lin, also of the Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research in Beijing and a coauthor of the recent study, in a recent statement. The riches of the Universe seem to only grow with time.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

02-08-2024 om 18:44 geschreven door peter  

Oorlog in de ruimte: VS voelen hete adem van Rusland en China

Volgens de New York Times zet het Pentagon spoed achter de voorbereidingen om oorlog in de ruimte te kunnen voeren.  

Washington is ervan overtuigd dat de snelle vooruitgang van China en Rusland op het gebied van ruimteoperaties een groeiende bedreiging vormt voor de Amerikaanse troepen en andere militaire middelen op de grond en satellieten in een baan om de aarde.

De details van de inspanningen van het Pentagon blijven zeer vertrouwelijk. Bepaalde documenten zijn echter onlangs vrijgegeven en gepubliceerd door de New York Times.

Daarin erkennen functionarissen van het Ministerie van Defensie in toenemende mate dat het initiatief een grote verschuiving in militaire operaties weerspiegelt, waarbij de ruimte een echt slagveld zal worden.

De VS zal niet langer alleen vertrouwen op militaire satellieten om te communiceren, navigeren, traceren en te richten op terrestrische bedreigingen, instrumenten die het Pentagon decennialang een aanzienlijk voordeel hebben gegeven in conflicten.

Het ministerie van Defensie wil een nieuwe generatie instrumenten op de grond en in de ruimte verwerven waarmee het zijn satellietnetwerk kan verdedigen tegen aanvallen en, indien nodig, vijandelijke ruimtevaartuigen in een baan om de aarde kan verstoren of uitschakelen, aldus functionarissen van het Pentagon in een reeks interviews, toespraken en verklaringen

De strategie verschilt fundamenteel van eerdere militaire ruimteprogramma's door de uitbreiding van het scala aan offensieve capaciteiten, wat heel anders is dan het voorstel voor het Strategisch Defensie-initiatief uit de jaren tachtig, dat nooit het daglicht zag en dat tot doel had satellieten te gebruiken om de Verenigde Staten te beschermen tegen aanvallen met nucleaire raketten.

• (SR and MaSi for Tagtik/Source: New York Times/Photo: Pixabay)

{ https://www.msn.com/nl-be/ }

02-08-2024 om 18:31 geschreven door peter  

It’s an ancient idea, which only increases its resonance for some. The Greek philosopher Anaxagoras was the first to propose it. He coined the term ‘panspermia’ and said that the Universe was full of life and that some of it fell to Earth. It remains on the fringe of science because it can’t explain how life started, and it’s not testable. But it is enduring.

Oumuamua’s appearance sparked renewed interest in Panspermia. After the object came and went rapidly in 2017, scientists attempted to determine what it actually was. Maybe it was a comet, maybe it was an asteroid, maybe it was a chunk of frozen hydrogen. Many hypotheses were presented. Now, we simply call it an interstellar object, or ISO.

From the perspective of panspermia, Oumuamua’s classification isn’t the most pressing concern. It was a visitor to our Solar System from elsewhere, and that’s the most salient point.

In a new paper, a trio of researchers examine how many of these types of objects might exist and what properties they’d need to protect and transport life throughout the galaxy. The paper is titled “The Implications of ‘Oumuamua on Panspermia.” The lead author is David Cao, a high school student who also served as an intern at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

“Panspermia is the hypothesis that life originated on Earth from the bombardment of foreign interstellar ejecta harbouring polyextremophile microorganisms,” the authors write. “By utilizing ‘Oumuamua’s properties as an anchor, we estimate the mass and number density of ejecta in the ISM.”

Throughout their work, they acknowledge that “panspermia is an extraordinarily difficult theory to quantitatively model and assess.” But it’s still worth an attempt because of Oumuamua. “The recently discovered ‘Oumuamua merits a reexamination for the possibility of panspermia, the hypothesis that life seeded on Earth from the bombardment of life-bearing interstellar ejecta and that life can be transferred from one celestial body to another.”

The trio determined the minimum size of ejecta needed to protect extremophiles from radiation, especially from supernovae. Intense gamma rays can sterilize ejecta if they’re not large enough for extremophiles to survive in their interiors, shielded by rock or water ice. Ejecta also needs to be large enough to protect any lifeforms from impact with another body. But the size depends on the nature of the ejecta.

“We consider the four most common elemental compositions of asteroids (chondritic, stony and metallic) and comets (water-ice) in our own Solar System: silicate, nickel, iron, and water-ice,” they write. Nickel has the highest attenuation and the smallest minimum size needed to shelter life. Water-ice requires the maximum size.

The authors explain, “We make an assumption that the number density abundances and varying compositions of interstellar ejecta mirror the content of minor bodies in our own Solar System.” Based on that, they settled on a minimum size of 6.6 meters.

They also tried to determine the likelihood that extremophiles could have seeded Earth, though they acknowledge that many of the factors involved are poorly understood and poorly constrained. In order to seed life, an ejecta carrying extremophiles had to have arrived at Earth early, before the earliest evidence of fossilized life. “Second, we estimate the total number of impact events on Earth after its formation and prior to the emergence of life (? 0.8 Gyr).”

They calculate impact rates for objects of different sizes. For objects at least 10 meters in diameter, they calculate that about 40,000 of them could’ve impacted Earth in its first 800,000 years.

Existing estimates of the number of Earth-like planets in the Milky Way are available. Based on those, here’s what it all adds up to, keeping in mind all of the poorly constrained factors involved. “However, we find that panspermia is a plausible potential life-seeding mechanism for (optimistically) potentially up to ~ 10⁵ (100,000) of the ~ 10⁹ (one billion) Earth-sized habitable zone worlds in our Galaxy,” the authors write.

But the prospects that Earth itself was seeded by panspermia are very weak. “For the Earth in particular, we conclude that, independent of other hypotheses for the origins of life on Earth, panspermia remains improbable (< 0.001%).” In a way, it’s more of a thought experiment. The authors say that “the true relative probability for panspermia remains unknown.”

The panspermia idea will not disappear. It’s simply too compelling to discard, even though it cannot be tested.

Another way of looking at it is that Earth could be a source of panspermia rather than a receiver.

“The fraction of these rocky planets that possess magnetic fields, atmospheres, and liquid surface water capable of supporting life is currently unconstrained and unknown, but our work implies as many as 10⁴ of these worlds in our Galaxy could be populated with life today via panspermia under the most optimistic assumptions that all of these worlds are capable of supporting ejecta-transported life, with Earth as one of the potential source planets.” The number could rise to 10⁴ under the most optimistic conditions.

There are other factors to consider. We’re only beginning to determine the number of rogue planets or free-floating planets (FFPs). As we learn more about them and their abundance, the panspermia hypothesis will change. “The discovery of rogue-free floating planets (FFPs) suggests a significantly higher ISM ejecta number density than expected for large objects,” the authors explain.

