Lockheed Martin artist concept of Mk21A

(Credit: Lockheed Martin).

The unarmed reentry vehicle was launched from Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, aboard a Minotaur I rocket at 11:01 p.m. Pacific Time.

In a press release, the American aerospace company said the test allowed engineering teams to evaluate several of the Mk21A’s technological capabilities and primary design components. The development of the Mk21A is part of a broader initiative that forms a critical component of the U.S. Air Force’s strategy to modernize its ICBM weapon systems.

“Test launches like these are crucial for protecting our nation’s defense,” said Col. Mark Shoemaker, Commander of Space Launch Delta 30, in a statement following Monday’s launch.

Presently, the Mk21A reentry vehicle represents the cutting-edge ICBM weapon technologies of the future, providing the basis for technologies that are already becoming integral to the U.S.’s deterrent posture.

Jay Watson, vice president of Strategic Reentry at Lockheed Martin, said his company’s more than six decades of involvement in the development of aerospace systems has “demonstrated exceptional performance in reentry technologies and a pioneering digital engineering approach on this program from its beginning.”

“We remain focused on delivering this capability for the warfighter as a trusted partner to the U.S. Air Force for ICBM reentry systems and modernization of the deterrent triad,” Watson said.

Monday’s test was part of an Engineering and Manufacturing Development contract the aerospace company presently has with the Air Force Nuclear Systems Center, based at Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico.

The company says that the data it collected during the test flight will provide potentially crucial information that it will use in the ongoing development and future testing of the Mk21A.

Presently, the reentry vehicle’s development remains on schedule, with assistance from modelling and simulation and the implementation of advanced digital engineering capabilities that have helped Lockheed Martin maintain an economical approach to the system’s development.

The Mk21A’s unique design includes the arming and fuzing subsystem and support elements, which contribute to ensuring the vehicle’s operational performance and overall effectiveness.

“As global threats evolve, it’s essential to support these launches and maintain access to space to safeguard our nation,” Col. Shoemaker said following Monday’s launch.

• Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. He can be reached by email at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow his work at micahhanks.com and on X: @MicahHanks.

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/defense/ }

23-08-2024 om 21:18 geschreven door peter  

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/science/ }

23-08-2024 om 21:06 geschreven door peter  

23-08-2024 om 20:43 geschreven door peter  

A rare landing on the south pole of the moon led to this scientific discovery

There was once a magma-filled ocean on the south pole of the moon, scientists recently discovered after analyzing lunar soil that revealed ancient information about the moon's origin.

The study of soil taken from a less-studied region of the moon suggests the presence of remnants of a former ocean of magma, according to a study published Wednesday in Nature.

• MORE: Climate change is altering the length of days on Earth, according to new research

The researchers analyzed lunar soil extracted from high-latitude regions on the southern portion of the moon -- taken as part of the Chandrayaan-3 mission when India’s Vikram lander module made a historic touchdown near the south pole of the moon in August 2023. The mission is the southern-most landing that has ever taken place on the moon -- a difficult feat considering the lack of sunlight, which can create visibility and communication issues, Anil Bhardwaj, director of Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad and co-author of the study, told ABC News. Most lunar landings, especially human landings, have taken place in the equatorial or low-latitude regions.

India's lunar mission found remnants of a magma ocean on the south pole

The mission embarked the use of new technology -- a particle access spectrometer -- an instrument aboard the rover that was able to make observations and collect data very close to the lunar surface, M. Shanmugam, the lead engineer of the alpha particle X-ray spectrometer at the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad, told ABC News.

The Moon's South Pole.

© NASA GSFC Scientific Visualization Studio

The composition of the soil found on Vikram’s landing site is consistent with an ancient magma ocean, the authors conclude.

When analyzing the soil, the researchers found a relatively uniform elemental composition among 23 measurements at various spots along the lunar surface, primarily containing the rock-type ferroan anorthosite. The spectrum of elements also included all of the major and minor elements of the presence of magma, including sodium, aluminum, magnesium, carbon, silicon, sulfur, potassium, iron, titanium, chromium and manganese, Bhardwaj said.

MORE: The future of space exploration is a transforming, animal-like robot, scientists say

The moon is believed to have formed after a body the size of Mars struck Earth about 4.24 billion years ago, Bhardwaj said. The material that formed as a result of the volatile impact was likely magma that was thrown into space that remained within the Earth's gravitational pull and eventually began forming a planetary-mass object.

The magma ocean is likely to have existed for tens to hundred million years, Santosh Vadawale, a professor in the Physical Research Laboratory and lead author of the study, told ABC News.

Researchers believed the magma disappeared as the moon cooled throughout its formation, hypothesizing that, less dense ferroan anorthosite floated to the lunar surface while heavier minerals sank to form the mantle during the cool-down -- forming the lunar highlands as a result of the floatation of lighter anorthositic rock.

Previous research into the Moon’s geology has primarily relied on samples taken by missions to lunar mid-latitudes, such as the Apollo program, giving scientists a more nuanced look into the history of the moon's formation, according to the paper.

Chandrayaan-3's rover Pragyaan explored the south pole region for 10 days last August

• MORE: Water vapor and temperatures that could support life found on exoplanet, NASA says

While the lunar magma ocean hypothesis has existed for decades, ever since the Apollo mission placed humans on the moon in 1969, the new research has allowed researchers to confirm the evolutionary history of the moon from billions of years ago, Vadawale said.

"Our next mission, we would like to try to go as close as possible to poles, where there are these permanently shadowed regions where there is water is supposed to be there," he said.

