Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 13 YEARS AND 2 MONTH.
ON 06/08/2024 MORE THAN 2.161.100
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
20-08-2024
De rode planeet: prachtige foto's van Mars, genomen vanuit de ruimte
De rode planeet: prachtige foto's van Mars, genomen vanuit de ruimte
Foto: Justin Cowart - Tharsis and Valles Marineris - Mars Orbiter Mission / Wikimedia
De rode planeet Mars is de planeet in ons zonnestelsel die de eigenschappen van de aarde het dichtst benadert. Daarom is het de favoriete bestemming van NASA-ruimtemissies. Kijk met ons mee naar de mooiste beelden van deze fascinerende planeet!
Foto: NASA/JPL/Universiteit van Arizona
Arabia Terra
Hier zien we Arabia Terra, een uitgestrekt gebied op het noordelijk halfrond van de planeet Mars. Kenmerkend zijn de kraters die ongeveer 4 miljard jaar oud zijn. Op deze foto zijn ook donkere duinen te zien, die door het HIRISE-team nauwlettend in de gaten worden gehouden op tekenen van windactiviteit.
Foto: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Universiteit van Arizona
Danielson-krater Danielson is een inslagkrater met een diameter van ongeveer 67 kilometer, gelegen in het zuidwesten van de regio Arabia Terra. Deze foto, die gemaakt is door het ruimtevaartuig Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, toont het zand en de sedimentaire rotsen die de krater vormen.
Foto: NASA/JPL/Universiteit van Arizona
Een prachtig kleurencontrast Op deze foto zien we geulen die gevuld zijn met glimmend ijs, dat in contrast staat met de rode aarde van Mars. De foto is genomen bij de seizoensgebonden poolkappen van de planeet.
Foto: NASA/JPL/LaRC
Een zonsopgang op Mars Deze indrukwekkende zonsopgang op Mars is vastgelegd op 14 juni 1978 door de verkenningssonde Viking 2.
Foto: NASA/JPL/Universiteit van Arizona
Candor Chasma
Dit is Candor Chasma, een van de valleien die deel uitmaken van de kloven van Valles Marineris, gelegen in de buurt van de evenaar van de rode planeet. De lichtgekleurde gelaagde afzettingen zijn mogelijk een gebied dat bestaat uit zandsteen en volgens wetenschappers wellicht bewoonbaar is.
Foto: NASA/JPL/Universiteit van Arizona
Een lentelawine Hier zie je een lawine die is vastgelegd door de HiRISE-camera, vlak bij de noordpool van Mars. Elke lente schijnt de zon op dit deel van de planeet. Door de hitte van de zonnestralen vallen er blokken ijs naar beneden. Als de ijsblokken de bodem van de klif bereiken, die meer dan 500 meter hoog is, veroorzaken ze een stofwolk bij het neerkomen op de grond.
Foto: NASA/JPL/Universiteit van Arizona
Rotsformaties Deze foto is in december 2018 gemaakt door de Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. De rimpels die te zien zijn in het zand vertellen ons in welke richting de wind om deze rotsformaties heeft bewogen.
Foto: NASA, ESA, en Z. Levay (STScI)
Phobos Phobos is een van de twee natuurlijke satellieten van Mars. Deze kleine maan staat ten westen van Mars en cirkelt in de loop van een Marsdag, die ongeveer 24 uur en 40 minuten duurt, drie keer om de rode planeet.
Photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Universiteit van Arizona
Een zeer jonge inslagkrater Dit opmerkelijke beeld toont ons een inslagkrater die is gevormd tussen juli en september 2018. Deze inslag vond plaats in de seizoensgebonden zuidelijke ijskap en heeft deze zichtbaar doorboord, waardoor een ongelooflijk inslagpatroon ontstond.
Foto: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/JHUAPL
Krater Jezero De Jezero-krater is een inslagkrater met een doorsnede van 49 kilometer waarvan wordt aangenomen dat hij ongeveer 3,7 miljard jaar geleden is ontstaan. Hij ligt ten westen van Isidis Planitia, een reusachtig inslagbekken dat zeer oude landschappen laat zien en interessant is voor wetenschappelijke studie. De Jezero-krater is door NASA uitgekozen als landingsplaats voor de Mars 2020-missie, die op 30 juli 2020 van start ging en momenteel bezig is.
Foto: NASA/JPL/Universiteit van Arizona
Steile duinen Hier zijn duinen gefotografeerd op de hellingen van Nectaris Montes, in de kloven van Valles Marineris. De zandduinen die deze reusachtige kloven vormen kunnen indrukwekkend groot zijn, met schijnbaar zeer steile hellingen, zoals op deze foto te zien is.
Foto: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Mount Sharp Deze foto is gemaakt door de ruimterover Curiosity die sinds 2012 op Mars staat, op Mount Sharp, een berg die midden in de Gale-krater staat. In het midden van de afbeelding zie je kleirotsen die NASA-wetenschappers graag willen bestuderen.
Foto: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
Selfie van Curiosity Curiosity nam een kleine selfie op Mars! Deze machine van 899 kg werd in 2012 gelanceerd voor de verkenningsmissie Mars Science Laboratory. Een van zijn doelen is het verkennen van de Gale-krater, waarop hij is geland. De missie Mars Science Laboratory is nog steeds gaande.
Foto: NASA/JPL-Caltech
De ravijnen van Valles Marineris In het midden van dit mozaïek, dat een compilatie is van beelden die zijn gemaakt door het ruimtevaartuig Viking Orbiter 1, is een breder beeld te zien van de ravijnen van Valles Marineris. Ze zijn meer dan 3000 kilometer lang en 600 kilometer breed.
Foto: NASA/JPL/Universiteit van Arizona
Aram Chaos-krater Op deze afbeelding zijn blokken lichtgekleurde lagen te zien die grotendeels bestaan uit hematiet en door water verweerde silicaten. Deze elementen vertellen ons dat de Aram Chaos-krater ooit een meer bevatte. De diameter is ongeveer 284 kilometer.
Foto: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Universiteit van Arizona
Crisp-krater De Crisp-krater ligt in de Sirenum Fossae. Volgens NASA-wetenschappers zou deze krater relatief recent zijn, omdat de rand nog erg scherp is en omdat blijkbaar de ejecta nog bewaard zijn gebleven.
Foto: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Universiteit van Arizona
Spinvormige scheuren Deze spinvormige scheuren bevinden zich in het oppervlak van het zuidpoolgebied van Mars. Ze zijn veroorzaakt door de verdamping van koolstofdioxide in de atmosfeer.
Foto: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Een zonsondergang op Mars Deze zonsondergang is vastgelegd door InSight-lander van NASA op 25 april 2019 om 18:30 uur lokale Marstijd.
Foto: NASA, ESA, J.-Y. Li (PSI), CM Lisse (JHU/APL), en het Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
Het passeren van een komeet bij Mars De Hubble-ruimtetelescoop heeft de Siding Spring-komeet en de planeet Mars vastgelegd toen ze elkaar passeerden op 19 oktober 2014. Op die dag bewoog de komeet op ongeveer 140.000 kilometer van de rode planeet. Dit is een compositiefoto, omdat de komeet en Mars ten opzichte van elkaar bewogen en daarom niet gelijktijdig in één opname konden worden gefotografeerd.
A Europan Lander Could Return an Ice Core For A Fraction of the Cost of Europa Clipper
Cost is a major driving factor in the development of space exploration missions. Any new technology or trick that could lower the cost of a mission makes it much more appealing for mission planners. Therefore, much of NASA’s research goes into those technologies that enable cheaper missions. For example, a few years ago, NASA’s Institute for Advanced Concepts (NIAC) supported a project by Michael VanWoerkom of ExoTerra Resource to develop a lander mission that could support a sample return from Europa. Let’s examine what made that mission different from other Europa mission architectures.
The Nano Icy Moons Propellant Harvester (NIMPH) mission relies on three main advancements for one significant result: a 10x reduction in the overall mission cost. That reduced cost comes mainly from a single fact—the mission’s weight has dropped below the threshold where it can be launched by an Atlas V rather than the SLS, as similar missions would require.
The mission cost estimated for an SLS-launched Europa lander was around $5 billion, making it prohibitively expensive for NASA or any other agency without significant sacrifices to other missions. ExoTerra estimates that, by using several weight-reducing technologies, they could bring the mission price tag down to $500 million—a much more reasonable sum to garner support from one of the government space programs.
Video describing the mission concept. Credit – NASA 360 YouTube Channel
Three different technologies would enable this weight and cost to drop. First would be the solar electric propulsion (SEP) system initially designed for use on DART. The second would be a micro in-situ resource utilization (µISRU) system, and the third would be a power-beaming system between the lander and an orbiter.
Let’s first look at the overall mission architecture to understand how each contributes. In NIMPH, a combined orbiter lander will use an Atlas V rocket to get into Earth orbit. Then, a solar electric propulsion system (SEP) was initially designed for use on the DART asteroid redirect test. Although it was not used during the DART mission, the NEXT ion thruster was part of the spacecraft that launched, and, despite suffering from some technical challenges, it could have allowed the spacecraft to reach its destination. A similar, lightweight SEP system could get NIMPH to the Jupiter system, but it could also get the sample back to Earth after the lander collected it.
Just how the lander can get that sample back off the icy moon is the focus of the next major technological step – the µISRU system. NIMPH’s architecture would require using the local ice as a propellant. A lander would literally sublimate the ice under its feet, suck up the resultant water vapor, electrolyze it to split it into oxygen and hydrogen, and then liquefy it to store it for use in getting a 1 kg ice core sample back into orbit.
Fraser discusses the missions planned for Jupiter’s system in the near future.
To do all of this requires power, though, and a lander with a radioisotope thermal generator or similar commonly used power generation system would be prohibitively heavy. So, why not utilize the massive solar array required for the SEP system and beam some of that power down to the lander? That is the concept behind the power beaming system, estimated to produce around 2 kW of power in the Jovian system, about 1.8 kW of which could be beamed directly to a lander.
After the core has been collected and safely launched back into space using a specially designed LOx-LH2 engine that uses the water collected by the µISRU system, the lander meets up with the orbiter. The SEP system kicks back on and delivers the lander back to Earth orbit, where it once again detaches and rides back to Earth’s surface inside a standard reentry module.
There are some nuances to this entire mission architecture. For example, the SEP system wouldn’t work at full capacity in the Jovian system, so a much smaller LOx / Methane propulsion system is needed to maneuver the orbiter into position. Additionally, the lander would likely have to leave its legs embedded in the Europan ice, as the sublimation process it uses to collect fuel would likely embed them in place.
Budgetary constraints are always a consideration in deep space exploration, as Fraser discusses in this video.
Plenty of development work on all these systems must be completed before any such mission is ready for launch. And most likely, some of the need for the scientific understanding would be met by the Europa Clipper mission set to launch later this year for $4.25 billion – not far off the 10x times expense that was the original impetus for the more capable NIMPH mission design. And while NIMPH did receive a Phase II NIAC grant, it hasn’t been selected for further development as far as we have found. So, as of now, this novel combination of mass-saving technologies will not be delivering an icy Europan sample any time soon – but maybe someday it will.
The unverified UFO sighting near Concorde - which has re-emerged on Reddit's UFOs subchannel, features in a 1976 British Airways advert where an orb-like UFO can be observed darting towards the aircraft curiously before speeding away. Following the Fukushima lab disaster in Japan, witnesses told Netflix docuseries Encounters that UFOs saved them by reducing radioactivity levels, while another expert said UFOs prevented nuclear war.
Several shimmering white orbs were spotted above the plant after the nuclear catastrophe in 2011 and appeared to descend into the lab before reappearing. At the Queen's Platinum Jubilee in June 2022, the monarch was celebrated with a display by nine fighter jets releasing streams of smoke in Union Jack's red, white, and blue colors
Reddit users were quick to spot an unidentified disc near the jets, but no clear explanation has ever been provided. Reports of UFO sightings following rocket test-fires have also surfaced.