Also, the number of ejecta and their mass haven’t been constant. For example, during the hypothesized Late Heavy Bombardment, a much larger number of objects were crashing into the Earth and the other Solar System bodies. How would that have affected panspermia?

“~4 Gyr ago, the Earth is thought to have experienced an unprecedented number of impact events
that consequently ejected matter into the ISM, the era of Late Heavy Bombardment,” the authors write. The rate of bombardment was between 100 to 500 times greater than the present rate. If other solar systems experienced similar events, there would be substantially more potential for panspermia.

The star formation rate also plays a role. “As more stars are formed, more mass will be ejected into the ISM in star formation regions, increasing the production of ISM ejecta number density,” the authors explain.

There are so many unknowns and so much conjecture that many scientists avoid the panspermia theory completely. But more and more data will keep coming our way, and as it does, the idea will be revised and reconsidered.

The Rubin Observatory Large Synoptic Survey Telescope will hopefully see its long-anticipated first light in early 2025. That telescope will undoubtedly detect many more ISOs and FFPs, filling in important gaps in our knowledge.

As that data comes in, expect more attention to be focused on the panspermia theory

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

02-08-2024 om 01:45 geschreven door peter  

Being trapped in space sounds like the stuff of nightmares. Astronauts on board the International Space Station have on occasion, had their return delayed by weather or equipment malfunction. We find ourselves again, watching and waiting as two astronauts; Juni Williams and Butch Wilmore have been stuck for months instead of their week long mission. The delays came as the Starliner system required fixes to be implemented. NASA successfully fired up 27 of its 28 thrusters in a hot-firing test and now, ground teams are preparing finally, to bring them home.

The Boeing Starliner spacecraft is officially known as the CST-100 Starliner. It was developed by Boeing as part of NASA’s Commercial Crew Program. Its purpose is to transport astronauts to the International Space Station and other low orbit craft. Starliner hit the headlines with its reusable design aimed at reducing costs and increasing launch frequency. It was first launched on 20 December 2019 as an uncrewed test flight to demonstrate docking capability with ISS. 

Since 2019 Starliner has had issues along the way but has largely seen a successful progression to becoming a key part of NASA’s launch capability. Just recently however there have been issues with the manoeuvring jets used to adjust the attitude. Engineering teams at NASA and Boeing have been working on and running tests with Mexico a new configuration. Part of the thruster system controls the flow of helium, these are the helium manifolds and they were opened to allow engineers to monitor any helium supply issues and leaks. 

The team ran a hot fire test of the reaction control system jets on 27 July to see if there were any problems with the propulsion system. They test fired 27 out of 28 jets while astronauts Wilmore and Williams sat inside the docked Starliner. The tests involved firing the jets for short bursts, one at a time. They revealed that all thrusters were back to performing well and the helium manifolds were within operational margins that were needed for a return trip from ISS. The engineering teams closed the manifolds ahead of undocking and returning the astronauts home. 

The work is not over for the engineering teams however as they are now reviewing data from the tests and from ground based testing at the White Sands Test Facility in New Mexico. Once the review of data is complete, NASA and Boeing will identify a date to return the astronauts. 

Meanwhile back on board the ISS Wilmore and Williams wait. They have been checking other Starliner systems in preparation for return, working with other Boeing teams to prepare and have been undertaking pressure tests of their space suits. They have been working alongside Expedition 71 members and have recently helped setup the BioServe centrifuge in the Harmony Module. The centrifuge supports a wide range of biological, physical and materials science projects. Facilitating the separation of substances with different densities it can work with cell cultures, DNA, protein, blood and sedimentary samples.

Source : 

• NASA, Boeing Complete Second Docked Starliner Hot Fire Test

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

02-08-2024 om 01:36 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers have recently spotted signs of an extended disk of dust and gas, whirling in orbit around a distant star.

While this phenomenon is a normal stage in the development of a star and its planetary system, what makes this find so spectacular is that it's the first one we've seen around a star in a whole other galaxy, outside of our own.

The feature was spotted in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy some 179,000 light-years away from the Milky Way. And, although it might seem like common sense to suppose that star formation processes are universal, we've not been able to observe their vagaries outside of our home galaxy before.

"When I first saw evidence for a rotating structure in the ALMA data I could not believe that we had detected the first extragalactic accretion disc, it was a special moment," said astronomer Anna McLeod of Durham University in the UK, when the findings were published in November.

"We know discs are vital to forming stars and planets in our galaxy, and here, for the first time, we're seeing direct evidence for this in another galaxy."

Stars are born from dense clumps in clouds of molecular gas and dust that hang out in interstellar space. When a clump grows dense enough, it collapses under gravity; spinning, it starts to draw in more material from the cloud around it. This material doesn't just fall onto the protostar any old how, though; it arranges into a disk around the star's equator, and falls down onto it in a more controlled, steady stream, like water down a drain.

Once the star is done forming, what remains of the disk stays there, clumping together to form all the other elements of a planetary system: the planets, the asteroids and meteors, the comets, the dust. That's why the Solar System's planets are more or less orbiting the Sun in a flat plane. We ourselves are like the sentient mold that grew on the leftovers of the Sun's breakfast.

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), a powerful radio telescope, has imaged quite a few such disks throughout the Milky Way, in various stages of development; some have clear gaps that are thought to be cleared by planets clumping together as they orbit. But the farther away something is, the harder it is to resolve, even with a powerful telescope.

McLeod and her colleagues embarked on their campaign to find an extragalactic stellar disk when data obtained by the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) instrument on the Very Large Telescope revealed signs of a jet, in a system named HH 1177.

These, too, are a signature of star formation: some of the material swirling around the forming star gets whisked away along its magnetic field lines to the poles, where it is launched into space in the form of a powerful jet.

The researchers wanted to see if they could spot the disk in the dusty heart of star formation, so they used ALMA to look for signs of rotation. This can be seen in the way wavelengths of light are shortened as the source is pushed towards us, and lengthened as they are pulled away.

"The frequency of light changes depending on how fast the gas emitting the light is moving towards or away from us," explained astronomer Jonathan Henshaw of Liverpool John Moores University in the UK. "This is precisely the same phenomenon that occurs when the pitch of an ambulance siren changes as it passes you and the frequency of the sound goes from higher to lower."

Interestingly, the ALMA data showed clear signs of this rotation. The star, the team's analysis revealed, is very young and massive, still feeding from the disk around it. This is pretty normal. But there was a difference between it and the protostellar disks found in the Milky Way: the HH 1177 disk can be seen in optical wavelengths.

This, the researchers explain, has to do with the interstellar environment in the Large Magellanic Cloud. There is much less dust there; so the HH 1177 star is not as shrouded in a curtain of material as young, massive Milky Way stars usually are.