{ https://www.msn.com/en-us/channel/topic/ }

23-08-2024 om 18:45 geschreven door peter  

SpaceX’s Polaris Dawn Is Sending Astronauts to a Literal Radiation Belt to Test New Spacesuits

The risky new private space mission will launch on Monday, August 26.

by Kiona Smith

 

The mission is scheduled to launch Monday, August 26 from Kennedy Space Center, sending four astronauts in a SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule (like the one the stranded Starliner crew will ride home in) on a long, narrow orbit that will carry them through the innermost of the Van Allen belts — bands of high-energy radiation that surround our planet — making them the first people to cross the belts in 52 years. Midway through the 5-day mission, two crew members will leave the capsule for the first spacewalk by private astronauts.

Those plans might look like more space billionaire stunts — this is also the age of space tourism, after all — but Isaacman (who will fly on Polaris Dawn as the mission’s commander) insists the Polaris program has real science and technology development goals.

Polaris Dawn Will Test SpaceX’s New EVA Suits

One goal of the Polaris Dawn mission is to test new technology for deep space travel. The mission will be the first flight test of SpaceX’s new pressure suits for extravehicular activities (EVAs), such as spacewalks. Isaacman and mission specialist Sarah Gillis are about to become the first non-government-employed astronauts to ever attempt a spacewalk, but they’re also about to depressurize their spacecraft, open the door, and step outside while wearing spacesuits that have never flown before.

The design is meant to be lighter and more maneuverable than the ones currently in use, and the helmet comes with a heads-up display that shows a mission clock alongside the suit’s pressure, temperature, and humidity. At the moment, neither NASA’s spacesuits nor SpaceX’s current generation “intervehicular activity” (IVA) suits have the heads-up display. Both the IVA suits and the new EVA suits are much less bulky than NASA’s version, but Isaacman and SpaceX claim the EVA suits flying on Polaris Dawn offer more mobility at the joints, and they’re also easier to get into and out of.

SpaceX previously took the new suits to White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico to fire tiny projectiles at them at thousands of miles an hour, arguably the most direct way to test whether the suits could endure strikes from micrometeorites or other tiny bits of orbital debris. Next week’s mission will be their first flight test — and since the mission calls for opening up the whole Crew Dragon cabin to the vacuum of space before Isaacman and Gillis venture outside, it will be a high-stakes test, and it carries more than the usual amount of risk that comes with flying to space.

The four astronauts will also test communications systems using laser links between the Crew Dragon capsule and SpaceX’s (increasingly problematic) constellation of StarLink satellites in low Earth orbit.

What Will Happen During Polaris Dawn’s Spacewalk?

While the spacesuits are very new and Polaris Dawn’s crew are about to be the first non-space-agency astronauts to ever attempt a spacewalk, the method they’ll be using for this test is extremely old-school. The Polaris Dawn spacewalk is going to look almost exactly like the very first American spacewalk back in 1965, except with twice the number of people and much sleeker spacesuits.

Astronauts aboard the International Space Station will breathe pure oxygen for about two hours before a spacewalk, then step into an airlock (a separate room that air can be let in and out of) and then into the vast vacuum of space — leaving the rest of the space station safely sealed and pressurized behind them. But the Crew Dragon capsule doesn’t have an airlock, just a main hatch, so in order to walk in space, the crew will have to open the hatch and expose the whole cabin to vacuum.

Isaacman and Gillis will float out the hatch, tethered to the capsule by umbilical cables that provide life support and keep them tethered to the ship. Pilot Scott Poteet and mission specialist and medical officer Anna Menon will be strapped into their seats, managing the umbilicals and the ship’s systems — but all four of them will be exposed to the unforgiving forces of vacuum, with nothing but their suits and open hatchway between them and eternity. That’s exactly how the crew of Gemini 4 — pilot Edward White and commander James McDivitt — did it 59 years ago, when White became the first American spacewalker.

Spacesuits keep astronauts’ bodies under enough air pressure to survive and function, but the pressure inside an EVA suit will still be very low compared to the normal air pressure in the room you’re sitting in now, or in the Crew Dragon’s cabin.

That’s why astronauts on the ISS spend a couple of hours “pre-breathing” oxygen before an EVA. The goal is to make sure there’s no nitrogen in their bloodstream, so they can avoid a painful and often fatal condition called decompression sickness (DCS), or the bends. Normal air is 78 percent nitrogen, which ends up in our bloodstream when we breathe. That’s not a problem, unless our bodies are suddenly under much lower pressure than normal. Then, it quickly becomes a big problem because all the nitrogen gas mixed with our blood comes fizzing out, like the bubbles in soda bottles when you take the lids off too quickly.

Polaris Dawn’s crew will spend a lot more time pre-breathing. They’ll start as soon as they reach orbit, and for the next two days, they’ll gradually turn the cabin pressure down and the oxygen concentration up. That will force the nitrogen out of their bodies even as they’re adjusting to lower pressure. By day 3, it will be time to open the hatch and hope it worked.

Medical Research in Space

Exploring how the human body responds to the physical weirdness of being in space — changing air pressure, microgravity, and radiation exposure — is another key goal of the Polaris Dawn mission (and pretty much every crewed mission, on some level). During their 5 days in orbit, the crew will gather data for more than 30 experiments on the human body.

When it launches, the Crew Dragon capsule will be carrying samples of human tissues and cells, which researchers at Baylor College of Medicine and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University will compare with their “BioBank” samples here on Earth. The goal is to learn how deep space affects the tissues that make up the human body on a microscopic level, looking for changes on the cellular level.

Other experiments will study bone and muscle loss in microgravity — and test a couple of possible methods to track and prevent them. Still other experiments will study changes to astronauts’ vision, which are believed to be caused by changes in the amount of fluid in astronauts’ heads during spaceflight. The crew will measure the pressure on their eyes with portable ultrasound instruments, tiny sensors in contact lenses, and small cameras that measure the size of astronauts’ pupils.

A couple of other experiments are focused on how exposure to microgravity and cosmic radiation impacts medicines; a NASA study will track whether there are any physical or chemical changes to medicines stored on the Crew Dragon capsule during the flight, while a UTHealth Houston study will measure blood flow in the astronauts’ liver and kidneys (again with portable ultrasound devices) to build digital models of how the human body might process medicines taken during a space flight.