Retired US Air Force staff sergeant Larry Hancock and Ian Porritt, a data analyst associated with Harvard's UFO-hunting Galileo Project, have conducted new research showing that unusual activity around nuclear weapons and facilities has evolved over time.
The studies indicate that initially, UFOs appeared interested in nuclear weapon production, but now they are frequently seen around silos and bomber bases.
When a new arsenal of ICMBs was constructed in the 1960s, UFOs became "much more intrusive" in their approach to ICBM bases, Porritt previously stated, adding: "They're very low altitude, they penetrate the security perimeters of the base."
There is also a theory that UFOs are actually "turning off" nuclear weapons - with several reports of this happening by the US military since the 60s.
In their latest study, the pair conclude: "Notable unidentified aerial phenomena loitering, military intrusions and weapons facility interference were documented in a series of incidents in 1967 (Malmstrom AFB) and 1975 (Loring AFB and Malstrom AFB), where at least one flight of 10 Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) was officially recorded as having unexplainably gone off alert status."
The study delves into the account of former US Air Force ICBM launch officer Robert Salas, who was tasked by the AARO to gather information after he reported an orange flying disc disabling 10 warheads at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana in 1967.
He was subsequently made to sign a non-disclosure agreement on the incident by the Air Force Office of Special Investigations. Salas isn't the only one making such claims. In 2000, US Air Force First Lieutenant Robert Jacobs also claimed to have witnessed this in 1964 but was instructed not to discuss the alleged encounter again.
Moreover, in June 2023, two Air Force veterans told DailyMail.com that they had testified to the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO) about UFOs deactivating their nuclear warheads.
Lue Elizondo, the former head of the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program, has previously stated that there "seems to be a lot of correlation" between UFO sightings and nuclear sites.
Independent researcher Robert Hastings echoed these sentiments in 2010, stating: "Declassified US government documents and witness testimony from former or retired US military personnel confirm beyond any doubt the reality of ongoing UFO incursions at nuclear weapons sites."
Aliens secretly implanted 'slimy' microchips inside folk after close encounters
Aliens secretly implanted 'slimy' microchips inside folk after close encounters
Luis Elizondo, who headed the US Government's Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program - aka AATIP - launched in 2007 to investigate UFOs, said he had personally handled one of the 'slimy' implants
Elizondo, 52, said it also has material from crashed 'non-human' spaceships
(Image: Getty Images)
Alienssecretly implanted microchips inside folk who have experienced close encounters, according to a former US defence department counter-intelligence expert.
Luis Elizondo, who headed the US Government's Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program - aka AATIP - launched in 2007 to investigate UFOs, said he had personally handled’ one of theslimy' implants recovered from a member of the American armed forces.
In a bombshell new book published on Tuesday the defence intelligence chief said the US Government has alien microchip-style implants in its possession.
Elizondo, 52, said it also has material from crashed 'non-human' spaceships. The revelations are set to debunk US defence department claims they have so far found no evidence aliens exist.
In his book called 'Imminent' Elizondo alleged foreign biological implants had been found in military personnel who had encountered UFOs - aka Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena or UAPs.
Elizondo alleged foreign biological implants had been found in military personnel(Image: Getty Images/iStockphoto)
He said: "I once handled one of these implants myself, provided to me by a hospital in the Department of Veterans Affairs, where it had been removed from a US military service member who had encountered a UAP.
"The material, no longer or wider than a joint of one of your fingers, looked more like a microchip encapsulated by a slimy semi-translucent casing of tissue.
"Under a microscope it was still moving somehow.’"
He said AATIP had also 'obtained photographs of these sorts of tiny objects from living foreign military pilots'.
Elizondo claimed samples were sent to the 'Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and a US Army research facility at Fort Detrick in Maryland'.
Luis Elizondo, who headed the US Government's Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program(Image: CNN)
Defence chiefs have so far refused to comment on what was one of a number of other jaw-dropping claims in Elizondo’s book.
He claimed Donald Trump had been briefed on the US Government’s UFO program during his presidency
In 2016 Elizondo said he and colleagues hatched a plan to catch a UFO in the ocean after a series of close encounters reported by US military personnel.
He revealed three years earlier a dramatic saucer had been sighted at the secretive Los Alamos missile test range in Mexico.
Laser-precise holes had been cut through armoured tanks in the Kuwaiti desert in 2003. And a giant craft had been discovered beneath the waters of Puerto Rico in 1999.
Some sections of the book were redacted by the Pentagon, which reviewed it before publication to prevent unauthorised spilling of secrets.
Defence officials stressed their review did not mean they were vouching for Elizondo’s claims - despite his credentials.
Before he took over the Government’s UFO probe he served in Afghanistan running anti-terror missions against ISIS, al-Qaeda and Hezbollah before playing a major role running terrorist jail Guantanamo Bay in the 2010s.
He said AATIP had also 'obtained photographs of these sorts of tiny objects from living foreign military pilots'(Image: Getty Images/iStockphoto)
But when top rocket scientist James Lacatski (corr) called him in for a meeting in 2008 Elizondo said he discovered something altogether stranger.
"He looked over his glasses at me and he said, 'What do you think about UFOs?’'" the defence expert said.
"I paused for a moment and I said, 'I don’t have the luxury to think about them. I’m too busy chasing bad guys'.
"He said to me: 'Don't let your own personal bias get the best of you because what you learn here may challenge any preconceived notions'.
"That’s really when I first learned what this program was about.’"
Lacatski recruited Elizondo to manage security for the Advanced Aerospace Weapon System Applications Program - a £20m defence initiative that chased down service members’ reports of UFOs and researched ways to replicate their unearthly technology.
When funding ran out in 2012 he switched to AATIP.
In his memoir Elizondo described some of the strange incidents he investigated while in Government.
He said scientists were testing a classified device at the White Sands missile test range in Los Alamos, New Mexico in 2013, when ‘witnesses spotted several mysterious and luminous orbs moving over a nearby ridge’.
He revealed three years earlier a dramatic saucer had been sighted at the secretive Los Alamos missile test range in Mexico(Image: Getty)
"The orbs moved toward the test site, hovered over the device as if scanning it for intel, then zipped away, brashly flying over the heads of bewildered scientists,’’ the ex-official wrote.
"Later, several eyewitnesses saw a formation of disc-shaped objects that seemed to know precisely where the device being tested was located. This occurred several times over a few days.’’
In 1999 a Navy chopper flew over Puerto Rican waters to retrieve a dummy cruise missile they were test-launching.
"As the frogman dangled from his hoist, a large, circular object the size of a small island began to rise to the surface,’’ Elizondo wrote.
"The pilot told me that it was black as the devil and the water began to churn and roll like a witch’s brew. The crew panicked.
"As the helicopter rose, the pilot noticed the missile getting sucked underwater.’"
While serving with the US Army in Kuwait in 2003 Elizondo said military police told him a Bedouin goat herder saw a 'brilliant green flash' over tanks stationed at the remote desert base of Arifjan one night.
When Elizondo investigated they showed him a heavily armoured M1 battle tank – designed to withstand a direct missile hit – with a small hole punched through the armoured side’ that wasperfectly round, no rough edges.’
In his memoir Elizondo described some of the strange incidents he investigated while in Government(Image: Getty Images/Science Photo Library RF)
"The tank next to it showed precisely the same sabotage,’’ Elizondo wrote.Whatever caused this seemed to penetrate the sides of two of our best tanks with one clean hole through both.
"It was as if someone had used a super sharp cookie cutter to take a core sample of the vehicle.
"The energy required to do such a thing would have been enormous.’"
Elizondo and his colleagues’ ultimate goal was to get access to an alleged long-standing program hidden by defence contractors working with the Pentagon, that had recovered crashed UFOs – some dating back to the infamous reported flying saucer crash in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947.
He claimed his team got a meeting with this shadowy program’s administrators.
"We were told by the people who had the material,’’ he said.
"They sat there and said: 'We’re happy to have this conversation with you. There’s some things you’re going to need to do if you want more access to it. But we’re happy to give this stuff to you’'.
"That’s a holy cow moment. That’s a seismic revelation.
"There are countless examples of this type of material being collected, that when analysed and scrutinised by scientific experts – I'm talking about US government top secret-cleared scientists – substantiate that what we're dealing with is something that was not made by us.’’
But he said these `gatekeepers’ tied his team up in red tape and ultimately failed to open their books – or secret bunkers – to the Pentagon team.
His claims echo those of Pentagon whistleblower David Grusch, a former National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency official, who told Congress in a public hearing last year that the government is covering up a UFO crash retrieval program that has half a dozen spacecraft and even alien bodies.
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19-08-2024
AI Focused! UFO Abducts guy, teaches, returns him May 1988, Puerto Rico, UAP Sighting News.
AI Focused! UFO Abducts guy, teaches, returns him May 1988, Puerto Rico, UAP Sighting News.
Date of contact: 1988
Location of contact:Puerto Rico
This is a sighting...that pushing me in the back of my mind. It's inspiring to know that aliens abducted many individuals from many location and taught them together about the future fate of the world. None of the other abductees have ever been identified, and probably tried to hide the experience from all others, but not this brave guy in Puerto Rico. He not only reported it, he got some great photos of military jets making fly bys of the UFO when he got off. Check out his video below...it will change how you see things. Scott C. Waring
Nieuwe informatie over het hemellichaam dat 66 miljoen jaar geleden op onze planeet neerstortte en het uitsterven van de dinosauriërs veroorzaakte. Een studie heeft ontdekt wat het werkelijk is.
Artistic representation of the impact
(Image: Dona Jalufka / Universität Wien)
Chicxulub impactor, de ware oorsprong
Wat het uitsterven van de dinosauriërs veroorzaakte, was een ruimtesteen die op de aarde viel, maar waarover altijd een groot mysterie heeft geheerst. Het hemellichaam, de Chicxulub impactor genaamd, heeft al langer twijfels doen rijzen onder wetenschappers, die altijd hebben geloofd dat het een asteroïde of een komeet was. Recent onderzoek heeft echter de hypothese bevestigd dat het rotsblok van meer dan 9 kilometer breed deel uitmaakte van een familie van asteroïden die hun oorsprong vonden na de baan van Jupiter en die zeer zelden in contact komen met de aarde.
Een nieuwe studie, geleid door onderzoeker Mario Fischer-Gödde van de Universiteit van Keulen, Duitsland, heeft in dit opzicht verder bewijs opgeleverd, waarbij ruthenium werd aangetroffen in de geologische overblijfselen van de oude inslag. Dit is een element dat in zeer kleine hoeveelheden in de aardkorst voorkomt, maar juist zeer aanwezig is in asteroïden.
Een koolstofhoudende asteroïde veroorzaakte het uitsterven van de dinosauriërs
Pixabay
Op zoek naar soorten ruthenium in de Chicxulub-inslag onderzochten wetenschappers de wereldwijd verspreide laag puin na de inslag, de zogenaamde “Krijt-Paleogeen grens”, waarbij uniform elementen werden gevonden die behoren tot koolstofhoudende asteroïden, die grote hoeveelheden koolstof bevatten. Zoals Fischer-Gödde uitlegde: "de isotopische signatuur van ruthenium die we meten kan niets anders zijn dan een koolstofhoudende asteroïde."
Hoewel eerdere studies chemische kenmerken hebben ontdekt die verband houden met een koolstofhoudende asteroïde van het C-type, concentreerde het team zich op ruthenium. Omdat het zo zeldzaam is op aarde, zijn kleine hoeveelheden voldoende om dit soort ruimtegesteente te traceren. Wetenschappers hebben dit element gemeten bij vijf verschillende inslagen veroorzaakt door asteroïden van 541 miljoen jaar geleden tot nu: in alle gevallen werden de gebeurtenissen in verband gebracht met kiezelhoudende asteroïden, een groep hemellichamen die hun oorsprong vinden tussen Mars en Jupiter. Veel dichterbij dus dan koolstofachtigen. Dat is de reden waarom, zo merkte Fischer-Gödde op, "Chixulub tot nu toe een uniek en zeldzaam geval lijkt te zijn van een asteroïde van het koolstofhoudende type die de aarde raakt. Het ruthenium dat we in deze laag vinden, is voor bijna 100% afkomstig van de asteroïde."