This makes the discovery an important one for studying, not just how stars form in different environments, but the limits those environments can place on star formation in general.

"We are in an era of rapid technological advancement when it comes to astronomical facilities," McLeod said. "Being able to study how stars form at such incredible distances and in a different galaxy is very exciting."

• The research has been published in Nature.
• A version of this article was first published in December 2023.

{ https://www.msn.com/en-us/channel/topic/Science/ }

01-08-2024 om 22:46 geschreven door peter  

01-08-2024 om 22:36 geschreven door peter  

Where Did Life Come From, Exactly? The Answer Is Out There

The latest research shows lightning, meteors, and far-off nebulae all played a role in assembling the ingredients for life on early Earth.

BY KIONA SMITH

 

Abdulaziz Alghmdi / 500px/500px/Getty Images

RIDE THE LIGHTNING

Nitrogen is an essential ingredient for life — an element that is found in proteins, amino acids, and DNA. But not just any nitrogen will do. Most of the time, nitrogen atoms are locked together in close-knit pairs, held together by very strong chemical bonds, which means neither atom is available for chemical reactions. So it needs a little jolt to shake it loose.

Harvard University chemist Hahui Jiang and her colleagues’ recent experiments showed that lightning, especially if it struck wet soil near rivers or lakes, can break these bonds, splitting the coupled-up nitrogen into free atoms. That, in turn, could have set the stage for chemical reactions that produced more complex molecules — including important ingredients for living cells and the nutrients they crave.

Jiang and her colleagues published their work in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, but Sasselov tells Inverse that it’s only one piece of a much larger puzzle. Exactly where the chemical building blocks of life came from is a puzzle that chemists, astronomers, and biologists are still trying to solve. The answer could help explain our own origins, but it also could help us figure out how likely it is that we’re not alone in the universe.

A 1952 experiment by scientists Harold Urey and Stanley Miller found that lightning can jumpstart chemical reactions that, eventually lead to organic chemistry: the types of molecules that eventually become the building blocks of life. But the story of how a planet full of inert chemicals turned into a planet teeming with life, is a lot more complicated than Urey and Miller ever imagined.

“The origin of life question is more of a puzzle, consisting of multiple pieces that need to fit together, rather than a single breakthrough,” Harvard University astronomer Dimitar Sasselov, a coauthor of the recent study, tells Inverse.

IT’S ALIVE!

Some of the chemical ingredients for life form around deep-sea vents where water and rock meet, and where intense heat provides the energy for chemical reactions. Others can be found in erupting volcanoes. More of the chemistry of life probably happens anytime ultraviolet light hits water, according to another recent study. And most astrobiologists also assume comets and meteors delivered some of the ingredients for life to early Earth.

But some of the stuff cells are made of — including some of the most complex chemical compounds on the ingredients list — may have been part of the starter pack for our newly-formed Solar System 4.6 billion years ago. Astronomers have spotted the telltale spectrum of light emitted by an animo acid called tryptophan in a nearby cloud of interstellar gas and dust, and a chemical called ethanolamine, which is a key part of cell membranes, formed in a cold, dark interstellar cloud more than 100,000 light years away. Other organic chemistry — like the ring-shaped molecule benzene, on which most other organic chemistry is based — has been spotted forming in the cloud of gas and dust around a pair of newborn stars, in chemical reactions powered by shock waves.

The reality is that the chemicals that made up the earliest life on Earth may have take a little from column A and a little from column B — a mixture of deep space feedstock and home-grown biochemistry.

“We cannot limit ourselves to think that the answer to the origin of life comes from a single source,” Arhaus University astronomer Sergio Ioppolo, one of the researchers whose team discovered ethanolamine in deep space last year, tells Inverse. “We should also consider that lightning-induced electrochemistry alone cannot explain the onset of life on the early Earth. It is likely that our planet got the building blocks of life by multiple endogenic [local] as well as exogenic [from space] routes.”

RAW MATERIALS ABOUND

Sasselov says that even if the Solar System formed with a starting supply of building blocks — amino acids, ethanolamine, and more — those building blocks couldn’t just assemble themselves into working cells. Instead, according to Sasselov, those complex molecules probably got provided things like phosphorus and carbon to the early Earth.

But even a starting supply of several tons of, say, amino acids, delivered by meteors or baked into Earths’ crust, wouldn’t be enough to sustain organic chemistry long enough for life to emerge. Whatever amino acids and benzene rings found their way to early Earth from deep space, they were more useful for their raw materials than as preassembled components for cells. That’s because the chemistry that led to life needed a constant supply of things like carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogren.

“[Those molecules] themselves cannot be directly incorporated into the cells which produce life,” says Sasselov, adding, “We now know that some of those chemical reactions which happen in interstellar space are very different from the ones which can sustainably occur on the surface of the Earth later on.”

So the ethanolamine in your cell membranes probably didn’t form on the surface of a distant bit of interstellar dust, but the ingredients were likely there — being carried through the universe to do their thing on the petri dish that is Earth.

PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

“The work of Jiang and her colleagues is one of the many pieces of the puzzle which we should build on,” says Ioppolo.

And the particular piece of the puzzle Jiang and her colleagues were interested in was small but vital: how early Earth got enough nitrogen, in a usable form, to fuel the chemical machinery that eventually produced — and sustained — life. They found that lightning was the solution to that particular piece of the puzzle, especially when it struck water or wet soil, where a wider selection of minerals could get in on the resulting chemical reactions. (In contrast, Urey and Miller just studied the effects of lightning in midair back in 1952, because that’s easier to simulate in a lab.)

Sasselov emphasizes that we shouldn’t picture a single lightning strike spawning life here on Earth. It took a very long time, and a lot of small events adding up, before life finally arose.

“The origin of life is not a single event, or a number of single events, in which the chemistry happened once, almost miraculously, somewhere on the surface of the planet, and then everything went on afterwards,” says Sasselov. “That kind of scenario doesn't work.”

Because the story of life’s origins is so complex, it takes scientists from a wide range of disciplines to put the whole puzzle together.

“In my view, our only chance to address the fundamental question of the origin of life is to put different scientific communities together and tackle the issue from many different perspectives including astronomy, astrochemistry, astrobiology, planetary science, volcanology, and biology,” says Ioppolo.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

01-08-2024 om 22:27 geschreven door peter  

An Underwater Drone Helped Scientists Explore the Final Glacial Frontier

Peeking beneath ice shelves is key for predicting sea level rise.

BY LAUREN LEFFER

 

Anna Wåhlin

Ice shelves are often hundreds of meters thick. Through satellite data and radar measurements of the surface, glaciologists can make inferences and estimates about shifts in sea ice behavior unfolding under climate change. Yet a new perspective can offer a whole lot more information, as demonstrated in a study published July 31 in the journal Science Advances. A team of scientists deployed an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) to explore beneath Dotson ice shelf, on the western side of Antarctica.