Meanwhile, NASA will be testing a nasal spray for space sickness, a type of motion sickness that happens to people in space. All of these tests will hopefully get us all one step closer to feeling safer and healthier in space.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

23-08-2024 om 17:10 geschreven door peter  

The U.S. Government Set ‘Traps’ to Catch UFOs, Former Pentagon Official Claims

{ https://www.popularmechanics.com/ }

23-08-2024 om 16:56 geschreven door peter  

True Story of a Man who Worked for the CIA: He was Tasked with Viewing Jupiter and Made Wild Claims that Later Came True.

This is the true story of a man who was part of a secret government program. As a CIA psychic informant, he was tasked with viewing Jupiter and the far side of the Moon. He made wild claims about Jupiter, and they later came true…

INGO SWANN (1933-2013) was internationally known as an advocate and researcher of the exceptional powers of the human mind and as a leading figure in governmental and scientific projects to investigate and identify the scope of subtle human perceptions.

In the 1970s, Ingo was involved in remote viewing experiments established by the U.S. Army and the CIA in collaboration with the Stanford Research Institute. This clandestine initiative — code-named Project Stargate — later became the basis for the movie The Men Who Stare at Goats, starring George Clooney and Jeff Bridges. (Source)

For Stargate, Ingo and a group of psychics used their abilities to spy on Russia from Palo Alto, California, even remotely discovering a downed Soviet spy plane under a jungle canopy in the African country of Zaire after the U.S. Department of Defense had deemed it lost.

Ingo’s various remote views of celestial bodies included: Jupiter (1973), Mercury (1974), the Moon (1975), and Mars (1975, 1976, and 1984). Selected information on these sessions is provided below. More can be found in his archives at the University of West Georgia.

In 1973, most scientists, academics, and media strongly opposed research into parapsychology or psychoenergetics. So, it was surprising when the country’s second-largest think tank started researching these topics. This caused a big reaction because the think tank, SRI, was highly respected and connected to the military and intelligence communities.

The idea of controlled remote viewing was a process in which viewers could view a location given nothing but its geographical coordinates and was developed and tested by Puthoff and Targ with CIA funding.

The experiment was controlled by Harold Puthoff and according to the account, during the experiment; Swann using the power of his thought visited the distant planet. The experiment was dated April 27, 1973.

According to Ingo, in the space to the right of the room, he could see Jupiter, remotely located many millions of miles away. (Source)

He could see how it was shining with a blinding light. He could look at it from all directions of his mind’s eye. At first, everything was seen in miniature and then everything was suddenly expanded.

“These visions are inside me, then outside. There is a yellow cast to space and seeming dark objects show through it. Can they be other moons of contrasting colors or densities? The impressions come to me that there are 17, some yet undiscovered by earth scientists, much closer to Jupiter, and the feeling also comes that some of them have been and are being spawned by the conclusive, volcanic action in the interior..,” Swann said, according to the document.”

Ingo also “saw” rings around Jupiter, but, he said that they were not as noticeable as that of Saturn. (Source)

Later, in 1979, the space probe Voyager confirmed the existence of the Jovian ring system; however, the hypothesis of its existence was put forward by the Soviet astronomer Sergey Vsehsvatskiy in the 1960s.

Perhaps, it was Swann who earlier provided the CIA with information regarding ancient civilizations on Mars. The Stargate project was launched in 1970 after the CIA stated that the Soviet Union reportedly spent more than $1 million a year on research into Psychotronics.

This experiment has been ridiculed by skeptics, who often haven’t reviewed its details. There are two key points that skeptics overlook: first, the Jupiter Probe was just an exploratory experiment, not a claim of any findings; second, it had prestigious sponsorship and scientific oversight.

The experiment’s focus on remote sensing of a distant planet was seen as radical, challenging not only mainstream academic views but also the usual practices in parapsychology.

Six of these thirteen factors were given scientific substantiation by 1975. Before Jupiter’s ring was “scientifically” discovered in 1979, most scientists flatly denounced the possibility of the RING. (Source)

In February 1975, he was contacted by a certain highly-placed figure from Washington, DC, who guardedly told Swann that he, Swann, would soon be receiving a telephone call from the aforementioned Mr. Axelrod

Ingo quickly agreed to a mysterious, last-minute meeting, despite feeling concerned. He met a man who resembled a Marine, exchanged brief formalities, and was then driven to a helicopter. Blindfolded for a 30-minute flight, Swann was taken to what seemed like a secret underground location. Once there, he met a man named Mr. Axelrod, who admitted the name was fake, adding to the secrecy of the situation.

Axelrod quickly got to the main point, asking Ingo many questions about remote viewing. He also made it clear that he wanted to use Swann’s skills for a secret mission and offered a large sum of money. It was an offer Swann couldn’t refuse, and he didn’t.

Read also:

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• Ex-Pentagon Official & Jacques Vallée Suggest Higher-Dimensional Beings Crossing Into Our World

Axelrod then asked Ingo what he knew about the Moon, revealing the true purpose of their meeting. Someone in the government wanted the Moon to be remote-viewed, and Swann agreed to do it.

When Ingo began his work, he was shocked by what he saw. His mind focused on an image of a massive tower on the Moon, similar in size to the United Nations Secretariat Building. Swann was told that this structure wasn’t made by humans but by mysterious extraterrestrials. However, no one knew where they came from.

In later remote-viewing sessions, Ingo saw many unusual things on the Moon. He described domed structures, advanced machines, tall towers, large cross-shaped structures, and strange tubes spread across the landscape. He also saw signs of what looked like mining operations. It seemed that someone, or something, had secretly built a base on the Moon.

Ingo also focused on a group of people on the Moon who looked human. They were inside some kind of enclosure and were digging into a cliff. The strange thing was that they were all completely naked.