De monsters van de onderzochte laag zijn afkomstig uit Spanje, Italië en Denemarken en hebben allemaal dezelfde samenstelling ruthenium, die verschilt van die van de aarde en daarom niet, zoals eerder werd aangenomen, afkomstig is van de uitbarstingen van de vulkanen van de Deccan Trappus. Bovendien verschillen de rutheniumisotopen in de onderzochte monsters van die in komeetfragmenten.
The 66-million-year-old Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary layer at Stevns Klint in Denmark. This boundary layer contains the globally distributed fallout produced by the asteroid impact at Chicxulub.
Credit...Philippe Claeys
Asteroïde die het tijdperk van de dinosauriërs beëindigde: meer vragen
Maar hoe stortte een koolstofhoudende asteroïde van deze omvang op de aarde? Het antwoord op deze vraag is nog steeds twijfelachtig, hoewel er wordt getheoretiseerd dat het, hoewel het zich na de baan van Jupiter heeft gevormd, mogelijk naar de buitenrand van de asteroïdengordel tussen Mars en Jupiter is geduwd, waar zich nu een groep koolstofhoudende asteroïden bevindt. Destijds kan de instabiliteit van de zwaartekracht van een jong zonnestelsel deze verplaatsing hebben veroorzaakt.
Hoe dan ook zijn er nog steeds veel open vragen over de impact van Chicxulub: een voorbeeld is hoe het de opkomst van nieuw leven kan hebben bevorderd, door sleutelelementen naar de bodem van de aarde te brengen voor de vorming van nieuwe levende wezens. Maar hoe zou de aarde er vandaag de dag uitzien als deze nooit was gevallen? “We moeten waarschijnlijk wat meer waarde hechten aan het feit dat we hier zijn en dat dit wellicht een gelukkig toeval is”, was het antwoord van Fischer-Gödde.
JFK and UFOs: What Did President Kennedy Really Know?
JFK and UFOs: What Did President Kennedy Really Know?
John F. Kennedy’s presidency is often remembered for the Cuban Missile Crisis, his call for the moon landing, and his tragic assassination. However, there is another, less discussed aspect of his time in office: his involvement with and knowledge of unidentified flying objects (UFOs). Despite being a subject of speculation and conspiracy theories, recent discussions and investigations suggest that JFK’s knowledge of UFOs was not only real but also deeply intertwined with Cold War politics.
UFOs and Government Secrecy
When John F. Kennedy assumed office in the early 1960s, the U.S. government already had a history of dealing with UFO sightings and phenomena. Former Australian intelligence official Geoff Cruickshank shed light on Kennedy’s awareness of these issues during an interview with NewsNation’s “Reality Check.” According to Cruickshank, JFK had access to significant information about UFOs, including official footage that captured Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) while he was in office.
One notable instance is the “Bluegill” nuclear test, part of the larger “Operation Fishbowl” series of high-altitude nuclear tests. During this test, footage reportedly shows an unidentified object plummeting into the ocean following the detonation of the bomb. The release of this footage, with subsequent redactions, suggests that it may have been made public by mistake. This incident raises questions about the extent of Kennedy’s awareness of such phenomena and the classified information surrounding them.
The Majestic 12 Documents
A key part of the UFO narrative during Kennedy’s presidency involves the so-called “Majestic 12” (MJ-12) documents. These documents, which have long been disputed, are said to be a collection of leaked files from U.S. defense intelligence agencies. They purportedly reveal secret operations involving UFOs and suggest that JFK was concerned about the potential for UFO sightings to escalate Cold War tensions.
While the authenticity of the MJ-12 documents has been debated for decades, recent findings have lent some credibility to their claims. For instance, Cruickshank pointed out that one of the secret operations mentioned in the documents, which involved spoofing UFOs to provoke Soviet reactions, was only publicly revealed two years ago. This raises the possibility that the MJ-12 documents may contain elements of truth, despite their controversial history.
Cold War Tensions and JFK’s Concerns
Kennedy’s concern about UFOs was not just about extraterrestrial visitors but also about the geopolitical implications of such sightings. During the height of the Cold War, any unidentified object in the sky could be misinterpreted as a threat, potentially leading to catastrophic consequences. JFK was particularly worried that Soviet leaders might mistake American military activities for a nuclear strike, especially if those activities involved unidentified aerial phenomena.
To address these concerns, JFK pushed for greater transparency with the Soviet Union. According to the MJ-12 documents, Kennedy ordered the CIA to be more open with the Soviets about U.S. military activities that could be mistaken for UFOs. This move was intended to reduce the risk of accidental nuclear conflict, but it also highlighted JFK’s awareness of and involvement with UFO-related matters.
The Vienna Meeting and JFK’s Awareness
One of the most significant moments in JFK’s UFO-related knowledge reportedly occurred during a meeting in Vienna with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. According to the story, Khrushchev raised concerns about unidentified objects that the Soviets believed were American in origin. This meeting may have been a turning point for JFK, leading him to become more involved in addressing the potential dangers of misinterpreting UFO sightings during a time of heightened global tensions.
Connections to JFK’s Assassination?
The question of whether JFK’s UFO knowledge played a role in his assassination is a topic of ongoing debate. Some conspiracy theories suggest that his push for transparency, particularly regarding UFOs and covert CIA operations, may have made him a target. While these theories remain speculative, they underscore the mysterious and often controversial nature of JFK’s involvement with UFOs.
VIDEO:
What did John F. Kennedy know — and not know — about UFOs? | Morning in America
John F. Kennedy’s knowledge of UFOs was likely more extensive than most people realize. His concerns about the potential for UFO sightings to spark international conflict, particularly with the Soviet Union, led him to take significant steps toward transparency. Whether through the “Bluegill” nuclear test footage, the Majestic 12 documents, or his interactions with Soviet leaders, JFK’s presidency was marked by a complex relationship with the UFO phenomena. While much remains uncertain, it is clear that UFOs were more than just a fringe topic for JFK—they were a matter of national and global security during one of the most dangerous periods in modern history.
Meet Oumuamua: the interstellar object some astronomers thought might have been an alien spaceship
Meet Oumuamua: the interstellar object some astronomers thought might have been an alien spaceship
A confusing intersteller visitor that lead to weird theories
The Oumuamua comet is now confirmed to be the first interstellar object to visit our solar system, according to NASA. But when the object was first discovered back in 2017 it caused a lot of confusion and spurred on more than a few weird theories about what it was and where it came from.
Astronomers studying the sky back in 2017 were examining the night sky from the Panoramic Telescope and Rapid Response System and stumbled on a weird comet with a speed and trajectory that didn't make sense.
Photo: Wiki Commons By nagual design; Tomruen - Own work made with trajectory data from JPL Horizons, redrawn by nagual design, CC BY-SA 4.0
Like nothing we saw before The comet in question was moving too fast and entered our solar system on a trajectory that couldn't be explained by any known scientific theory at the time, which led to a lot of speculation about the interstellar object.
Could it be an alien spaceship? In 2018, Harvard astronomers Avi Loeb and Shmuel Bialy theorized that the object's nongravitational acceleration could have been evidence that it was a spaceship using a solar sail according to Space.com, a theory which most astronomers did not support according to the news outlet.
A visitor from deep space The comet had a speed of roughly 54 miles per second according to Time Magazine’s Jefferey Kluger and had a highly elliptical orbit, which scientists said indicated the comet didn’t originate in our solar system and actually traveled to us from deep space.
Theories become reality “For decades we’ve theorized that such interstellar objects are out there, and now—for the first time—we have direct evidence they exist,” said the Associate Administrator of NASA’s Space Mission Direct Thomas Zurbuchen at the time of the comet's discovery.
A history-making discovery “This history-making discovery is opening a new window to study [the] formation of solar systems beyond our own,” Zurbuchen added, and he was more right than he knew.
Odd data indicated abnormalities Scientists quickly realized that at the speed the comet was traveling, it had to have accelerated in the latter half of its journey, a fact that shocked the scientific community according to Kluger since the speed increase couldn’t be explained by our sun's gravitational pull or any other scientific theory.
A possible alien craft? “That left even sober scientists to speculate that the object might actually be an alien spacecraft,” Kluger wrote, “speeding up under its own power during its barnstorming of our solar system.”
Photo: By Original: ESO/M. Kornmesser Derivative: nagualdesign, CC BY-SA 4.0
The comet Oumuamua The comet was later named Oumuamua—which means “a messenger from afar” in Hawaiian according to Kluger—and while media speculation ran rampant about the possible discovery of aliens, scientists got to work figuring out a less fantastical explanation for Oumuamua.
The Oumuamua's mysteries have been revealed Some researchers theorized that what was found could have been an alien spacecraft, but roughly half a decade after the discovery, astronomers finally figured out the mysteries behind the comet and published their findings in March 2023.
We might have an explanation Hard work into the origins of our solar system's first interstellar visitor eventually paid off and two scientists believe they’ve finally found an explanation for Oumuamua’s unexplained speed increase halfway through its journey.
Trapped hydrogen fueled Oumuamua's speed increase Professors Jennifer Bergner and Darryl Seligman were able to show that Oumuamua’s speed increase was due to the release of what they said was “trapped molecular hydrogen” that had formed through an “energetic processing” of the comet’s icy body.
An explanation from Bergner and Seligman “In this model, Oumuamua began as an icy planetesimal that was irradiated at low temperatures by cosmic rays during its interstellar journey, and experienced warming during its passage through the Solar System,” the professors explained.
The comet melted and hydrogen emerged As Oumuamua warmed, the trapped hydrogen in its body was allowed to escape, which fueled the comet and allowed it to increase its speed to levels that baffled scientists.
Published in Nature Bergner and Seligman published their work in the peer-reviewed journal Nature, and if it proves true, it would explain how Oumuamua was able to speed up in the latter half of its journey to our solar system.
"A very interesting explination" Karen Meech is a leading expert on comets at the University of Hawaii’s Institute for Astronomy, and she told the New York Times via email at the time the study was published that Bergner and Seligman's explanation for Oumuamua’s speed was a “very interesting” one.
Plausible but not a solved “I’m not willing to say it ‘solves’ things,” Meech continued in her email to the New York Times, “the smoking gun there would be to have detected hydrogen spectroscopically.”
Oumuamua isn't solved “But it is very plausible, and if another object is discovered that looks like Oumuamua, then all these models and explanations provide a lot of guidance for the observations,” Meech added.
Debate will rage on Controversy over Oumuamua raged on, however, since many astronomers at the time didn't agree with Bergner and Seligman’s assessment of Oumuamua’s icy body fueling the comet's speed increase.
There was no evidence Oumuamua had an icy body “The authors of the new paper claim that it was a water ice comet even though we did not see the cometary tail,” Harvard astronomer Dr. Avi Loeb told the New York Times. “This is like saying an elephant is a zebra without stripes.”
The other possibility In 2021, Alan Jackson and Steve Desch of Arizona State University proposed that Oumuamua could be a giant chunk of nitrogen that was blasted off of a Pluto-like celestial body according to Space.com.
10 Things Scientists Can't Explain and Attribute to God It’s human nature to try and explain what we see around us. Many religious teachings came to be as a way to explain the unexplainable.
As the centuries passed and our scientific understanding of the world and the wider universe developed, new scientific theories rendered some of these religious ideas obsolete. There are, though, still some areas where science simply cannot produce an explanation.
The Universe and Its Origins Let’s start with a big one — the existence of the universe. Scientific understanding of the universe and how it came to be has come a long way from the Biblical notion of God creating existence with a few words.
But there’s still a lot that science doesn’t have an answer for. Scientific opinion has shifted from the universe being infinite to it having a beginning point. If it has a beginning, then something outside of the universe brought it into existence. Perhaps something divine.
A ‘Goldilocks Universe’ The universe is also finely tuned, with conditions being “just right” to allow for the existence of life on Earth. Any sort of change one way or the other, and life could not exist.