The unmanned submarine traveled more than 600 miles over 27 days, collecting ocean temperature, salinity, and current data while also scanning the bottom of the ice shelf using sonar for the first time. The resulting, detailed measurements allowed the researchers to construct the most detailed maps of the Dotson ever, revealing exactly how the shelf is changing and even new types of ice-shelf formations never seen before.

“It's a bit like seeing the back of the moon,” said Anna Wåhlin, lead study author and a professor of oceanography at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, in a press statement.

The Dotson shelf is an outflow of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the continent’s largest contributor to sea level rise (and second only worldwide to the Greenland Ice Sheet, when it comes to melt volume). Though ice shelves don’t directly contribute to sea level rise, as they’re already floating, ice shelf losses contribute to ice loss on land, as glacial flow moves outward and the shelves and sheets fail to recover under ever-warmer conditions. Shrinking marine ice shelves can destabilize sheets on land.

As climate change progresses, Antarctica is set to become an even larger factor in globally rising tides. Understanding ice sheets is key to improving our predictions of how that melt is likely to unfold, and its subsequent impacts. And the new work offers a deeper understanding of Dotson than scientists have ever had before. The observations could help inform not only how glaciologists assess this one ice shelf but every Antarctic ice shelf.

Past estimates of ice loss have failed to meet reality. This new information, combined with a wave of other recent analyses, will hopefully make for clearer, more accurate forecasts. “These new observations will help the community of ice modelers to reduce the large uncertainties in future sea level,” said Karen Heywood, a study co-author and professor of oceanography at the University of East Anglia in England in the news release.

This is not the first study to use an unmanned submarine to make measurements beneath an ice shelf; the method has been deployed for a few years. However, these are the first sub-shelf AUV data on Dotson, and it’s one of relatively few expeditions to have occurred in a growing field. For now, every mission below an Antarctic ice shelf is notable, and brings new information. Many of the new observations confirmed estimates from surface analyses: Researchers had inferred that the western portion of Dotson is thinning faster than the eastern and central sections. Data collected on currents also bolsters previous hypotheses about why that is. Water is flowing faster beneath the western part of the shelf. Yet some of the observations were totally novel.

Per the AUV scans, the underside of the eastern and central regions of the Dotson Ice Shelf is characterized by large, flat terrace-like topography, bordered by steep walls. The researchers note this melt pattern is likely the result of periodic intrusions of sea water below the ice shelf’s grounding line. In contrast, the western side of the shelf is mostly smooth on the bottom with shallow, odd features like swirling, teardrop-shaped imprints.

“There were cracks and swirls in the ice that we weren’t expecting. It looked more like art,” said Heywood. Initially, the scientists had no idea what was causing these patterns, but they’ve homed in on one hypothesis related to a known ocean current phenomenon called the Ekman spiral.

Yet still, there’s much more to uncover in the massive trove of data compiled by the solo sub. These initial maps are just the tip of the proverbial iceberg. Unfortunately, to make future observations, the researchers will need a new AUV. The marine drone the expedition had been using, dubbed Ran, disappeared below the ice during another expedition, cut woefully short. The observations on Dotson are a final transmission from a lost ship.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

01-08-2024 om 22:20 geschreven door peter  

Getty/Photo Illustration Popular Mechanics Staff

UFO Sightings Are Spiking. This Man Has Unraveled the Truth Behind Hundreds of Them

ON A CLEAR, SUNNY DAY IN JULY, Mick West, a former video game programmer, was flying from his home in Sacramento, California, down to Pasadena. From the aircraft, he spied a small, white, elongated object that seemed to be passing over the mountains. Intrigued, he took a short video with his phone. Though he assumed the anomaly was just another airplane, West just couldn’t help himself; he needed to investigate.

When he got to his hotel room, West did what he so often does: a bit of digital sleuthing. First, he uploaded the raw footage to Photoshop to drill down into the image until it resembled a mosaic of zoomed-in pixels. “You have to be very careful about what you’re looking at … for me, that’s the very first step in investigating a case,” he explains. He also downloaded the GPS routes of his plane and a few nearby ones from FlightAware.com, a real-time worldwide flight tracker.

West is a longtime UFO debunker. Retired from the gaming industry in the early 2000s, he’s dealt with about 1,000 UFO cases over nearly a decade, ultimately completing a deeper analysis of about 100 on a pro-bono basis. He examines scoops from official and leaked government reports, sightings trending on social media, emails people send to him, and anomalies posted on popular UFO databases like Enigma and MUFON. He’s even appeared on a History Channel show, The Proof Is Out There, as a forensic video analyst.

He’s found that most skyward curiosities have a logical explanation. No aliens required.

And yet, reports of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAPs)—a term the U.S. government’s National Defense Authorization Act of 2023 established to replace the term “UFO”—are on the rise, according to data from the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office, established in 2022. West believes in using logic and common sense while investigating such claims. That means following the clues and cross-referencing them with simultaneous events such as flights, weather phenomena like saucer-shaped lenticular clouds, ground camera images, and satellite data from companies like Starlink.

That may not necessarily lead to thrilling discoveries of alien encounters, but for West, chipping away at the puzzle to reveal the truth is enormously satisfying.

WEST USES A THOUGHTFUL, methodical process every time he investigates a UAP. His investigation of the white mystery object spotted during his flight to Southern California is the perfect example.

First, he pulled data from the original video. To do so, West used programs like Invisor, an app that displays and compares technical information about video, audio, and photo files. “You drag in the video and you get all this information, things like the original date it was recorded, the resolution, the frame rates … sometimes you get location as well,” he explains, sharing his screen via Zoom, displaying a long column of dozens of datasets.

Understanding the physical perspective of the camera shot is crucial, too. Since West’s video was taken from an airplane, he consulted the free online tool FlightRadar24. A green and brown map depicting U.S. physical features popped up, dotted with dozens of tiny yellow airplane symbols. “You can figure out what’s actually in the air at a particular time,” West explains.

When he zoomed in on his own flight, West could see exactly where his plane was at the particular time he spotted the mysterious, white airborne object, as well as the positions of every other plane nearby. So, he connected the dots. “I knew I was sitting on the right side of the plane,” he says, moving his cursor over another nearby plane, “so this is a likely contender.” He could see that the plane had taken off from Los Angeles’ Van Nuys Airport shortly before his video and that it was ascending. “That matches what we see in the video,” he says.

Then, West turned to a tool he designed himself, called Sitrec. An organization that prefers to remain anonymous paid West to continue developing the app and to help make it freely and publicly available on his website, Metabunk.org, a hub for UAP news, forum discussions, and debunking resources. West simply dragged and dropped his video into Sitrec—a “situation recreation” tool which integrates flight data and video from any source—and used satellite imagery to recreate situations.