Suddenly, Axelrod, who was overseeing the experiment, stopped it. He hinted that the beings on the Moon might have noticed they were being watched and that Ingo could be in serious danger if they decided to confront him.

Axelrod asked Ingo if he knew a man named George Leonard. Ingo said no, he didn’t know him.

At the same time, Axelrod was asking him to investigate strange things on the Moon. Meanwhile, George Leonard was writing a book called “Somebody Else is on the Moon”.

In 1977, Leonard’s book was published. It talked about strange structures on the Moon, which was exactly what Axelrod was worried about —strange, possibly man-made structures on the Moon.

Ingo and Axelrod had several secretive meetings about strange events on the Moon. These meetings, which felt almost like a spy movie, ended suddenly in 1977, leaving Swann confused.

He wondered if he had psychically seen an advanced base on the Moon built by extraterrestrials. However, since the people he “saw” there looked like naked humans, he also considered it might be a secret Earth-based installation that Axelrod wanted to investigate.

The mystery remains unsolved, but there are more questions. The idea of aliens secretly using our Moon brings to mind similar claims about aliens on Earth.

In the 1997 book Remote Viewers, Jim Schnabel shared a story about the U.S. Intelligence community’s involvement in psychic spying, which started in the 1970s.

One remote viewer, Pat Price, believed that Alaska’s Mount Hayes housed one of the largest alien bases. He claimed the aliens looked human but had different hearts, lungs, blood, and eyes, and could control people through thought. Price also mentioned that this base caused problems for both U.S. and Soviet space missions.

{ https://www.howandwhys.com/ }

23-08-2024 om 16:46 geschreven door peter  

Footage Of UFO Landing At Holloman AFB With Aliens Walking Out Exists, Producer Told James Fox

There is a UFO/alien controversy surrounding Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico, where one of three UFOs allegedly landed in May 1971. The incident has been recently discussed by “Moment of Contact” filmmaker James Fox, who says the full video of the UFO landing exists, including the alien entities walking out of the craft.

However, as it is so often in such cases, instead of the government releasing a film of the entire incident to author/filmmaker Robert Emenegger as promised, it only released 8 seconds of this special footage that ultimately made it into the film. Holloman Air Force Base is the United States Air Force base established in 1942 and located six miles southwest of the central business district of Alamogordo, New Mexico.

The story begins in 1971 when Emenegger and producer/director Allan Sandler were invited by US intelligence to Norton Air Force Base in California to discuss the significant UFO phenomenon that had occurred previously and create a documentary film about it.

Apparently, Mr. Fox recalls the Holloman incident on Julian Dorey Podcast, published on February 25, 2023. He says that he interviewed Sandler and Emenegger about it and they as well believe the UFO landing film footage exists. He points out this happened not far from Socorro, where Lonnie Zamora had his famous sighting roughly a year prior of a similarly shaped “tic tac” white craft and beings walking around the UFO.

There is no official record of the reason why the US government allowed giving secret UFO footage for a documentary film. It is believed that the administration of President Nixon did it to look strong in the science field for the upcoming 1972 re-election campaign.

Emenegger said that he was promised by the USAF officials to get the authentic UFO landing footage that happened at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico in 1971. It showed the alien visitors emerging out of the craft that met with the US military. Even though Emenegger was skeptical about it, the Air Force assured him that the footage was authentic.

One of the military’s officials named Paul Shartle, who was in charge of the audio-video department, said in a 1988 national television broadcast with Mike Farrell that he had watched the 16mm film of three disc-shaped craft. One of them landed and the others flew away.

“I saw footage of three disc-shaped crafts one of the crafts landed and two of them went away. It appeared to be in trouble because it oscillated all the way down to the ground. However, it did land on three pods, a sliding door open a ramp was extended, and out came three aliens. They were human-sized. They had an odd gray complexion and a pronounced nose. They wore tight-fitting jumpsuits, thin headdresses that appeared to be communication devices, and their hands in their hands they held a translator I was told.”

Mr. Fox revealed on the podcast that Allan Sandler told him on the phone call that he had seen three discs escorted by a military jet. “He was not sure of the altitude, but he estimated that they were at roughly 10 to 12,000 feet,” Mr. Fox said. He continued: “Paul Shartle (One of the military’s officials at Norton Air Force Base in California who was in charge of the audio-video department) admitted that he had seen it and that it was not of Earth origin.”

Sandler told Mr. Fox that two of the discs peeled away while one wobbled to the ground. He said it was like a leaf floating down from the sky, and it looked like it was in trouble. Mr. Fox said that the wobbling movement was similar to the footage he had seen of a UFO before. He does not think that Allan knew how the UFO hovered. The disc eventually went to the ground.

“He said James, just like in a sci-fi movie, the seamless door opens and out come these beings that had very large noses, slits for mouths, and their eyes were almost like a vertical slit, like a cat’s eye, very, very big. They had… I’m just like… I [Fox] need to make this abundantly clear to your audience. I’m not saying what’s true or what’s not true, or if it happened or if it’s alien or whatever it is. I’m just telling you what I was told by people who saw it, and claimed to have seen it. They came out and they met with the base commanders, and then they either got into a Jeep or were about to get into a Jeep or do something and then the film footage just cuts.”

Emenegger claimed that he personally visited the landing site and inspected the area where the extraterrestrial craft had been stored, and that the US military and the alien visitors had held meetings that lasted for several days.

Additionally, Emenegger’s production team was granted access to highly classified documents at DoD facilities, and they received assistance from military officials who had expertise in UFO-related matters, such as Col. William Coleman of Project Blue Book and Col. George Weinbrenner, who headed Foreign Technology at Wright Patterson Air Force Base.

Paul Shartle, who showed the footage to Allan Sandler, faced some men in dark suits that showed up from an unknown location and warned him not to speak of the incident. They confiscated the footage, stating that it was not supposed to have happened. Sandler did not inform Emenegger for over 40 years.