The nature of the fundamental physical laws of the cosmos is very precise. Some feel that they’re too precise to have occurred by accident and instead point to some sort of intelligent design.
Consciousness The scientific definition of the nature of life is extremely limited. We can describe the biological processes in great detail and talk about how the anatomy of the brain permits higher thought, but science cannot really explain consciousness.
And life in the truest, philosophical sense is all about consciousness. The concept of biocentrism takes a more spiritual view of existence that factors in consciousness and much of what religion might describe as the human soul.
Similarly, science can handily explain basic, almost animalistic responses humans have to the world around us, such as why we as a species might have shared “fight or flight” threat responses.
But beyond this, we as a species also have a shared morality. We have ethics. Similar moral constructs crop up time and again in different cultures and civilizations totally independently of one another. Science cannot explain why the animal species we call humans have this fundamental, shared, complex moral code.
Materialistic Desire If we again think of humans as animals, we can explain why there is a biological imperative to secure resources necessary for our survival. But what if we remove this survival need?
We still seek out and cling to things for materialistic or sentimental values. Science is far weaker at explaining these phenomena. Sentimentality in particular is something that is far better explained in the realm of spirituality.
The Design of Life DNA is essentially the code of life. Sequences of nucleotide base pairs describe how to create specific proteins, basically working a lot like computer code for a piece of software.
Science cannot sufficiently explain the chemical evolutionary origins of complex DNA sequencing. If we stick with the software analogy, one explanation could be that it’s a purpose-built design tool for an intelligent designer to use to “program” life in the universe.
The Existence of Miracles Miracles are present in the world, if we define a miracle as some surprising outcome that defies scientific conventions, laws and theory and yet happens all the same.
Beyond this, there are coincidental occurrences that stretch credulity. Scientific thinking holds that there is an underlying reason for why things happen, but scientific theory can fail to explain how some of these seemingly impossible coincidences or miracles occur. Instead, there might be the divine at play.
Human Connection There are biological reasons to explain why humans within the same families seek connection. Again, there is a biological imperative to stay connected and make sure your lineage’s genes are passed to the next generation.
But what about connections that aren’t about basic, animalistic survival? Why do we seek meaningful connections with others, a connection that has no survival benefit? Again, this is more about the spiritual meaning of what it is to be human rather than the scientific meaning
Life After Death It’s one of the great mysteries that has preoccupied human existence — what happens after we die? It’s a question that permeates philosophy, culture and literature — the world beyond death is Hamlet’s “undiscovered country.”
The limitations of the scientific definition of life mean that science also struggles to tackle what happens after death. The biological processes end, but what of the consciousness? Even science states that everything in existence must be conserved, so our “souls” must go somewhere.
The Meaning of Life A common theme seems to be that science is very good at explaining the “how” of things but less equipped to tackle questions of “why.” We can explain the origins of life scientifically, but not its purpose.
Some scientific thinking navigates this by removing the idea of purpose entirely — there is no meaning to life, life simply is. Many scientists, however, do not accept this and continue their scientific explanation of the mysteries of the universe, holding a spiritual belief that there is some meaning to it all. A meaning they cannot define.
When Science Meets Faith Science is, fundamentally, the pursuit of answers. Just because science cannot explain something yet, that doesn't mean that scientists relent and accept something as inexplicable.
But by the same token, the fact that science cannot explain something can be taken as proof that the explanation lies beyond the realm of science and exists in the spiritual. Furthermore, science can be great at providing explanations for the world around us but falls short of religion when it comes to giving meaning to everything.
Nasa/UPI/ShutterstockBoeing’s Starliner, which has been stuck in space since June 6 for what was meant to be an eight day long mission, is at a standstill.
The evaluationsNASA will undertake over the next few weeks will determine if Starliner returns to Earth with its crew, or if it comes back alone, and leaves its crew in space for many more months with a return home pushed to next year. There are still many unknowns, but a teleconferenceNASA held on Wednesday did shed light on some big questions.
NASA gave Boeing a contract a decade ago to build a commercial system to fly astronauts to and from low-Earth orbit. The aerospace giant’s first trial run with astronauts launched from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center up towards the International Space Station (ISS) on June 5. The mission, called Crew Flight Test, was slated to last eight days. Friday marked mission day 72.
NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore (left) and Suni Williams (right) wave to a crowd before boarding the Boeing Starliner spacecraft in Cape Canaveral, Florida on June 5, 2024.
Xinhua/Shutterstock
Boeing Starliner’s inaugural crew flight carried NASA veteran astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams. They’re still in space. The duo’s delay to come home stems from issues that first arose as Starliner sought to rendezvous with the ISS.
A key problem with Starliner is that five of its thrusters, which are part of the propulsion system, failed and turned off during the flight to the ISS. Over the past several weeks, NASA and Boeing have performed a number of tests to both the Starliner ship currently stuck at the ISS as well as a test unit in New Mexico to evaluate whether the thrusters are working and the spaceship can safely take astronauts home.
Specifically, on the Starliner docked at the ISS, scientists have performed what they call "hot fire tests" where they ignite all but one of Starliner's thrusters for a very short period of time to test that the thrusters are working. On a test thruster in New Mexico, Boeing engineers attempted to replicate what the thrusters in space would go through by putting them through the same thermal conditions and sequences that they'd feel during the flight.
The tests revealed that the thrusters were likely overheating, and that a teflon seal on the thruster’s oxidizer line poppet was swelling and causing fuel to get blocked.
When will NASA decide if Starliner will return to Earth with astronauts?
The Flight Readiness Review, in which officials are polled for go or no-go, could happen as early as next week. It could potentially get pushed to the beginning of the week beginning with Monday August 26, Ken Bowersox, associate administrator, NASA’s Space Operations Mission Directorate, told reporters at a teleconference NASA held on Wednesday. “It's a fairly major discussion to decide about whether or not we're going to have crew on board Starliner for return,” Bowersox said.
The Boeing Starliner lifting off from Florida up towards low-Earth orbit.
At the press conference, Bowersox said that “it’s getting a lot harder,” to delay the decision. He cited consumables, and the need to use the ISS ports for cargo missions, as reasons to avoid postponing the decision of whether or not Starliner returns crewed or empty much longer. “We’re reaching a point where that last week in August we really should be making a call, if not sooner,” Bowersox added.
If Starliner returns with no astronauts, would it mean the end to NASA’s quest for a backup plan in space?
NASA spearheaded its Commercial Crew Program so that it could pay more than one company to fly its astronauts to space. Boeing and SpaceX are meant to be dissimilar contingencies, or different options, in case one company cannot provide astronauts with a lift to space, or return them in case of an emergency.
In fact, although many details haven’t yet been ironed out, NASA has already reached out to SpaceX to bring Wilmore and Williams home on their Crew-9 mission’s Dragon capsule if Starliner is deemed too dangerous to bring the duo home.
“All I can say is that our intent is to keep pressing to have two providers,” Bowersox said.
“We've got two very good companies, and we want to develop two strong and capable spacecraft. We think we still have a very good chance of doing that. But the answer is always in the data, right? That's why we're doing this mission.”
Saturn's Moon Mimas May Be Way More Inhabitable Than We First Thought
Saturn's Moon Mimas May Be Way More Inhabitable Than We First Thought
The existence of another watery world in the outer solar system may offer clues to how such seas form.
by Shannon Hall and Knowable Magazine
NASA/JPL
The outer solar system is awash with liquid water. A briny ocean is concealed beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s fourth largest moon, Europa — with more water than all of Earth’s oceans combined. A subsurface sea on Saturn’s moon, Enceladus, spews plumes of water vapor into space. And there are tantalizing hints that oceans could exist on Ganymede, Callisto, Titan and other distant moons, too.
Now, another moon appears to be secretly flooded. Saturn’s moon Mimas, known for its uncanny resemblance to the Star Wars Death Star, might harbor liquid water beneath its icy shell. If true, similar seas could be hiding in plain sight, and the outer solar system may be far more habitablethan previously thought.
In 2014, scientists first published evidence that Mimas might be a watery world — submerging the community in a decade-long debate. Many, including Alyssa Rhoden, a planetary scientist now at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado, were highly skeptical of the possibility. Their reasoning was simple: Mimas’ heavily cratered surface showed no signs of an internal ocean. As with Enceladus, Saturn’s gravity should churn the ocean waters within Mimas, causing large cracks to appear in the surface ice. No such fractures have been seen.
The tides might now have turned. Two studies, one by Rhoden and colleagues and another by Valéry Lainey of the Paris Observatory and colleagues make a stronger case for an ocean and even explain the conundrum at the surface. Together, the research suggests that Mimas may have a young and changing ocean. If so, it raises the prospect of an outer solar system rife with activity. That possibility is what most excites Rhoden, who spoke with KnowableMagazine about the potential ocean and why it could be such a boon for scientists.
This conversation has been edited for length and clarity.
What do we know about these hidden oceans?
In many ways, they look like our own — at least in that they’re likely made up of saltwater.
We know that these ocean worlds have icy surfaces from their overall bright appearance, as confirmed by telescopic and spacecraft measurements that detect signatures of water ice. Some ocean moons even have low enough densities that they probably have water ice mixed into the rock in their interiors. With heat, that water ice melts into liquid water, which will erode rock to create saltwater. On Enceladus, saltwater is conveniently spewing out into space.
Given how cold it is in the outer solar system, what generates the heat?
Distant oceans might at first seem out of the question. Heat to melt ice is hard to come by, so far from the Sun. But thanks to a gravitational quirk, the outer solar system can be quite balmy.
Consider Jupiter and its Moon Europa. Jupiter exerts a strong gravitational force on Europa, elongating Europa in the direction of Jupiter. Because Europa’s orbit is eccentric — it swings close to Jupiter before swinging farther away — Europa gets stretched and released over time. This creates friction in the interior that provides the heat necessary to sustain a liquid ocean.
We first saw hints that Europa might host a subsurface ocean when the Voyager mission swung past Jupiter in 1979. Europa doesn’t look like our Moon or even most bodies in the inner solar system. Its icy surface doesn’t have a lot of craters but is instead covered with crisscrossing lines and broken pieces that have shifted around. You don’t have to look at it very hard to imagine that something different is going on there.
You mention surface features. What other evidence do we rely on to detect a hidden ocean?
One way is to look at magnetic fields. Because saltwater is electrically conductive, it can create a magnetic field around the Moon that disrupts the planet’s magnetic field. That is a leading piece of evidence for Europa’s subsurface ocean.
But that alone is not enough. It’s the combination of evidence that leads us to conclude there’s an ocean. We might also consider, for example, measurements of salt on the surface and how the Moon’s gravity tugs on a spacecraft. Since the densities of rock or liquid metal differ from the density of liquid water, the size of those tugs offers clues to the material, as well as where within the Moon it is concentrated.
Or we might simply imagine how the Moon’s face changes direction throughout its orbit. Generally, these small moons always show the same face as their parent planet, much like our Moon. But as a moon moves through its orbit, the direction it points can shift a bit back and forth — creating a shimmy in the visible portion. The extent of that shimmy depends on the interior. An ice shell over an ocean can move more freely than an ice shell on top of rock, so the changes tend to be larger. That’s how the ocean was detected at Enceladus. And it’s one of the best lines of evidence for an ocean at Mimas.
Let’s talk about Mimas. How did you end up studying the Moon?
I had spent a decade or so working on Europa and other icy moons when the 2014 Mimas paper came out. That paper measured that shimmy, or libration, as the visible portion of the moon shifts, suggesting Mimas either hosted a subsurface ocean or an oddly shaped core.
But an ocean seemed impossible. Mimas look much like our Moon, with a heavily cratered surface. It didn’t host any crisscrossing lines or broken pieces like Europa. And it certainly wasn’t spewing geysers like Enceladus. So I took one look at Mimas, and I said, “There’s no way that is an ocean moon.” Yet I realized I couldn’t refute the idea.