“I set the camera to point from my plane to the other two. One of them matched exactly. It was a small Cessna,” he says. “This confirms that this was the plane I was actually looking at.”

WEST USED TO CODE FOR Tony Hawk’s Pro Series™ skater video games, a billion-dollar franchise. He likes to joke that it was his “baptism by fire,” because he would sometimes “spend an inordinate amount of time on this trivial little thing, this one intractable little bug that is just causing this problem. It can be very difficult to figure out … but you have no choice.”

It’s this passion and rigor that ignited his first foray into UAP investigations. That, and a fascination with conspiracy theories.

It all began with the “chemtrails” conspiracy theory that claims airplane vapor trails secretly contain chemical or biological agents meant to control people. To debunk that far-fetched idea, West launched the website ContrailScience.com. Eventually, he started debunking other conspiracy theories including those about 9/11, Earth being flat, and finally UFO alien sightings.

The most important element of maintaining accuracy is to hold on to reasonable—albeit mundane—explanations. “This is a big, big issue in UFO investigations. Instead of trying to eliminate something, you just move possibilities up and down the list,” West explains. Perhaps the list of possibilities for a UAP includes a bird, a weather balloon, an alien spaceship, a hallucination, or a camera glitch. “Which one’s the most important one? The most likely one,” West says. “If you eliminate something, you’ve thrown it away, and you might never get it back.”

That’s what happened during a UAP investigation in Chile—one that would permanently cement West’s interest in UAPs.

In 2014, the Chilean Navy caught video footage of overlapping mysterious black blobs leaving black streaks behind them. Chile’s military studied the recording for two years, but ruled out several different possibilities, leaving behind only the tantalizing chance of aliens. On Metabunk, you can watch West’s analysis of the recording. He discovered that the thermal camera responsible for the footage made the blobs appear hot. In reality, they were just hotter than the surrounding sky that day. Likewise, the streaks were also warmer than the surrounding sky. It’s the same effect as looking through a regular camera at an object with a very bright background, West says—the object appears black.

“It’s not an intuitive thing, and if you don’t delve too deeply into it, [you’ll be wrong,]” he says. In fact, after removing the radiating heat effects around the object, the shape of a regular airplane emerges. The blobs were the four engines of an airplane, and the streaks its contrails.

Mick West

A screenshot from Mick West’s free online Sitrec tool showing the Chilean Navy UAP video, with a flight path analysis and additional information about the November 11, 2014 incident on the left-hand side of the screen.

Another aspect the original investigation got wrong was the blob’s flight path. The footage originated from a helicopter and seemed to indicate a UAP over a nearby bay. “They thought they were looking at an object that was moving left to right, here,” says West, pointing out the flight track path on the video via Sitrec. “In fact, what they were looking at was this plane, just departed from San Diego Airport.” As the plane looped around to gain height over the nearby mountains, it banked in such a way that it appeared to be over the bay and so—apparently—didn’t match any flight records. West was able to simulate the blob’s actual movements by accounting for the camera angle and the relative movement of the blob, and overlaid it successfully with official flight records, matching the paths.

DESPITE HIS DEDICATION, West does have a few unsolved cases on his list. Sometimes, there’s just not enough information to draw a conclusion. For example, in 2017, The New York Times published a video that appeared to depict a flying saucer. West deeply investigated it, checking out how the camera could have been moving, how the UFO could have matched the rotation of the camera, and how there could’ve been a glare in the camera lens. But the analysis took West a long time, and the case is still puzzling. Ideally, West needs the original radar data instead of the analysis the government actually released. The original would have allowed him to recreate the scenario in three dimensions.

“In most cases, what you really want is to have two videos from two different angles. Multiple sensor data is kind of the gold standard,” he explains.

Now that the National Defense Authorization Act requires the government to declassify many UAP documents, West hopes he can get his hands on more original evidence. So far, it’s been a slog, and until there’s fuller disclosure of past UAPs, some of those cases will likely remain open.

Not all of West’s investigations take place on a computer, though. Sometimes he needs to do a little detective work on the side. Once, when somebody reported to him that they’d seen mysterious lights in the sky, West followed his hunch that they might be searchlights and called the local town. He was right: a tree farm in the suspicious location had just installed attention-grabbing searchlights.

Even though West has solved many UAP analysis requests over the years, his conclusions—so far, always mundane—can be unwelcome. People want to believe extraterrestrial aliens are making contact with us. And in the rush to find answers, even other investigators often jump to the wrong conclusions, he says.

There’s also this fact: “The people who are into UFO investigations are so interested because they’re looking for something extraordinary,” West says. “I’m just looking to find out what something actually is, whether it’s extraordinary or not. I don’t have a preference.”

{ https://www.popularmechanics.com/ }

01-08-2024 om 22:12 geschreven door peter  

The real government conspiracy isn’t about UFOs

The authorities are just embarrassed to admit that they don't know if they are real

Earlier this year, following last summer’s congressional hearings on UFOs, the Pentagon’s All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) issued a 63-page report evaluating almost 80 years of evidence. Its conclusion — not altogether surprising, given the name of the office — can be summarized as follows: Not much to see here. Please move on.

The Senate Intelligence Committee isn’t buying it. The Intelligence Authorization Act, which it passed recently, among other things calls for review of the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office. The bill would also limit research into what are now called UAPs (for unidentified anomalous phenomena) unless Congress is informed and add whistleblower protections for anyone who might wish to step forward and speak their minds.

Less plausible claims about UAPs have been achieving greater circulation in part because of the efforts of David Grusch, who testified before Congress last year about hidden alien bodies, crashed vehicles and secret conspiracies. Those claims, which primary witnesses have not corroborated, defy belief and the ensuing controversy has helped make concerns about UAPs appear silly.

Nonetheless, the truth remains that there are systematic sightings and sensor data of fast-moving entities that the government cannot explain. You don’t have to think they are space aliens to realize that they are threats to national security. At the very least, the mere fact that some experienced military pilots entertain the more speculative alien-linked hypotheses suggests that the military is not processing information effectively. Does it make anyone feel better when reports from pilots are dismissed as crazy?

UAPs will remain an issue as long as China and Russia (and possibly other nations) remain national security threats, because the U.S. military will always want to identify possible entrants to its airspace. No report or bureaucratic process can make those concerns go away. And so there is a kind of paralyzed equilibrium, where a very strong force — the desire to know — has met an immoveable object — a lack of knowledge.

In this sense, the frustration of the Senate Intelligence Committee — as expressed by its unanimous 17-0 vote — is understandable. The Pentagon’s report presents many of the weaker UAP allegations and notes that there is no serious evidence to back them up. And it simply dismisses some of the stronger UAP puzzles, such as the Nimitz or Gimbal incidents.