Emenegger completed extensive research and film production only to feel cheated when the authorization to use real footage was withdrawn. Despite this setback, he went ahead and released his documentary “UFOs: Past, Present, and Future,” which was nominated for a Golden Globe in 1974. The documentary was groundbreaking because it provided information from the Department of Defense (DoD).

The United States Air Force (USAF) required Emenegger to add animated footage of the alleged Holloman UFO landing. According to Emenegger, some frames from the original footage were used during the editing stage with USAF authorization, which was not entirely missing from the frames. The viewers spotted a genuine bright disc coming down slowly in the distance against the backdrop of Holloman’s surrounding landscape.

David Cameron, a UFO researcher, shared in an interview that he was involved in confirming that the Pentagon was not covering up UFO sightings. He recounted the story of the Holloman Air Force Base film, where the government allowed producers to use eight seconds of footage of a landed alien ship in a documentary, but the classified part where an alien got out was removed.

Mr. Fox explains that the point of the story is that there is compelling evidence of an event occurring involving an unidentified object and that there may be film footage of the incident. Despite the existence of this evidence, the story has been overshadowed by other sensational claims, such as secret meetings between President Eisenhower and aliens.

While it is unclear what exactly happened, there is substance to the story and it should not be dismissed outright. However, the addition of other claims has muddied the waters and made it difficult to investigate the case of the president making contact with extraterrestrial life.

 { https://www.howandwhys.com/ }

23-08-2024 om 01:51 geschreven door peter  

“For the first time, we have shown that even a tiny fraction of cellular material could be identified by a mass spectrometer onboard a spacecraft,” said lead author Fabian Klenner, a University of Washington (UW) postdoctoral researcher in Earth and space sciences. “Our results give us more confidence that using upcoming instruments, we will be able to detect lifeforms similar to those on Earth, which we increasingly believe could be present on ocean-bearing moons.”

Oceans Beneath Surface of Icy Moons are Ideal Targets for Alien Lifeforms

While the search for life outside Earth has many targets, including the soil of Mars or the clouds of Venus, astrobiologists are increasingly optimistic about finding signs of past and present alien lifeforms within the subsurface oceans of the solar system’s icy moons. Along with Europa, these targets include Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Those hopes received even more fuel when researchers recently found evidence of phosphate on the surface of Enceladus.

The researchers explain, “This planetary body now appears to contain energy, water, phosphate, other salts, and carbon-based organic material, making it increasingly likely to support lifeforms similar to those found on Earth.”

This image shows red streaks across the surface of Europa, the smallest of Jupiter’s four large moons. The upcoming Europa Clipper mission will send instruments to investigate this moon.

Credit: NASA/JPL/Galileo

In the decade since NASA’s Cassini mission detected plumes of water and ice being ejected by Enceladus, mission planners and amateur enthusiasts alike have theorized about how such a life-hunting mission might actually take place. While some of the more exotic proposals include mini submarines or a snakelike probe that can crawl down into those subsurface oceans, the most popular involves flying a sample mission through those ejected plumes and scanning them for clues to alien lifeforms.

Now, an international team of researchers says instruments that might be included on upcoming missions should not only be able to detect signs of alien lifeforms, but they believe the conditions are ideal for such a finding as soon as the Europa Clipper.

Lab Study Shows Instruments Could Spot Signs of Life in a Single Grain of Ice

To see if instruments slated to join future missions would be able to detect signs of life in the plumes ejected from Enceladus and Europa, the UW research team selected a type of bacteria called Sphingopyxis alaskensis for study. That’s because this particular bacterium lives in cold environments on Earth and can survive on very little nutrients, making it a likelier analog of extraterrestrial bacteria that may thrive beneath the surface of these icy moons. The researchers also say this bacterium is just the right size for future probes to spot within a single grain of ice.

“They are extremely small, so they are, in theory, capable of fitting into ice grains that are emitted from an ocean world like Enceladus or Europa,” Klenner said.

After coming up with a lab experiment that would best simulate the conditions a future mission might experience these ejected ice grains, the team used a mass spectrometer to see if they could spot the life signs of their chosen bacterium in a single grain of ice. Significantly, they note that their instrument was less sensitive than the one planned for the Europa Clipper.

As hoped, their study was a success. An analysis of water injected into a vacuum showed that the right instruments could indeed detect alien lifeforms as they were ejected from Enceladus or Europa. In fact, the scientists behind the successful experiments say searching for life in this method “is more successful than averaging across a larger sample containing billions of individual grains.”

Instrument on NASA’s Europa Clipper Mission May Be First to Discover Alien Lifeforms

In their published study, the UW researchers supplemented their experiments by looking at the conditions on Earth that cause bacteria to collect on the ocean’s surface and cause a layer of “ocean scum.” They soon realized that a similar set of conditions likely exists on the surface of these extraterrestrial oceans. As a result, any subsurface water ejected into space would likely capture pieces of alien lifeforms and encapsulate them within grains of space ice, where NASA’s instruments could detect them.

“We here describe a plausible scenario for how bacterial cells can, in theory, be incorporated into icy material that is formed from liquid water on Enceladus or Europa and then gets emitted into space,” Klenner said.

Although they are not directly involved with the planning of NASA’s missions, the team notes that NASA’s Europa Clipper, thanks to its unique instrumentation, could be perfectly equipped to find alien lifeforms living beyond Earth.

“With suitable instrumentation, such as the SUrface Dust Analyzer on NASA’s Europa Clipper space probe, it might be easier than we thought to find life, or traces of it, on icy moons:” said senior author Frank Postberg, a professor of planetary sciences at the Freie Universität Berlin, “if life is present there, of course, and cares to be enclosed in ice grains originating from an environment such as a subsurface water reservoir.”