I kept Mimas in my mind over the years, eventually putting together a paper for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences in 2023. That paper ruled out several ocean scenarios and left only one option, an ocean that formed recently, well after Mimas itself. A young ocean could be stealthy. But it was still just a hypothesis.
How has the most recent work changed the picture?
Early in 2024, Valéry Lainey and his group reported new observational evidence in favor of an ocean on Mimas. They looked not at the libration but at changes in Mimas’ orbit through time — changes that depend on the interior structure. They found that those changes could not be explained by an oddly shaped core, leaving an ocean as the most viable option.
My team’s research, published in June, has gone on to explain the lack of visible surface fractures. We argue that the ocean is so young — merely 10 million years old — that it has only recently stopped growing. We think that the tidal stresses of a young churning ocean may not be enough to crack the ice above. Instead, what’s needed is the stress that comes when the ocean eventually refreezes. Because Mimas is losing heat as its orbit becomes less eccentric over time, refreezing — which is only just beginning on Mimas — will cause the overlying ice to crack.
The research suggests that eventually, Mimas is probably going to lose its ocean, which is a little sad since it is just being recognized. But on the flip side, Mimas may become the new Enceladus — the new coolest moon of Saturn — with deep cracks and maybe even jets of water.
What are the big-picture implications of this research?
I’m interested in this from a geophysical standpoint. We think of the earliest epochs in our solar system as the hot times when all the activity happens; then, everything evolves toward a quieter state. Pluto’s moon, Charon, might have lost an ocean. And Europa’s and Ganymede’s oceans are pretty old. That a moon could form a new ocean well into its history and that we could watch? That’s exciting! It opens up the possibility that any world, including one with an old, cratered surface, may be going through a similar transition.
There’s also interest in habitability — whether these oceans are suitable for supporting life. We don’t currently know whether any of the solar system’s oceans, other than our own, are habitable, have been inhabited or are currently inhabited. But if Mimas truly has an ocean, we could have a window into how these worlds develop and even how habitats are created and lost. It is exciting to be able to see these processes as they occur — instead of always viewing the end states of things that happened long ago.
What upcoming missions could tell us more?
The European Space Agency has already launched the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, or Juice, which will make detailed observations of Europa, and the moons Ganymede and Callisto, which show hints of oceans. And in the fall of 2024, NASA will send the Europa Clipper into orbit around Jupiter to determine if Europa has conditions suitable for life.
The Uranus system, which is high on NASA’s agenda for a future mission, is where I see the most implications for this recent work. It’s surprisingly similar to the Saturn system, including hosting ice-rich, mid-sized moons similar to Mimas and Enceladus. If there’s a young ocean on Mimas, it is not a huge leap to consider that water worlds might exist among the Uranian moons, too.
This article originally appeared inKnowable Magazine, an independent journalistic endeavor from Annual Reviews. Sign up for thenewsletter.
Asteroids safely fly by Earth all the time. Here’s why scientists are watching Apophis.
Asteroids safely fly by Earth all the time. Here’s why scientists are watching Apophis.
A menacing asteroid named Apophis is projected to have a close encounter with Earth in 2029. Scientists have long ruled it out as an impact threat, but they still hope to study it.
An animation shows Apophis' 2029 path compared to the swarm of satellites orbiting Earth.
(Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
Story Summary
Apophis is projected to pass within 20,000 miles of our planet’s surface on April 13 2029. The menacing asteroid will harmlessly pass by, astronomers say.
Apophis measures nearly a quarter of a mile long – about the size of a cruise ship – making it large enough to be visible to the naked eye when it shoots past Earth.
Space agencies and scientific institutes around the world are planning to use the rare flyby to explore Apophis from the ground with telescopes and even spacecraft.
If you've heard of Apophis, then you're likely aware of the reputation it gained upon its discovery two decades ago as a potentially very dangerous space rock hurtling too close for comfort toward Earth. It was initially believed that the asteroid could one day pose a serious threat to our planet.
And one day, it just might.
But that day won't come for at least 100 years, astronomers say. No, not even in 2029, when Apophis makes the closest approach to Earth that any asteroid of its size ever has – at least, one that scientists have known about in advance.
Additional observations of Apophis have allowed astronomers to long rule out the risk of an impact in 2029 when Apophis is predicted to come within a distance of Earth 10 times closer than the moon, according to NASA. The asteroid also won't hit our planet when it makes another close approach in 2036.
While we and our children are safe from Apophis' wrath, scientists still see a valuable opportunity to study the asteroid as it whizzes by Earth to learn what they can of other space rocks that actually could hit our planet.
Here's what to know about Apophis and how space agencies hope to protect Earth from other asteroids like it.
Apophis to make 2029 flyby to Earth
Apophis is projected to pass within 20,000 miles of our planet’s surface on April 13, 2029.
For the superstitious lot, yes, that's a Friday, no less.
On that day, Apophis will come closer than telecommunications satellites in geostationary orbit, the ESA says.
The close encounter with Earth will make the asteroid visible in the Eastern hemisphere, including in Europe, Africa, and western Asia. It should look somewhat like a bright star streaking across the sky.
Earth's gravity will significantly influence Apophis – squeezing and distorting the asteroid as one side is pulled toward our planet more than the other. While no affects will be felt on Earth, Apophis may experience some quakes and even landslides, the ESA said.
Apophis was initially identified as one of the most hazardous asteroids that could impact Earth after its 2004 discovery, but that assessment has since changed as astronomers tracked it and learned more about its orbit.
While the risk of it impacting Earth during its 2029 flyby rose as high as 2.7%, Apophis has since been removed from NASA’s Sentry Impact Risk Table. That's thanks to a radar observation campaign in March 2021 during a distant flyby that – combined with precise orbit analysis – allowed astronomers to determine that the asteroid poses no risk of crashing into Earth for at least a century.
How big is the Apophis asteroid?
Apophis measures nearly a quarter of a mile long – about the size of a cruise ship – making it large enough to be visible to the naked eye when it shoots past Earth.
The Planetary Society compares its size to the equivalent of about five football fields and taller than the Empire State Building in New York City.
It's hard to know just exactly what Apophis looks like, as scientists do not yet have images of it. But radar observations have suggested that Apophis is shaped roughly like a peanut – a relatively common shape among near-Earth asteroids larger than 660 feet in diameter, according to NASA.
Apophis is believed to be stony, made up of silicate (or rocky) materials and a mixture of metallic nickel and iron.
What would happen if Apophis hit Earth?
Though not as big or catastrophic as the asteroid theorized to have wiped out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago, Apophis would cause widespread destruction up to several hundred kilometers from its impact site.
The energy released would be equal more than 1,000 megatons of TNT, or tens to hundreds of nuclear weapons, according to the Planetary Society, a nonprofit organization promoting space exploration.
Apophis is no different from other asteroids in that it is a remnant from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years ago. It originated in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter and spent millions of years being altered by the gravitational influence of large planets such as Jupiter, NASA said.
Now, Apophis's orbit around the sun brings it startlingly close to Earth.
It's partly due to its proximity, as well as the sheer devastation its impact with Earth would bring, that astronomers named the asteroid after an ancient Egyptian god of disorder.
Specifically, Apophis is named for the demon serpent who personified evil and chaos.
ESA, NASA hope to study Apophis
The NASA spacecraft OSIRIS-APEX hovers over the surface of the near-Earth asteroid Apophis, using its thrusters to disturb the asteroid's surface to reveal what liesbeneath, as shown in an undated NASA artist's video rendering, in this screengrab obtained from a handout video.
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Handout via Reuters
Space agencies and scientific institutes around the world are planning to use the rare flyby to explore Apophis from the ground with telescopes and even spacecraft.
NASA's OSIRIS-REx, which gathered and returned a sample of asteroid Bennu in September, has been renamed OSIRIS-APophis EXplorer (OSIRIS-APEX) and sent on a trajectory that would allow it to cross paths with the asteroid in 2029. When it has its rendezvous with Apophis in June that year, OSIRIS-APEX will spend 18 months mapping the asteroid’s surface and analyzing its chemical makeup, according to NASA.
Earth-based telescopes will observe Apophis as well, but they won't be able to detect as much as the spacecraft will when the asteroid gets near the sun, NASA said. But unlike with the Bennu mission, OSIRIS-APEX will not collect a sample from Apophis.
The European Space Agency, NASA's counterpart across the pond, plans to launch a spacecraft of its own called Ramses.
An art visualization shows how the European Space Agency's "Ramses" mission will approach the massive asteroid Apophis.
ESA-Science Office
The Ramses spacecraft, which must be ready to launch a year ahead of time, will meet Apophis before it passes by Earth and accompany it on its way out of our orbit. During that time, the mission will observe how the surface of the asteroid changes from being in such close proximity to Earth, the European Space Agency said in July.
NASA takes on dangerous asteroids
The expedition is all part of the steps NASA and other space agencies have taken in recent years to protect humanity from threats posed by asteroids and other inbound space rocks, such as comets.
NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft prior to impact at the Didymos binary asteroid system shown in this undated illustration handout.
Though Dimorphos posed no threat to Earth, the mission served as the first demonstration of NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test, or DART. If an incoming asteroid is ever on a collision course with our planet, the space agency has said that the DART method could prove crucial for deflecting and changing the object's orbital path.
A placard hangs on the wall during the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Technology Media Workshop Telecon Briefing and tour at the Johns Hopkins AppliedPhysics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland, on September 12, 2022, ahead of the September 26 project test mission. The DART mission shifted an asteroid's orbit through kinetic impact specifically, by smashing a spacecraft into the smaller member of the binary asteroid system Didymos.
Jim Watson/AFP via Getty Images
And to gauge whether authorities are prepared to defend Earth from space objects, NASA has hosted a series of exercises, the fifth and most recent of which occurred in April, with findings announced in June. It was the first such exercise to include about 100 international government representatives who gathered to work through a hypothetical scenario about an inbound asteroid.
The exercise was organized by the U.S. space agency's Planetary Defense Coordination Office, which was established in 2016 to catalog near-Earth objects that could crash into the planet.
NASA is also working on an asteroid-hunting telescope known as the NEO Surveyor to find near-Earth objects capable of causing significant damage. Set to launch no earlier than June 2028, the telescope is designed to discover 90% of asteroids and comets that are 460 feet in size or larger and come within 30 million miles of Earth’s orbit.
Apophis, ‘God of Destruction’ is set to skim Earth's orbit; Why scientists are watching closely
Apophis, ‘God of Destruction’ is set to skim Earth's orbit; Why scientists are watching closely
Apophis, ‘God of Destruction’ is set to skim Earth's orbit; Why scientists are watching closely
In April 2029, the asteroid Apophis will make a close approach to Earth, coming within 20,000 miles of our planet. This encounter will be one of the closest ever recorded for an asteroid of this size, surpassing the distance of geostationary satellites. On April 13, 2029—a Friday the 13th—Apophis will be visible from the Eastern Hemisphere, including parts of Europe, Africa, and Western Asia. It will appear as a bright streak across the sky, resembling a fast-moving star.
What is Apophis?
Apophis is a remnant from the early solar system, formed around 4.6 billion years ago in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. It has been significantly influenced by the gravitational forces of large planets like Jupiter. Its name derives from the ancient Egyptian god of disorder and chaos, reflecting the potential havoc such an asteroid could wreak. Apophis is named after the demon serpent who personified evil and chaos, symbolizing the potential danger posed by its impact.
Apophis' Safety Assessment
Despite its close proximity, Apophis poses no threat to Earth. Initially identified as a hazardous asteroid after its discovery in 2004, recent observations have ruled out any risk of impact in 2029. "While the risk of it impacting Earth during its 2029 flyby rose as high as 2.7%, Apophis has since been removed from NASA’s Sentry Impact Risk Table," thanks to precise orbit analysis and radar observations in March 2021, NASA confirmed.
What would happen if Apophis hits Earth?
If the asteroid Apophis were to strike Earth, the impact would result in severe destruction, although not as catastrophic as the asteroid believed to have wiped out the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. The devastation from Apophis would extend up to several hundred kilometers from the impact site. The energy released would exceed 1,000 megatons of TNT, a magnitude comparable to tens to hundreds of nuclear weapons, as noted by the Planetary Society, a nonprofit organization dedicated to space exploration.