It is not until Page 26 that the report concedes: "A small percentage of cases have potentially anomalous characteristics or concerning characteristics. AARO has kept Congress fully and currently informed of its findings. AARO’s research continues on these cases.” Those sentences should have been on the first page and then the report should have presented the evidence about those cases. If this were an undergraduate term paper, I would have given it a D+.

The chatter among insiders, some of which surely reaches senators, is that some of the data is very hard to explain. Some people, such as John Brennan, former head of the CIA, have even speculated that the available evidence might imply contact with a nonhuman civilization. Agree or disagree, the admission is a marker of our ignorance.

The conspiracy, to the extent there is one, is not to suppress evidence of different life forms; it is to avoid admitting the embarrassing absence of any real answers. So at the very least, the Senate Intelligence Committee deserves credit for reopening the issue.

It can be hard to wrap your head around such huge questions. People are often more concerned with dismissing the possibility of alien life than with admitting the possibility of genuine uncertainty. And since even partial evidence of aliens might scare the public too much, there is an overriding incentive to keep matters under wraps.

When I think about all this, I try to keep two questions separate. First, is there a major puzzle to account for? And second, what is the best explanation for that puzzle? It helps to focus on the first question in isolation, since we can’t seem to keep our heads on straight when it comes to the second.

By admitting that there is a real puzzle to be solved, the Senate Intelligence Committee has moved decisively to answer the first question. Once we clarify exactly what the puzzle is, maybe we’ll be able to make some progress explaining it.

• Tyler Cowen is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist, a professor of economics at George Mason University and host of the Marginal Revolution blog

{ https://www.japantimes.co.jp/ }

01-08-2024 om 21:57 geschreven door peter  

Now, a new survey being conducted by researchers in the United Kingdom is asking the public for answers about people’s attitudes toward the idea that humans could one day contact intelligent extraterrestrials or even the controversial notion that some form of contact might have already occurred.

The survey, led by Professor Michael Bohlander, Chair in Global Law and SETI Policy at Durham Law School in the United Kingdom, along with Dr. Andreas Anton, also a Research Fellow at Durham Law School, in cooperation with Dr John Elliott, Honorary Research Fellow in the School of Computer Science at the University of St Andrews, aims to gauge participants’ attitudes toward the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), as well as reports in recent years involving what the United States military now calls Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP), or what have traditionally been known as UFOs.

Bohlander and the team hope to learn how participants would react to such a contact event and what its global societal implications would be for humankind.

While the idea of contact with extraterrestrials has long been an area of focus in both science fiction as well as astronomers’ ongoing search for signs of intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, Bohlander recently told The Debrief that he and his colleagues hope to learn more about the human side of the question of alien life: namely how people would likely react to such an event, and therefore how scientists can better prepare for what Bohlander and his colleagues view as the eventuality of some form of contact.

“Such an event would likely pose an existential risk to humanity, regardless of whether the contact were to be hostile or peaceful,” Bohlander said in an email to The Debrief. “In the words of former NASA chief historian Steven J. Dick, we need to work on a unilateral metalaw to determine by which principles humanity should be guided in the process.”

Bohlander says the survey aims to collect data that ranges from the ethical and moral to political, religious, and even legal perspectives from people in all parts of the world on questions related to the prospect of contact with extraterrestrials. Primarily, the questions contained within the survey will aim to inform what Bohlander describes as “the coming debate about the foundations for such a globally accepted metalaw.”

“It actively addresses the traditional geopolitical imbalance of the SETI and UAP debate,” Bohlander told The Debrief, “where the voices of the so-called Global South, or of Earth’s Eastern Hemisphere are not routinely heard.”

Unlike many past surveys that have looked at people’s attitudes or beliefs toward the possible existence of alien life, Bohlander and his colleagues also incorporated the recent interest in unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) into the questions they ask of participants, although he notes that they approach the topic from a slightly different angle than the standard questions involving whether we are alone in the universe.

“The UAP/UFO aspect is of a slightly different nature,” Bohlander explains. “Apart from all the recent controversies about cover-ups and conspiracies, about crash site retrievals or reverse engineering, as well as political and constitutional issues of the public’s right to disclosure versus national or indeed global security, UAP/UFOs represent a fait accompli.”

The revelation that some UAP sightings could be related to extraterrestrials, if ever proven, would mean that humankind could soon face an unexpected development of historic proportions. Currently, the Pentagon’s All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) maintains there is still no evidence that is suggestive of any links between UAP and off-planet technologies, but for Bohlander and his team, the question alone is worthy of addressing from an academic perspective.

“If some of them are of extraterrestrial origin, then humanity is for all intents and purposes unprepared,” Bohlander told The Debrief. “This is especially the case given the apparent massive difference in technological capacities in some of the observed objects.”

Also, given the recent advancements in artificial intelligence that have seen a sudden surge in recent years, many researchers have begun to question whether intelligence from off-planet, if it were to be encountered, would necessarily even be biological life as we know it. For Bohlander, whatever the nature or form any prospective non-human intelligence may take, the biggest question for humanity has to do with its intentions.

“There is, however, still the question of how to deal with the intelligence behind them—biological or AI—once they reveal themselves,” Bohlander said. “Questions of negotiations and possibly armed response do remain,” he added.

Prospective participants can find the team’s survey, “Contact with Extraterrestrial Intelligence: A study of projected perceptions and reactions among the world’s societies,” available at the website of Durham University’s Durham Law School.

• Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. He can be reached by email at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow his work at micahhanks.com and on X: @MicahHanks

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/uap/ }

01-08-2024 om 21:29 geschreven door peter  

Now, the Society for UAP Studies, a nonprofit 501 (c)(3) organization that aims to unite academics and professionals who, according to its website, “are committed to advancing the study of the UAP through rigorous scholarly engagement,” will be hosting an online summer symposium that will address how professionals can help advance our understanding of these perplexing phenomena.

“The purpose of this is to organize a broad array of academic fields, perspectives, and discourses that are in various ways concerned with understanding—more deeply and more rigorously—the subject of UAP,” said Dr. Michael Cifone, a professor of philosophy and founder of the Society for UAP Studies, who also serves as its CEO and editor of its official publication, Limina -The Journal of UAP Studies.

According to Cifone, one of the society’s goals is to encourage interdisciplinary dialog between humanists and scientists who approach the UAP phenomenon in different ways and unite researchers on what he calls “the more metatheoretical questions of how to study the phenomenon.”

Despite the recent focus on scientific and military engagement with UAP, Cifone told The Debrief that the phenomenon presents challenges that also impact the humanities and political science, as well as the inquiries of historians, anthropologists, and professionals in a variety of other disciplines.

“With an event like this, we have an opportunity for more involvement from the humanities,” Cifone said, which he believes will provide an opportunity to learn ways those who work in this academic area can contribute to our growing knowledge of the topic.