•  Christopher Plain is a Science Fiction and Fantasy novelist and Head Science Writer at The Debrief. Follow and connect with him on X, learn about his books at plainfiction.com, or email him directly at christopher@thedebrief.org.

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/space/ }

23-08-2024 om 01:35 geschreven door peter  

The ionosphere, a layer of the Earth’s atmosphere extending from about 50 to 400 miles above the surface, is a region where solar radiation ionizes atmospheric particles, creating a plasma of charged particles. 

This layer plays a crucial role in long-distance radio communications, as it can reflect radio waves back to Earth. However, GOLD’s new observations have shown formations that challenge current scientific models.

Observations from NASA’s GOLD mission shows charged particles in the ionosphere forming an X shape on Oct. 7, 2019. (The colors indicate the intensity of the ultraviolet light emitted, with yellow and white indicating the strongest emission, or highest ionospheric density.) 

(Image credit: F. Laskar et al.)

“A unique phenomenon—A geomagnetically quiet time merging of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) crests, leading to an X-pattern (EIA-X) around the magnetic equator—has been observed in the night-time ionospheric measurements by the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk mission,” researchers wrote in the study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics.

Observations of these distinctive X-pattern structures had previously been noted only during geomagnetic disturbances, such as after solar storms or volcanic eruptions. However, these new sightings during geomagnetically calm conditions suggest that unknown processes from the lower atmosphere can affect the ionosphere, presenting a new scientific mystery.

Computer simulations showed that these bizarre X-shaped equatorial ionization anomalies are generated during pre-sunset hours and persist until after sunset at local times. 

Models also propose that these X-shapes may develop when changes in the lower atmosphere draw plasma downward. However, this hypothesis requires further investigation. 

Images from NASA's GOLD mission show C-shaped and reverse-C-shaped plasm

“The X is odd because it implies that there are far more localized driving factors,” Dr. Jeffrey Klenzing, a scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center who studies the ionosphere, said in a statement. “This is expected during the extreme events, but seeing it during ‘quiet time’ suggests that the lower atmosphere activity is significantly driving the ionospheric structure.”

Additionally, GOLD identified C-shaped and reverse-C-shaped plasma bubbles near each other. C-shaped plasma bubbles are typically long and straight and form along magnetic field lines. However, on several occasions, GOLD found these structures a mere 400 miles apart, implying that strong turbulence or vortex-like activity in the lower atmosphere influences the ionosphere. 

This discovery of closely linked C-shaped bubbles offers further evidence that more complex dynamics are at work in the Earth’s atmosphere than is currently understood. 

Dr. Deepak Karan, a research scientist at the University of Colorado’s Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) and author of a 2023 study on these mysterious C-shaped bubbles, highlighted the significance of these recent discoveries. 

“Within that close proximity, these two opposite-shaped plasma bubbles had never been thought of, never been imaged,” Dr. Karan said. “To have wind patterns change course in such a small area suggests some sort of strong turbulence — like a vortex, wind shear, or tornado-like activity — is likely at play in the atmosphere.”

“The fact that we have very different shapes of bubbles this close together tells us that the dynamics of the atmosphere is more complex than we expected,“ Dr. Klenzing added.

GOLD’s findings are notable for their clarity and consistency, thanks to the satellite’s geostationary orbit, which allows it to continuously monitor the same region of the Earth. This extended observation capability has enabled scientists to detect the persistent nature of these X- and C-shaped structures.

Since its launch in 2018, GOLD has only recorded two instances of C-shaped atmospheric structures being closely paired. Researchers say the bizarre X-shape anomaly has been detected “very clearly on one occasion and to some extent on other six occasions, during geomagnetically quiet periods.“ This suggests that this mysterious phenomenon, which researchers likened to atmospheric “alphabet soup,” is extremely rare. 

Nevertheless, these findings are significant as they could impact our understanding of how the ionosphere interacts with communication and navigation signals, which can be disrupted by such plasma structures. 

The presence of strong turbulence or localized disturbances in the ionosphere can lead to signal loss or degradation. Our reliance on technologies that depend on stable ionospheric conditions, such as GPS and satellite communications, makes understanding these influences increasingly critical.

Likewise, the mission’s findings underscore the complexity of the Earth’s atmosphere and the need for continued research to understand the various factors that influence its behavior. 

NASA says ongoing observations by GOLD, alongside data from other heliophysics missions, are expected to provide more insights into these phenomena. Scientists hope to use this information to shed more light on these enigmatic structures and their implications for our technological world.

Researchers concluded their recent study by noting, “A comprehensive understanding of the dynamics during the pre- to post-sunset period will not only advance our knowledge of the ionosphere’s response to external (lower atmospheric or geomagnetic) drivers but also plays a crucial role in the development of space weather forecasting capability.”

NASA scientists have discovered some unusual shapes high up in the Earth’s ionosphere, which is a layer stretching from 50 to 400 miles above the planet.

Normally, the ionosphere can get electrically charged, especially when influenced by space weather.

In addition to the X shapes, scientists have also found C-shaped bubbles in the ionosphere. These shapes can appear close to each other, indicating that the dynamics of the atmosphere are more complex than previously thought.

• Tim McMillan is a retired law enforcement executive, investigative reporter and co-founder of The Debrief. His writing typically focuses on defense, national security, the Intelligence Community and topics related to psychology. You can follow Tim on Twitter: @LtTimMcMillan.  Tim can be reached by email: tim@thedebrief.org or through encrypted email: LtTimMcMillan@protonmail.com 

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/space/ }

23-08-2024 om 01:16 geschreven door peter  

LINK VIDEOS

• https://youtu.be/tNok1SexGA8

• https://youtu.be/B5Mdht_mcX8

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/  }

22-08-2024 om 23:40 geschreven door peter  

"Vreemde" talen bestaan niet meer dankzij deze slimme Japanse innovatie.