Physical Characteristics of Apophis
Apophis measures nearly a quarter of a mile long, roughly equivalent to five football fields or taller than the Empire State Building. Radar data suggests that the asteroid is shaped somewhat like a peanut. It is primarily composed of stony silicate materials and a mixture of metallic nickel and iron. Although scientists do not have direct images of Apophis, its shape and size have been inferred from observations.
Potential Impact Consequences
If Apophis were to collide with Earth, the impact would cause significant damage, with effects extending several hundred kilometers from the impact site. The energy released would be equivalent to more than 1,000 megatons of TNT. While not as catastrophic as the asteroid that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs, it would still result in widespread destruction.
Scientific Missions and Observations
The upcoming flyby offers a valuable opportunity for scientific study. NASA's OSIRIS-APEX mission, a renamed version of the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, is set to rendezvous with Apophis in June 2029. The spacecraft will map the asteroid’s surface and analyze its chemical composition over an 18-month period. The European Space Agency is also preparing a mission called Ramses, which will observe how Earth's gravity affects Apophis during its close approach.
Asteroid Defense and Future Missions
NASA and other space agencies are actively working to enhance planetary defense capabilities. The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission, which successfully altered the orbit of the asteroid Dimorphos in 2022, demonstrates potential methods for deflecting hazardous asteroids. "NASA’s mission to Apophis is a chance to practice how to characterize and potentially defend against future threats," said Terik Daly, a planetary scientist involved with both the DART and OSIRIS-APEX missions.
Challenges and Future Plans
As the 2029 flyby approaches, scientists face the challenge of developing and funding additional missions to study Apophis before and during its closest approach. "We’re running out of time," said Jason Kalirai from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. The need for funding and mission planning is critical, with several proposed missions awaiting approval and support.
Planetary Defense and Future Preparations
The impending close flyby of Apophis in 2029 presents a rare opportunity for detailed scientific study. NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft, which previously returned samples from asteroid Bennu, has been repurposed as OSIRIS-APEX for this mission. Scheduled to rendezvous with Apophis in June 2029, OSIRIS-APEX will spend 18 months mapping the asteroid and analyzing its chemical composition. "The mission will provide critical data on Apophis's surface and structure," said Daniella DellaGiustina, lead scientist on OSIRIS-APEX.
In addition, the European Space Agency (ESA) is preparing the Ramses spacecraft, which will observe Apophis before and after its close encounter with Earth. Ramses aims to study how Earth's gravity affects the asteroid's surface and rotation. "Ramses will help us understand the changes Apophis undergoes due to its proximity to Earth," explained ESA representatives.
NASA has been actively working on planetary defense strategies. In September 2022, NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) demonstrated a method for altering an asteroid's trajectory. This mission successfully redirected the small asteroid Dimorphos by crashing a spacecraft into it. "The DART mission showed that we can deflect an asteroid's orbit, which is crucial for future planetary defense," noted Terik Daly, a planetary scientist involved in DART.
NASA is also developing the NEO Surveyor telescope, set to launch in June 2028. This telescope will search for near-Earth objects larger than 460 feet, aiming to discover 90% of such objects within 30 million miles of Earth's orbit.
Related video:
Time-Lapse Orbit Animation Of OSIRIS-APEX's Epic Journey To Asteroid Apophis (Dailymotion)
Several proposed missions are under consideration, including repurposing the Janus spacecraft and developing new ones. Blue Origin's Blue Ring spacecraft might also be involved in early observations. "No bucks, no Bruce Willis," remarked Richard P. Binzel in a Washington Post report, highlighting the financial constraints in asteroid research.
By characterizing Apophis and how it reacts to being in Earth's gravitational field, Ramses will boost our knowledge of NEOs and planetary defense.
An animation shows Apophis' 2029 path compared to the swarm of satellites orbiting Earth.
(Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
The European Space Agency is fast-tracking a new mission called Ramses, which will fly to near-Earth asteroid 99942 Apophis and join the space rock in 2029 when it comes very close to our planet — closer even than the region where geosynchronous satellites sit.
Apophis, ‘God of Destruction’ is set to skim Earth's orbit; Why scientists are watching closely
Ramses is short for Rapid Apophis Mission for Space Safety and, as its name suggests, is the next phase in humanity's efforts to learn more about near-Earth asteroids (NEOs) and how we might deflect them should one ever be discovered on a collision course with planet Earth.
In order to launch in time to rendezvous with Apophis in February 2029, scientists at the European Space Agency have been given permission to start planning Ramses even before the multinational space agency officially adopts the mission. The sanctioning and appropriation of funding for the Ramses mission will hopefully take place at ESA's Ministerial Council meeting (involving representatives from each of ESA's member states) in November of 2025. To arrive at Apophis in February 2029, launch would have to take place in April 2028, the agency says.
This animation depicts the orbital trajectory of asteroid 99942 Apophis as it zooms safely past Earth on April 13, 2029. Earth’s gravity will slightly deflect the trajectory as the 1,100-foot-wide (340-meter-wide) near-Earth object comes within 20,000 miles (32,000 kilometers) of our planet’s surface. The motion has been speeded up 2,000 times.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
This is a big deal because large asteroids don't come this close to Earth very often. It is thus scientifically precious that, on April 13, 2029, Apophis will pass within 19,794 miles (31,860 kilometers) of Earth. For comparison, geosynchronous orbit is 22,236 miles (35,786 km) above Earth's surface. Such close fly-bys by asteroids hundreds of meters across (Apophis is about 1,230 feet, or 375 meters, across) only occur on average once every 5,000 to 10,000 years. Miss this one, and we've got a long time to wait for the next.
When Apophis was discovered in 2004, it was for a short time the most dangerous asteroid known, being classified as having the potential to impact with Earth possibly in 2029, 2036, or 2068. Should an asteroid of its size strike Earth, it could gouge out a crater several kilometers across and devastate a country with shock waves, flash heating and earth tremors. If it crashed down in the ocean, it could send a towering tsunami to devastate coastlines in multiple countries.
Over time, as our knowledge of Apophis' orbit became more refined, however, the risk of impact greatly went down. Radar observations of the asteroid in March of 2021 reduced the uncertainty in Apophis' orbit from hundreds of kilometers to just a few kilometers, finally removing any lingering worries about an impact — at least for the next 100 years. (Beyond 100 years, asteroid orbits can become too unpredictable to plot with any accuracy, but there's currently no suggestion that an impact will occur after 100 years.) So, Earth is expected to be perfectly safe in 2029 when Apophis comes through. Still, scientists want to see how Apophis responds by coming so close to Earth and entering our planet's gravitational field.
"There is still so much we have yet to learn about asteroids but, until now, we have had to travel deep into the solar system to study them and perform experiments ourselves to interact with their surface," said Patrick Michel, who is the Director of Research at CNRS at Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur in Nice, France, in a statement. "Nature is bringing one to us and conducting the experiment itself. All we need to do is watch as Apophis is stretched and squeezed by strong tidal forces that may trigger landslides and other disturbances and reveal new material from beneath the surface."
The Goldstone radar's imagery of asteroid 99942 Apophis as it made its closest approach to Earth, in March 2021. (Image credit: NASA/JPL–Caltech/NSF/AUI/GBO)
By arriving at Apophis before the asteroid's close encounter with Earth, and sticking with it throughout the flyby and beyond, Ramses will be in prime position to conduct before-and-after surveys to see how Apophis reacts to Earth. By looking for disturbances Earth's gravitational tidal forces trigger on the asteroid's surface, Ramses will be able to learn about Apophis' internal structure, density, porosity and composition, all of which are characteristics that we would need to first understand before considering how best to deflect a similar asteroid were one ever found to be on a collision course with our world.
Besides assisting in protecting Earth, learning about Apophis will give scientists further insights into how similar asteroids formed in the early solar system, and, in the process, how planets (including Earth) formed out of the same material.
One way we already know Earth will affect Apophis is by changing its orbit. Currently, Apophis is categorized as an Aten-type asteroid, which is what we call the class of near-Earth objects that have a shorter orbit around the sun than Earth does. Apophis currently gets as far as 0.92 astronomical units (137.6 million km, or 85.5 million miles) from the sun. However, our planet will give Apophis a gravitational nudge that will enlarge its orbit to 1.1 astronomical units (164.6 million km, or 102 million miles), such that its orbital period becomes longer than Earth's.
It will then be classed as an Apollo-type asteroid.
Ramses won't be alone in tracking Apophis. NASA has repurposed their OSIRIS-REx mission, which returned a sample from another near-Earth asteroid, 101955 Bennu, in 2023. However, the spacecraft, renamed OSIRIS-APEX (Apophis Explorer), won't arrive at the asteroid until April 23, 2029, ten days after the close encounter with Earth. OSIRIS-APEX will initially perform a flyby of Apophis at a distance of about 2,500 miles (4,000 km) from the object, then return in June that year to settle into orbit around Apophis for an 18-month mission.
Furthermore, the European Space Agency still plans on launching its Hera spacecraft in October 2024 to follow-up on the DART mission to the double asteroid Didymos and Dimorphos. DART impacted the latter in a test of kinetic impactor capabilities for potentially changing a hazardous asteroid's orbit around our planet. Hera will survey the binary asteroid system and observe the crater made by DART's sacrifice to gain a better understanding of Dimorphos' structure and composition post-impact, so that we can place the results in context.
The more near-Earth asteroids like Dimorphos and Apophis that we study, the greater that context becomes. Perhaps, one day, the understanding that we have gained from these missions will indeed save our planet.
On August 4, 1990, a pair of hikers embarked on a trek through the Scottish Highlands, unaware that they were about to snap what's been hailed as the 'clearest UFO photo ever taken'. The photograph, known as the 'Calvine photo' after the nearby hamlet where it was snapped, would go missing and become the subject of myth for thirty years.
However, after 13 years of relentless investigation by Professor David Clarke, a former journalist and now academic at Sheffield Hallam University, the elusive image was finally located. Prof Clarke discovered ex-RAF press officer Craig Lindsay, who had retained a copy of the photograph depicting the extraordinary scene the two hikers witnessed.
In the astonishing image, a sizable saucer-shaped craft is distinctly seen, with a jet fighter seemingly in hot pursuit. The hikers originally handed over the photograph to the Daily Record newspaper in Scotland, but it eventually ended up with the British Ministry of Defence, where it remained shrouded in secrecy until 2022.
If you can't see the photo below, click here.
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Speaking to Newsweek, Prof Clarke recounted: "The Daily Record's picture editor at that time sent them to Craig Lindsay, who was the RAF press officer in Scotland. He passed the print to the Ministry of Defense in London, the Ministry of Defense in London then asked him to obtain the negatives. So he went back to the Daily Record, asked the Daily Record to send the negatives to London, which they duly did-quite amazingly-and that's when they disappeared."
Despite the media attention the photo received, the two hikers involved have kept mum about their experience. Lindsay, however, shared what he knew about their eerie encounter with Clarke.
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The pair, who were working as chefs at a hotel in the Scottish Highlands, took an evening stroll in Calvine in August 1990 and encountered the enigmatic object soaring overhead.
Prof Clarke told Newsweek: "They saw this thing in the sky and it scared them. They ran into some woodland to sort of keep their heads down, and they heard this jet come down the valley and then, two minutes later, it returned and started circling around the object. And that's when they took the photographs."
The incident witnessed by the men remains an unsolved enigma to this day.
For the first time, scientists have confirmed the existence of an underground tunnel-like feature near the landing site of the first crewed mission to the Moon. The discovery concludes almost half a century of speculation involving the suspected existence of caves below the lunar surface.
On July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to set foot on the lunar surface after making a soft landing in the Apollo 11 Lunar Module on the mare plain of the Moon’s famous Mare Tranquillitatis, Latin for “Sea of Tranquility.”