Dr. Christian Peters, Managing Director at Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences (BIGSSS) and a member of the Society’s board of advisors, says another of the challenges of bringing the humanities more deeply into investigations of UAP involves not only identifying and characterizing UAP, but also to a degree the discipline’s own past challenges with self-identification.

“But you can look at disclosure from a more distant political theory perspective,” Peters told The Debrief, “and looking at that as being the play between the unveiling and the hiding in modern and in ancient statehood.”

“There’s a lot that needs to be said about these processes,” he added. In line with these perspectives, Peters will coordinate a workshop for the Society’s summer event with historian Greg Eghigian, which examines the UAP issue from the perspectives of history, political science, and political theory.

“There is a big movement going on with serious people working in different fields,” Peters told The Debrief. “I don’t think we’re going to find an interdisciplinary approach, but we will start to facilitate the discussion that needs to take place.”

Along with interdisciplinary dialogue, Eghigian told The Debrief that another aim of the Society’s event involves another of the subject’s most enduring problems.

“Speculation about UAP is often unmoored from any empirically sound and self-critical research,” Eghigian said. “The conference seeks to address this shortcoming by placing multidisciplinary scholarship about the subject center stage.”

Along with Peters and Eghigian’s workshop, several others that address various approaches toward studying UAP will be featured, including a session that focuses on the application of citizen science.

“The UAP Citizen Science Workshop is bringing together scientists from the UAP field and surveying the available resources and best practices for citizen science in general,” said Dan Williams, who coordinates the Society’s official Citizen Science Working Group.

Williams, who will lead the workshop, says such resources include SciStarter, Zooniverse, the NASA Citizen Science Seed Funding Program, commercial satellite Earth Observation imagery and analytics, ground-based instrumentation, smartphone apps, and self-supervised machine learning, or what he calls “needle-in-a-haystack” technologies.

“We hope the workshop participants can then author a paper on best practices and identify several citizen science projects of general interest. We have several members from the recent National Science Foundation’s ASTRO-ACCEL-sponsored UAP workshop participating, and we hope our workshop also advances their goal of forming a UAP citizen science working group,” Williams told The Debrief.

“The study of UAP deals with incomplete, inaccurate, and even at times deceptive information,” said Joshua Pierson, D.S.S., a career investigator who is also an advisor to the Society for UAP Studies. “The beauty of having a conference and an organization that focuses on bringing the social sciences and the humanities to bear is really where we start being able to assess what is inaccurate and incomplete,” Pierson said.

“Except now, instead of taking a practitioner’s approach, we have people who can think deeply on the subject to help inform some of the best models and methods to approach the information that we get on UAP,” Pierson told The Debrief.

Pierson says that in addition to applying the best models and research methods, a collective aim of academic groups like the Society for UAP Studies is also to define the phenomena more accurately. However, along with framing the phenomenon in academic terms, part of the aim of studying UAP from a humanities perspective also involves recognizing how people relate to UAP experiences and what overall impact the subject has on individuals, as well as at the societal level. 

“UAP have profound effects on the lives of those who witness them, and they also stimulate important questions about the nature of knowledge itself and the limitations of ourselves as knowers,” said Dr. Kim Engels, an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Molloy University who is also on the Society’s Advisory Board. “Our conference is offering a space for philosophers and theologians to weigh in on these important dimensions of the UAP conversation.”

“One of the most important things I think the humanities supplies—at least the philosophy of science, my own tradition—is a sort of critical perspective on the ways in which people have come to interpret and study UAP,” Professor Cifone told The Debrief.

“I think we’re at an interesting moment here in terms of the science of UAP. There’s a kind of a turning point right here that I think we’re witnessing, and a science is forming out of a history of kind of abortive and failed attempts to bring to bear some kind of systematic scientific engagement with the question,” Cifone said.

If Cifone is correct, and the efforts by organizations like his, as well as those currently being undertaken by other academic groups and government agencies, are pointing to the emergence of a new area of study in the sciences, then groups like the Society may be some of the best-equipped to help guide the process.

“You know, there’s this in-between space that I think the humanities is really good at negotiating,” Cifone told The Debrief, adding that academics like those who will participate in the Society’s forthcoming conference could be particularly well suited to help the scientific community navigate the various challenges presented by such a complex field of study.

“This is, I think, where humanists can bring the scientists together,” Cifone said, “to discuss that kind of a difficult aspect to the phenomenon.”

The Society for UAP Studies will hold its online Summer Conference 2024, titled “Varieties and Trajectories of Contemporary UAP Studies,” from August 16 to August 18, 2024. Registration details and other information about the event can be found on the Society’s website.

• Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. He can be reached by email at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow his work at micahhanks.com and on X: @MicahHanks.

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/uap/ }

01-08-2024 om 21:19 geschreven door peter  

Milky Way’s Thin Disk Formed Less Than One Billion Years from Big Bang, New Study Suggests

Using data from ESA’s Gaia mission, astronomers have found a large number of metal-poor stars older than 13 billion years on orbits similar to that of our Sun.

Rotational motion of young (blue) and old (red) stars similar to the Sun (orange).

Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / R. Hurt / SSC / Caltech.

“The Milky Way Galaxy has a large halo, a central bulge and bar, a thick disk and a thin disk,” said Dr. Samir Nepal from the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam and colleagues.

“Most stars are located in the so-called thin disk of our Milky Way and follow an organised rotation around the Galactic center.”

“Middle-aged stars such as our 4.6-billion-year-old Sun belong to the thin disk, which was generally thought to have started forming around 8 to 10 billion years ago.”

Using the new Gaia dataset, the astronomers studied stars within around 3,200 light-years from the Sun.

They discovered a surprising number of very old stars in thin disk orbits; the majority of these are older than 10 billion years, some of them even older than 13 billion years.

These ancient stars show a wide range of metal compositions: some are very metal-poor (as expected), while others have twice the metal content of our much younger Sun, indicating that a rapid metal enrichment took place in the early phase of the Milky Way’s evolution.

“These ancient stars in the disk suggest that the formation of the Milky Way’s thin disk began much earlier than previously believed, by about 4-5 billion years,” Dr. Nepal said.

“This study also highlights that our Galaxy had an intense star formation at early epochs leading to very fast metal enrichment in the inner regions and the formation of the disk.”

“This discovery aligns the Milky Way’s disk formation timeline with those of high-redshift galaxies observed by the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA).”

“It indicates that cold disks can form and stabilize very early in the Universe’s history, providing new insights into the evolution of galaxies.”

“Our study suggests that the thin disk of the Milky Way may have formed much earlier than we had thought, and that its formation is strongly related to the early chemical enrichment of the innermost regions of our Galaxy,” said Dr. Cristina Chiappini, an astronomer at the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam.