Het spreken van een vreemde taal is een gewilde vaardigheid vanwege de binnenlandse culturele diversiteit en het aantal bedrijven dat zaken doet in het buitenland. Vreemde talenkennis kan je aan een baan helpen door je kwalificaties te verbeteren.

Het maakt niet uit of je maatschappelijk werker bent, geneeskunde beoefent, internationaal zaken doet, talen onderwijst/leert of gewoon naar het buitenland reist - de mogelijkheid om klanten in hun eigen taal aan te spreken en met hen te communiceren is een enorm voordeel.

Niet meertalig?

Gelukkig hebben twee beroemde Japanse uitvinders het vertalen van talen naar een hoger niveau getild en een instant vertaler gemaakt die luistert naar de naam Poliglu. Deze kan gemakkelijk spraak in realtime vertalen in meer dan 36 talen met slechts een paar vingertikken.

Je hoeft dus geen andere taal te kennen of te leren om erin te kunnen communiceren. Moeilijkheden, veroorzaakt door taalbarrières, behoren binnenkort tot het verleden! Wat kan er beter zijn dan dit?

Ontdek het in de praktijk!

Waarom dit kleine gadget zo bijzonder is?

• Directe communicatie in een andere taal

Een nieuwe taal leren vergt maanden en zelfs jaren van toegewijde studie. Poliglu kan je onmiddellijk in een communicatieve meester veranderen!

• Eerlijke en redelijke prijs

Poliglu is goedkoop. Een ervaren professionele vertaler of tolk kan duur zijn, en je moet meerdere keren betalen. Poliglu vereist slechts een eenmalige betaling voor een uitgebreide selectie talen.

• Rembours: 100% risicovrij

Koop geen kat in een zak! Poliglu heeft een uiterst handige optie voor levering onder rembours. Je hoeft helemaal niets te betalen als je online bestelt, wat het kopen van Poliglu extreem veilig maakt (je hoeft geen gevoelige informatie in te voeren). Je kan het artikel bij aflevering inspecteren en contant betalen - kan het nog handiger dan dit?

• Comfortabel en gebruiksvriendelijk

Met zijn lichtgewicht ontwerp en kleine formaat is Poliglu gemakkelijk mee te nemen in elke zak of tas en is het daar wanneer het nodig is. Vandaar de naam "draagbare spraakvertaler" die je elke dag zal willen gebruiken!

• Perfecte geluidskwaliteit

Het is comfortabel te gebruiken op drukke plaatsen, omdat het geluid luid genoeg is om duidelijk gehoord te worden.

• Ondersteunt meer dan 36 talen

De ingebouwde geavanceerde technologie kan een vertaling in beide richtingen ondersteunen. Bovendien is er ook een tekstvertaling beschikbaar.

Waarom maakt dit het leven zoveel gemakkelijker?

Hoewel Poliglu voornamelijk werd gemaakt voor reizigers, begon het massaal aan populariteit te winnen onder mensen met verschillende beroepen. Plots werd het een onmisbaar apparaat!

Wat ons verbaasde, is dat steeds meer sociale/hulpverleners en vrijwilligers kiezen voor Poliglu om hun werk te vergemakkelijken.

We vroegen mensen die de Poliglu vertaler hebben gebruikt om uitleg over hoe het voor hen werkt. Uit de resultaten bleek dat mensen de kwaliteit van hun werk drastisch hebben verbeterd nadat ze de Poliglu vertaler hadden aangeschaft.

Zou jij er ook één moeten aanschaffen?

Taalbarrière mag niet langer je bezorgdheid zijn, dus het antwoord is zeker JA! En dit is het beste moment om het te doen, want Poliglu vertalers kunnen binnenkort uit voorraad raken door hun wereldwijde populariteit.

Wil je in staat zijn gedurende een week of twee in een nieuw land uit de voeten te kunnen? Moet je met nieuwe vrienden of familieleden kunnen communiceren in hun moedertaal? Of moet je een taal voldoende beheersen om voltijds in een vreemd land te kunnen werken?

Welnu, Poliglu kan al die dingen leveren en nog veel meer!

Voor alle duidelijkheid: doe het zolang ze nog een superhandige en risicoloze optie voor rembours aanbieden. Ik voelde me VEEL veiliger bij het betalen voor dit handige hebbedingetje bij ontvangst en omdat ik NIET mijn gevoelige creditcardgegevens in een andere webwinkel hoefde in te voeren. Meer verkopers zouden zo'n handige optie moeten bieden. Gewoon een handige tip voor jou.

{ https://get-poliglu.com/poliglu/product? }

22-08-2024 om 23:23 geschreven door peter  

In 1977, Big Ear detected a peculiar signal that’s taken on a life of its own: the Wow! Signal. The Wow! Signal was a strong narrowband radio signal right near the frequency of neutral hydrogen. The Big Ear telescope is long gone now, but the effort to understand what the signal is lives on.

The signal lasted the full 72-second window in which Big Ear was able to observe it. A few days later, astronomer Jerry R. Ehman was looking over the data when he saw the signal on a computer printout. Astronomers had never seen anything like it, and he wrote “Wow!” beside it, and the name has stuck ever since.

The signal has another name: 6EQUJ5. This has been interpreted as a message hidden in the signal, but it really represents how the signal’s intensity varied over time.

The signal generated a lot of excitement. Some thought it was extraterrestrial in origin, some thought it could come from some type of human-generated interference, and some thought it could be from an unexplained natural phenomenon.

New research shows that the Wow! Signal has an entirely natural explanation.

The research is “Arecibo Wow! I: An Astrophysical Explanation for the Wow! Signal.” The lead author is Abel Méndez from the Planetary Habitability Laboratory at the University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo. It’s available at the pre-print server arxiv.org.