Now, according to the findings of an international team of researchers led by the University of Trento in Italy, the existence of a subsurface tunnel-like lava tube cave beneath the Mare Plain has been confirmed.
A new study published in the journal Nature Astronomy revealed the discovery, which relied on data obtained with NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).
The discovery of the tunnel-like feature has been called a significant milestone toward understanding the Moon’s various geological components more fully. It also offers a potential shelter area that could be used by astronauts during future crewed missions.
Lorenzo Bruzzone, a professor at the University of Trento, said the existence of such underground features had long been suspected, although the team’s discovery is the first confirmation that they exist.
“These caves have been theorized for over 50 years,” Bruzzone said in a statement, “but it is the first time ever that we have demonstrated their existence.”
Data originally obtained in 2010 by the Miniature Radio-Frequency (Mini-RF) instrument aboard the LRO, which included radar reflections from a pit discovered in the Mare Tranquilitatis, were reexamined by the research team.
“Thanks to the analysis of the data, we were able to create a model of a portion of the conduit,” said Leonardo Carrer, a researcher at the University of Trento involved with the new findings.
“The most likely explanation for our observations is an empty lava tube,” Carrer said.
Given the demanding environment on the surface of the Moon, where temperatures can reach as much as 127°C on its illuminated side while dropping to frigid lows nearing -173°C on the unilluminated side, lava tube caves could be ideal locations for astronauts to use as shelters on the Moon.
In addition to being ideal environments for subsurface shelters, such an underground tunnel-like feature could also provide a degree of shielding from cosmic and solar radiation that bombards the lunar surface, which can be up to 150 times more powerful there than on Earth.
The Moon’s thin atmosphere also offers little protection from meteorites that, over time, have led to the natural satellite’s characteristic cratered surface. Creating refuges within subsurface lava tube caves could help to mitigate the constant threat posed by such impacts.
Wes Patterson, principal investigator for the Mini-RF based at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, said the team’s findings demonstrate “both how radar data of the Moon can be used in novel ways to address fundamental questions for science and exploration and how crucial it is to continue collecting remotely sensed data of the Moon.”
“This includes the current LRO mission and, hopefully, future orbiter missions,” Patterson said.
The discovery is outlined in a new study, “Radar evidence of an accessible cave conduit on the Moon below the Mare Tranquillitatis pit,” which was published in Nature Astronomy on July 15, 2024.
Unsolved Mystery: Farmer Witnesses Five UFOs Creating Crop Circles
Unsolved Mystery: Farmer Witnesses Five UFOs Creating Crop Circles
On September 30, 1974, a serene farming day in Saskatchewan turned into an extraordinary event that continues to baffle researchers and UFO enthusiasts. Edwin Fuhr, a hardworking Saskatchewan farmer, was harvesting rapeseed when he stumbled upon something that would change his life forever and contribute significantly to the enduring mystery of crop circles and UFO sightings.
The Unusual Encounter
As Fuhr was working in his field, he noticed a shiny metallic object that he initially mistook for a duck blind—a common fixture in rural areas used for hunting. Curiosity piqued, he decided to investigate further. Upon closer inspection, what he found was far beyond any ordinary object. Hovering just a foot above the ground was a bun-shaped, stainless steel object, rotating swiftly in a clockwise motion. The grass beneath it swirled in the same direction, seemingly under the influence of the hovering craft.
VIDEO:
Crop Circles Mystery: Five UFOs Seen by Farmer | Close Encounters 113
The sight alone was perplexing, but the mystery deepened when Fuhr returned to his tractor and saw four more identical objects hovering in the field. All five objects remained stationary for about 15 minutes before suddenly ascending into the sky and disappearing. The incident left Fuhr in shock and disbelief, as he struggled to make sense of what he had just witnessed.
Investigations and Theories
The incident caught the attention of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), who launched an investigation into the strange occurrence. The RCMP found that the grass in the exact spots where Fuhr reported seeing the UFOs had been flattened and swirled in a circular pattern. This physical evidence corroborated Fuhr’s account, lending credibility to his story.
Two days after the initial sighting, Fuhr discovered a sixth circle in his field, and within weeks, as many as 15 similar circles were reported in seven different locations across Saskatchewan. These findings attracted further attention, and the Canadian National Research Council got involved. However, their explanation—that the circles were caused by a natural phenomenon known as fairy rings, which are circular patterns left by plant-killing fungi—failed to convince many. Critics pointed out that fairy rings do not usually exhibit the uniform size and swirling patterns observed in Fuhr’s field.
The Birth of Crop Circle Phenomenon
What makes Fuhr’s encounter particularly significant is that it may represent one of the earliest documented cases of crop circles. Unlike the typical crop circles that mysteriously appear overnight without any witnesses, Fuhr actually saw the objects that created the circular formations in his field. This unique aspect of his story challenges the common belief that all crop circles are man-made hoaxes.
While many crop circles have been debunked as pranks or artistic expressions, Fuhr’s account provides a rare instance where an eyewitness can testify to the formation of these enigmatic patterns. The presence of UFOs in the creation of crop circles, as described by Fuhr, continues to fuel debates within the UFO and paranormal communities.
Unanswered Questions
Despite numerous investigations and theories, Fuhr’s encounter remains unexplained. Skeptics argue that the objects could have been experimental military drones, though such technology was not known to exist at the time. Others suggest that it was a natural phenomenon that science has yet to understand. Yet, the simplicity and consistency of Fuhr’s testimony, along with the physical evidence found at the scene, make it difficult to dismiss his experience outright.
The case of Edwin Fuhr stands out not just for its strangeness, but for the lasting impact it has had on the study of crop circles and UFO sightings. To this day, it remains one of the most compelling and well-documented cases in the realm of unexplained phenomena.
Conclusion
The mystery of the crop circles and the five UFOs witnessed by Saskatchewan farmer Edwin Fuhr continues to intrigue researchers and the general public alike. Whether viewed as a groundbreaking UFO encounter or an unsolved natural mystery, the incident challenges our understanding of the world and reminds us that some questions may never be fully answered. As investigations into UFOs and crop circles persist, Fuhr’s story stands as a testament to the enduring fascination with the unknown.
If that's not confusing enough, astronomers also have varying definitions for what counts as a supermoon and what counts as a blue moon. (Just last year a full moon met the criteria for both, by some definitions.)
Here's why Monday's full moon is so special:
What is a supermoon?
When the moon’s orbit brings it closer to Earth than usual, this cosmic combo is called a supermoon. A supermoon occurs when the moon’s orbit is closest to Earth at the same time the moon is full. The term was coined by astrologer Richard Nolle in 1979.
"Different publications use slightly different thresholds for deciding when a full moon is close enough to the Earth to qualify as a supermoon," NASA said. "Because the orbit of the moon is not a perfect circle, the moon is sometimes closer to the Earth than at other times during its orbit."
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When the moon reaches its closest point to Earth, about 226,000 miles away, full moons appears larger and brighter than at other times. A supermoon will appear 30% brighter and 14% larger than a typical full moon.
What is a blue moon?
There are two types of blue moons: seasonal and monthly. The one Monday will be of the seasonal variety.
A seasonal blue moon occurs when there are four full moons in a single season (on this occasion, summer). When this happens, the third of the four is considered a blue moon.
The second definition – which arose from a misunderstanding of the original – is the monthly blue moon, referring to the second full moon in a single calendar month.
In either case, blue moons earn their reputation for being rare because of a quirk in the typical rhythm of one full moon per month.
The two cycles create odd mismatches resulting in one more moon in a season or month than is typical – that's a blue moon.
Months usually have one full moon – unless there's a (monthly) blue moon. And seasons typically have three full moons – unless there's a (seasonal) blue moon.
In addition, Monday's full moon is unlikely to appear blue, however: Blue-colored moons in photos are usually made using special blue camera filters or photo editing apps.
How rare is a super blue moon? When will the next one occur?
"It's tricky to answer, because it depends on your definition of a supermoon and a blue moon," Edward Bloomer, senior astronomy manager at the U.K.'s Royal Observatory Greenwich told USA TODAY via e-mail.
The answer is different depending on whether you're talking about a seasonal blue moon or a monthly blue moon. If you tweak what counts as a supermoon, the answer also changes.
In general, a blue moon happens once every two or three years on average, according to NASA. The time between super blue moons can be as much as 20 years – but in general, 10 years is the average.
So when will the next super blue moon actually occur?
Moederziel alleen in het universum of toch niet? Sterrenkundige Leen Decin buigt zich over kans op buitenaards leven
Moederziel alleen in het universum of toch niet? Sterrenkundige Leen Decin buigt zich over kans op buitenaards leven
Artikel door Radio 1, Maxine Rappé
In 1977 zijn de Voyager-ruimtesondes gelanceerd. Uitgerust met een gouden grammofoonplaat, met daarop een boodschap in verschillende talen, hadden die het bereiken van buitenaardse beschavingen als doel. Voorlopig zonder resultaat.
Wat het 'correcte' antwoord op die vraag ook is, het brengt volgens Leen Decin, hoofd van het Instituut voor Sterrenkunde van de KU Leuven, hoe dan ook onrust met zich mee. "Het antwoord 'ja' wekt angst op, want dan zijn we alleen in dit immense universum. Maar zijn we niet alleen, dan schuilt daar ook angst in."
"Momenteel kennen we enkel ons eigen leven. We zijn druk aan het zoeken, samen met veel sterrenkundigen, maar tot nu toe is er geen enkele bevestiging van leven elders", zegt Decin in #weetikveel op Radio 1.
"We slagen er al niet in om met de mensheid op 1 aardkluit samen te leven, laat staan als er nog iets anders bestaat waarmee we niet kunnen communiceren", zegt ze. "De ene zouden blij reageren, maar anderen zouden misschien naar wapens grijpen om zich te verdedigen tegen het onbekende."
Zo ver zijn we echter nog niet. "Of we met meerderen zijn, hangt af van hoe je het leven definieert. Daar zit het struikelpunt: wat zien wij als leven?"
‘Leven’ definiëren
Er bestaat geen wetenschappelijke consensus over wat ‘leven’ precies inhoudt. Sterker nog, er zijn volgens Decin 300 tot 400 wetenschappelijke definities.
"Veel mensen denken dat leven gebaseerd is op de Darwiniaanse revolutie: jezelf kunnen reproduceren, natuurlijke selectie… maar dat is maar 1 manier van leven definiëren." Andere stromingen baseren zich niet op de processen zoals Darwin, maar zien leven als een "biochemische soep van kleine elementen". "Die kunnen interageren en hebben een laag energieniveau."
Leen Decin buigt zich in #weetikveel over de definitie van
"Er zijn veel definities, maar een van de zaken die je vaak naar voren ziet komen, is interactie met de omgeving." Waar alle definities toch op blijven botsen, zijn de grensgevallen. Is een amoebe (een eencellig organisme, red.) ‘leven’? En wat met een mechanisch hondje, dat in principe ook met de mens kan interageren?
"De overgang van niet-leven naar leven, kennen we niet", zegt Decin. "Zet een hoop moleculen samen, en die zullen interageren met elkaar. Sommige interacties gaan snel, anderen gaan traag. Maar het is niet omdat ze dan beginnen te groeien en grotere deeltjes vormen, dat dat leven moet zijn."
"Misschien moeten we het anders zien. Moeten we een verschil maken tussen leven en niet-leven? Misschien is het gewoon een heel stomme vraag." De vraag die we dan wel moeten stellen? Of er buitenaards leven bestaat waarmee we kunnen communiceren.
De hordes van het menselijke leven
"Onze aarde is ongeveer 4,5 miljard jaar geleden gevormd. Na een paar 100 miljoenen jaren zou er al leven geweest zijn." Dat lijkt misschien een gigantisch getal, in sterrenkundige termen is dat snel.
"Er zijn bepaalde omstandigheden die bevorderen dat er levensvormen interageren." Warmte en stabiliteit: dat zijn alvast 2 noodzakelijke basisingrediënten. "Om menselijk leven te creëren, heb je nog veel meer nodig. Het is bijvoorbeeld van belang dat we op een aardkluit leven, een vaste ondergrond. Ook het feit dat we vulkanisme hebben, was van belang."