“The combination of data from different sources and the application of advanced machine learning techniques have enabled us to increase the number of stars with high quality stellar parameters, a key step to lead our team to these new insights.”

• The paper will be published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.
• Samir Nepal et al. 2024. Discovery of the local counterpart of disc galaxies at z > 4: The oldest thin disc of the Milky Way using Gaia-RVS. A&A, in press; arXiv: 2402.00561

{ https://www.sci.news/ }

01-08-2024 om 21:04 geschreven door peter  

Warp Drive Collapse Should Generate Gravitational Waves, Theoretical Astrophysicists Claim

The principle idea behind a warp drive is that instead of exceeding the speed of light directly in a local reference frame, a ‘warp bubble’ could traverse distances faster than the speed of light — as measured by some distant observer — by contracting spacetime in front of it and expanding spacetime behind it.

Clough et al. proposed a formalism for studying warp drive spacetimes dynamically and produced the first fully consistent numerical-relativity waveforms for the collapse of a warp drive bubble.

Despite originating in science fiction, warp drives have a concrete description in general relativity, with University of Wales astrophysicist Miguel Alcubierre first proposing a spacetime metric that supported faster-than-light travel.

Whilst there are numerous practical barriers to their implementation in real life, such as the requirement for an exotic type of matter with negative energy, computationally, one can simulate their evolution in time given an equation of state describing the matter.

In a new work, theoretical astrophysicists studied the signatures arising from a warp drive ‘containment failure.’

“Even though warp drives are purely theoretical, they have a well-defined description in Einstein’s theory of general relativity, and so numerical simulations allow us to explore the impact they might have on spacetime in the form of gravitational waves,” said Dr. Katy Clough, a researcher at Queen Mary University of London.

“The results are fascinating. The collapsing warp drive generates a distinct burst of gravitational waves, a ripple in spacetime that could be detectable by gravitational wave detectors that normally target black hole and neutron star mergers.”

“Unlike the chirps from merging astrophysical objects, this signal would be a short, high-frequency burst, and so current detectors wouldn’t pick it up.”

“However, future higher-frequency instruments might, and although no such instruments have yet been funded, the technology to build them exists.”

“This raises the possibility of using these signals to search for evidence of warp drive technology, even if we can’t build one ourselves.”

“In our study, the initial shape of the spacetime is the warp bubble described by Alcubierre,” said Dr. Sebastian Khan, a researcher at Cardiff University.

“While we were able to demonstrate that an observable signal could in principle be found by future detectors, given the speculative nature of the work this isn’t sufficient to drive instrument development.”

The authors also delve into the energy dynamics of the collapsing warp drive.

The process emits a wave of negative energy matter, followed by alternating positive and negative waves.

This complex dance results in a net increase in the overall energy of the system, and in principle could provide another signature of the collapse if the outgoing waves interacted with normal matter.

“It’s a reminder that theoretical ideas can push us to explore the Universe in new ways,” Dr. Clough said.

“Even though we are sceptical about the likelihood of seeing anything, I do think it is sufficiently interesting to be worth looking.”

“For me, the most important aspect of the study is the novelty of accurately modeling the dynamics of negative energy spacetimes, and the possibility of extending the techniques to physical situations that can help us better understand the evolution and origin of our Universe, or the processes at the centre of black holes,” said University of Potsdam’s Professor Tim Dietrich.

“Warp speed may be a long way off, but this research already pushes the boundaries of our understanding of exotic spacetimes and gravitational waves.”

“We plan to investigate how the signal changes with different warp drive models.”

• The team’s paper was published online in the Open Journal of Astrophysics.
• Katy Clough et al. 2024. What no one has seen before: gravitational waveforms from warp drive collapse. Open Journal of Astrophysics 7; doi: 10.33232/001c.121868

{ https://www.sci.news/ }

01-08-2024 om 20:58 geschreven door peter  

At the end of 2017, The New York Times broke the story of a secretive Pentagon program with a budget of $22 million to investigate UFOs called the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP). The man who exposed the existence of the program, Luis Elizondo, was the former head of the project. Elizondo’s ongoing efforts to investigate the UFO mystery with his new employer, the To the Stars Academy (TTSA), will be featured in a History Channel series premiering May 31 called Unidentified: Inside America’s UFO Investigation.

• https://youtu.be/MQqsHgK9yNw

However, what The New York Times apparently did not know when they published their story is that the program went by a different name at its inception, and the scope of the program was much broader than just UFOs. In fact, according to a senior manager on the project, the investigations included “bizarre creatures, poltergeist activity, invisible entities, orbs of light, animal and human injuries and much more.” 

It is unknown whether Unidentified will cover the paranormal aspects of the program. Although Elizondo did work with this paranormal project, he only worked in the UFO division. By the time he was the head of the entire program, the UFO division was all that was left. The rest of the program had been shut down, and you will never guess why. It wasn’t because people inside the Department of Defense (DoD) thought the program was too weird, although some did. It was shut down because of demonic forces. 

• read more: Former U.S. Intelligence Officials to Investigate UFOs In New History Channel Series

Don’t worry, demons didn’t attack the Pentagon, but apparently, some people inside the government were afraid the potentially paranormal incidents being investigated could be demonic, especially scary occurrences taking place at a ranch in Utah, and they wanted no part of it. They didn’t want the government messing with demons either, so they lobbied for the program to be ended and it was.

This may sound extremely odd, but according to those involved, it’s true.

The New York Times story that broke the Pentagon UFO program began when an official with the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) approached Las Vegas billionaire Robert Bigelow “to visit Mr. Bigelow’s ranch in Utah, where he conducted research.”

That sounds innocent enough, but what the article did not cover is what Bigelow researched at this ranch in Utah. Bigelow was known for his interest in the paranormal and UFOs, and by the time the DIA official had approached him, Bigelow had already spent decades and large sums of money researching the paranormal. Bigelow’s first significant foray into the unknown was an organization created in 1995 called the National Institute for Discovery Sciences (NIDS). Its purpose was to conduct scientific investigations of the paranormal.

The ranch the DIA official wanted to visit is nicknamed “Skinwalker Ranch,” and is the subject of the 2005 book Hunt for the Skinwalker: Science Confronts the Unexplained at a Remote Ranch in Utah. Las Vegas investigative journalist George Knapp co-wrote the book with biochemist Dr. Colm Kelleher, NIDS’ lead scientist.

After hearing rumors about paranormal phenomena occurring in the Uintah Basin in Utah, primarily focused on Skinwalker Ranch, Bigelow bought the ranch in 1996. It was the perfect place to conduct NIDS investigations. The ranchers who owned the property stayed for a while but left because they did not feel comfortable there. If their stories are to be believed, they had good reason to go.

01-08-2024 om 20:51 geschreven door peter