"Er zijn veel hordes om te nemen om ons leven te krijgen. Stel dat elk van die hordes maar 1 kans op de 1.000 heeft om te slagen, dan heb je na enkele hordes nog maar een minuscule kans om leven te krijgen."
"Maar er is een tegenvoorbeeld: jij en ik. Dat maakt het bijzonder, het feit dat je niet 0 maar minstens 1 hebt, vertelt ons iets. Die hordes mogen er zijn, maar misschien moet je niet over die hordes, maar kan je errond. Je moet misschien niet de snelste manier hebben, maar een tragere manier die je ook over de finish brengt", besluit Decin. En daarin zou wel eens een kans kunnen schuilen.
En daarbuiten?
"We hebben bijzonder veel sterren. Rond elk van die sterren, of een grote fractie ervan, draaien 1 tot meerdere planeten. Ergens is er misschien wel een kans, die niet optimaal maar wel goed genoeg is, om toch een alternatieve vorm van leven te krijgen."
"We hebben al duizenden planeten ontdekt, maar slechts enkele zijn de tweelingzus van onze eigen aarde", zegt Decin. "Er zijn veel planeten die we kunnen uitsluiten waar zich geen leven op kan vormen." Groot genoeg, warm of koud, en nog een hele hoop andere parameters, zijn van belang in dat verhaal.
Een grote sprong in kennis op dat vlak, kwam er dankzij de James Webb-ruimtetelescoop. "De telescoop is een kanteling van ons veld. Het is een goudmijn als het gaat over het ontdekken van nieuwe planeten, maar ook over nieuwe kennis die we krijgen over planeten die we al kenden. Hoe ziet de atmosfeer eruit, is die aardachtig of niet?"
Dat kan nu bijvoorbeeld achterhaald worden over de TRAPPIST-planeten. "Dat zijn 7 aardachtige planeten rondom een bepaalde ster. 2 of 3 ervan bevinden zich in wat we de 'bewoonbare zone' noemen. Daar krijgen we nu waarnemingen van binnen. We beginnen stap per stap genoeg signalen te krijgen, mondjesmaat."
Dat alles klinkt optimistisch. Maar er is nog een groot verschil tussen een bewoonbare of een effectief bewoonde planeet. Hoe groot de kans op een bewoonde planeet is, weten we (nog) niet. "Daarvoor kennen we de chemie te slecht", zegt Decin. Chemische reacties op aarde zijn immers verschillend van die in de ruimte.
Maar of we dan ook moederziel alleen zijn in dit gigantische universum? Decin sluit ander leven alvast niet uit.
Two influential U.S. Senators, Mike Rounds and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer, have revived their Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAP) Act, which would directly involve the next President in a process that could reveal Earth is being engaged by advanced non-human intelligence.
This process could reveal that the U.S. Government and defense contractors possess these entities' craft, which are, according to the Act, capable of trans-medium travel, instantaneous acceleration, hypersonic speeds, and positive lift.
If the Act is passed, the President would appoint nine impartial citizens, with Senate consent, to a newly established UAP Records Review Board.
This board would oversee the collection, review, and public disclosure of UAP records and has the authority to examine materials, solicit testimonies, and gather additional witnesses and whistleblowers.
The establishment of the Review Board would prevent government agencies and individuals accused of involvement with illegal UAP programs from investigating and exonerating themselves. This board would eliminate their direct influence over the government's current UAP office, the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), a practice multiple sources have reported to Liberation Times.
The President would also make final decisions regarding the disclosure or postponement of records related to UAP, provide written justifications for any postponements, and ensure the periodic review and declassification of postponed records.
The reintroduction of the Act, intended to be included within the NDAA for fiscal year 2025, could be considered a major rebuke to the AARO, which concluded in February this year that it had ‘found no empirical evidence for claims that the USG and private companies have been reverse-engineering extraterrestrial technology.’
Liberation Times understands that whistleblowers with first-hand knowledge of concealed retrieval and reverse-engineering programs involving advanced non-human intelligence have chosen to engage with Senators Rounds and Schumer, as well as President Biden’s National Security Advisor, Jake Sullivan, rather than approach the AARO.
It is further understood that Sullivan was consulted for both last year’s and this year’s versions of the UAPDA. Although ultimately last year, Liberation Times sources say that Sullivan failed to provide White House backing when the UAPDA faced opposition from the House of Representatives.
Speaking to Liberation Times, Yuan Fung, Executive Director of the UAP Disclosure Fund, which recently launched a petition calling on Senators Rounds and Schumer to continue working on UAP legislation, stated:
“We are extremely pleased that Senators Schumer and Rounds have kept their pledge to continue working towards greater UAP transparency and disclosure. We are also very thankful to the over 10,000 people who signed our petition supporting the inclusion of UAP legislation in the 2025 National Defense Authorization Act.
“Senator Schumer’s office informed us that he has reviewed the petition and is very appreciative of the support. However, this is just the first of several steps required to successfully pass the UAP Disclosure Act into law. In the coming months, it will be crucial to build even more support from the public and within Congress. We look forward to continuing our efforts on both fronts.”
The new UAPDA must first be voted into the Senate’s version of the NDAA for fiscal year 2025.
Following this, it will undergo the conference process, where the Senate and House versions of the NDAA are negotiated and reconciled to form a single, unified bill.
The language seems to be largely replicated from last year’s proposed Act, but the UAP Disclosure Foundation has been omitted as one of the bodies providing recommendations for members of the UAP Records Review Board; although reference to established nonprofit UAP research organisations is included for this role.
This is noteworthy when considering the emergence of such organisations within the previous two years.
The definition of ‘non-human intelligence’ in the Act is defined as ‘any sentient intelligent non-human lifeform regardless of nature or ultimate origin that may be presumed responsible for unidentified anomalous phenomena or of which the Federal Government has become aware.’
Another noteworthy term is ‘technologies of unknown origin’, defined as ‘materials or meta-materials, ejecta, crash debris, mechanisms, machinery, equipment, assemblies or sub-assemblies, engineering models or processes, damaged or intact aerospace vehicles, and damaged or intact ocean-surface and undersea craft associated with unidentified anomalous phenomena or incorporating science and technology that lacks prosaic attribution or known means of human manufacture.’
Liberation Times understands that there are multiple UAP retrieval operations associated with various circumstances and locations, including at sea and in contested territories.
According to sources, these operations heavily involve the CIA’s Directorate of Operations and Directorate of Science and Technology.
In addition to reinstating the Review Board from last year’s UAPDA, the contentious eminent domain clause has also been reinstated.
Multiple sources have told Liberation Times that this clause has caused significant controversy among defense contractors, which are believed to possess technologies of unknown or non-human origin; it is believed that the clause was a large factor leading to the UAPDA’s gutting last year.
Under the plan, any materials or biological evidence of unknown or non-human origin would be subject to the power of eminent domain exercised by the U.S. Federal Government.
This means that companies like Lockheed Martin or any other defense contractor potentially in possession of such materials would be required to surrender them to the Government.
Although there is already a precedent for eminent domain in U.S. law, Senators Rounds and Schumer may need to compromise on this clause if the UAPDA is to be included in the final Senate version, which will go to conference.
Liberation Times understands from multiple sources, including those within Congress, that last year the UAPDA was significantly gutted from the NDAA following fierce resistance from Representative Mike Turner, Chair of the House Intelligence Committee, who sources allege was lobbied heavily by defense contractors.
Following the gutting of last year’s UAPDA Senators Schumer and Rounds dramatically engaged in a colloquy to voice their dissatisfaction, with Schumer stating:
“It's beyond disappointing that the House has refused to work with us on all the important elements of the UAP Disclosure Act during the NDAA conference.”
He later added:
"We've also been notified by multiple credible sources that information on UAPs has also been withheld from Congress, which if true is a violation of laws requiring full notification to the legislative branch, especially as it relates to the four congressional leaders, the defense committees, and the intelligence committees."
The final NDAA for fiscal year 2025 is expected to be signed by President Biden.
Regardless of who wins an increasingly dramatic election contest, if the UAPDA is included in full within the final NDAA, it will be the responsibility of the next President to implement its actions.
It is understood by Liberation Times that figures close to President Biden and his Republican opponent, former President Trump, were involved with the drafting and resurrection of the latest UAPDA.
The new UAPDA was introduced just days after Senator Richard Blumenthal unveiled the Congressional Whistleblower Protection Act, which aims to protect individuals who report information to Congress from retaliation.
This is crucial because, in the face of increasing hostility, Liberation Times understands that whistleblowers have felt increasingly vulnerable.
Senator Blumenthal’s Act includes several key provisions:
Protection for Covered Individuals:Extending protections to employees, former employees, and applicants for employment with federal agencies, contractors, subcontractors, grantees, subgrantees, or personal services contractors.
Administrative Remedies: Allowing aggrieved individuals to seek corrective actions through established administrative channels similar to those for other prohibited personnel practices. This includes employees of the FBI, intelligence community, and contractors.
Private Right of Action: If a final decision on a whistleblower's complaint is not issued within 180 days, the individual can take their case to a federal district court for de novo review. This provision includes various forms of relief such as reinstatement, compensation for lost wages and benefits, and attorney fees.
Burden of Proof: Applying the same burdens of proof used in cases of prohibited personnel practices, ensuring that whistleblowers are fairly treated and that their allegations are seriously considered.
Broad Definition of Federal Agency: Ensuring comprehensive protection for whistleblowers across different areas of Government work by defining a federal agency to include all branches of the Federal Government.
Speaking to Liberation Times, ex-Watergate and Pentagon Papers lawyer Daniel Sheehan, Chief Counsel of the New Paradigm Institute, stated that the new proposed protections can support UAP whistleblowers but said the provisions could go further:
"The New Paradigm Institute congratulates Senator Blumenthal of Connecticut for his July 11th introduction into the United States Senate of his long-awaited General 'Enhanced' Federal Whistleblower Protection Act.
“Senator Blumenthal’s new bill provides new coverage for federal whistleblowers who were previously explicitly excluded from 'Whistleblower Protection' if they held a 'National Security Clearance'. This new provision of federal whistleblower protection to employees of National Intelligence and Defense Department personnel is long overdue.
"However, The New Paradigm Institute has introduced to Congress, on June 30th, a much stronger 'UAP (UFO) Whistleblower-Specific Enhanced Protection Act' exclusively designed to provide additional protections to 'UFO' (or 'UAP')-related federal whistleblowers who attempt to provide UFO or extraterrestrial information to Congress.
"For example, while Senator Blumenthal’s bill does extend very important access to a 'private civil cause of action in Federal Court' on behalf of all federal whistleblowers against any federal employee or official who threatens to 'retaliate' against any federal whistleblower – and does extend this new protection even to federal whistleblowers within the intelligence community and within U.S. defense agencies who have been granted a 'National Security Clearance.'
“The New Paradigm Institute-proposed bill does not require a UFO-related federal whistleblower, even with a national security clearance, to first seek administrative relief before filing such a federal civil lawsuit against any federal employee or official who 'retaliates against' any such UFO-related federal whistleblower who attempts to provide UFO or extraterrestrial information to Congress.
"And the New Paradigm Institute-proposed bill does not require such a UFO-related federal whistleblower to wait 180 days to file such a federal civil lawsuit seeking a federal court injunction against any government employee or official who is planning to – or who has attempted to – 'retaliate' against any UFO-related federal whistleblower who has attempted to inform Congress about any UFO-related secret program, or any secret Defense Department or intelligence agency program that has been concealed from Congress."
Liberation Times understands that the current whistleblower process is fundamentally flawed, with the implementation of existing protections heavily dependent on the competence and willingness of not only the Intelligence Community’s Inspector General but also the Inspectors General of agencies such as the CIA and the National Reconnaissance Office.
These shortcomings highlight the critical need for robust oversight and consistent enforcement across all relevant bodies to ensure that whistleblowers are adequately protected.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