Arecibo Wow! is a new effort based on an archival study of data from the now-defunct Arecibo Radio Telescope from 2017 to 2020. The observations from Arecibo are similar to those from Big Ear but “are more sensitive, have better temporal resolution, and include polarization measurements,” according to the authors.

“Our latest observations, made between February and May 2020, have revealed similar narrowband signals near the hydrogen line, though less intense than the original Wow! Signal,” said Méndez.

Arecibo detected signals similar to the Wow! signal but with some differences. They’re far less intense and come from multiple locations. The authors say these signals are easily explained by an astrophysical phenomenon and that the original Wow! signal is, too.

“We hypothesize that the Wow! Signal was caused by sudden brightening from stimulated emission of the hydrogen line due to a strong transient radiation source, such as a magnetar flare or a soft gamma repeater (SGR),” the researchers write. Those events are rare and rely on precise conditions and alignments. They can cause clouds of hydrogen to brighten considerably for seconds or even minutes.

The researchers say that what Big Ear saw in 1977 was the transient brightening of one of several H1 (neutral hydrogen) clouds in the telescope’s line of sight. The 1977 signal was similar to what Arecibo saw in many respects. “The only difference between the signals observed in Arecibo and the Wow! Signal is their brightness. It is precisely the similarity between these spectra that suggests a mechanism for the origin of the mysterious signal,” the authors write.

These signals are rare because the spatial alignment between source, cloud, and observer is rare. The rarity of alignment explains why detections are so rare.

The researchers were able to identify the clouds responsible for the signal but not the source. Their results suggest that the source is much more distant than the clouds that produce the hydrogen signal. “Given the detectability of the clouds as demonstrated in our data, this insight could enable precise location of the signal’s origin and permit continuous monitoring for subsequent events,” the researchers explain.

The Wow! Signal was originally interpreted as a technosignature by many. By explaining where the signal came from, this research outlines a new source of false positives.

“Our hypothesis explains all observed properties of the Wow! Signal, proposes a new source of false positives in technosignature searches, and suggests that the Wow! Signal could be the first recorded event of an astronomical maser flare in the hydrogen line,” the authors explain in their conclusion.

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

22-08-2024 om 21:12 geschreven door peter  

For their study, Peña-Asensio and his colleagues relied on data obtained by the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids (LICIACube), which accompanied the DART mission and witnessed the kinetic impact test. This data allowed the team to constrain the initial conditions of the ejecta, including its trajectories and velocities – ranging from a few tens of meters per second to about 500 m/s (1800 km/h; ~1120 mph). The team then used the supercomputers at NASA’s Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF) to simulate what will become of the ejecta.

These simulations tracked the 3 million particles created by the DART mission’s impact with Dimorphos. As Peña-Asensio told Universe Today via email:

“LICIACube provided crucial data on the shape and direction of the ejecta cone immediately following the collision. In our simulation, the particles ranged in size from 10 centimeters to 30 micrometers, with the lower range representing the smallest sizes capable of producing observable meteors on Earth with current technology. The upper range was limited by the fact that only ejected centimeter-sized fragments were observed.”

Their results indicated that some of these particles would reach Earth and Mars within a decade or more, depending on how fast they traveled after the impact. For example, particles ejected at velocities below 500 m/s could reach Mars in about 13 years, whereas those ejected at velocities exceeding 1.5 km/s (5,400 km/h; 3,355 mph) could reach Earth in as little as seven years. However, their simulations indicated that it will likely be up to 30 years before any of this ejecta is observed on Earth.

“However, these faster particles are expected to be too small to produce visible meteors, based on early observations,” said Peña-Asensio. “Nevertheless, ongoing meteor observation campaigns will be critical in determining whether DART has created a new (and human-created) meteor shower: the Dimorphids. Meteor observing campaigns in the coming decades will have the last word. If these ejected Dimorphos fragments reach Earth, they will not pose any risk. Their small size and high speed will cause them to disintegrate in the atmosphere, creating a beautiful luminous streak in the sky.”

Peña-Asensio and his colleagues also note that future Mars observation missions will have the opportunity to witness Martian meteors as fragments of Didymos burn up in its atmosphere. In the meantime, their study has provided the potential characteristics these and any future meteors burning up in our atmosphere will have. This includes direction, velocity, and the time of the year they will arrive, allowing any “Dimorphids” to be clearly identified. This is part of what makes the DART mission and its companion missions unique.

In addition to validating a key strategy for planetary defense, DART has also provided an opportunity to model how ejecta caused by impacts could someday reach Earth and other bodies in the Solar System. As Michael Küppers, the Project Scientist of the ESA’s Hera mission and co-author of the paper, told Universe Today via email:

“A unique aspect of the DART mission is that it is a controlled impact experiment, i.e., an impact where the impactor properties (size, shape, mass, velocity) are accurately known. Thanks to the Hera mission, we will also know the target properties well, including those of the DART impact site. Data about the ejecta came from LICIACube and earth-based observations after the impact. There is probably no other impact on a planetary scale with that much information about the impactor, the target, and the ejecta formation and early development. This allows us to test and improve our models and scaling laws of the impact process and ejecta evolution. Those data provide the input data (source location, size, and velocity distribution) used by the ejecta evolution models.”

Further

• Reading: arXiv

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

22-08-2024 om 21:10 geschreven door peter  

While a NASA probe heads for an asteroid known as Psyche, telescopes have been probing it to prepare for the arrival. Data from the James Webb Space Telescope has found something quite unexpected on the surface – hydrated molecules and maybe even water! The origin of the water is cause for much speculation, maybe it came from under the surface or from chemical interactions with the solar wind! 

Asteroid Psyche was discovered in 1852 by the Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis. It was named after the Greek goddess of the soul who was born mortal and married Eros. It measures 225 km across and is one of the most massive objects in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Most of the asteroids in the belt are composed of rock and ice but Psyche seems to be different being largely composed of metals, perhaps the exposed core of a protoplanet that lost its outer layers. Psyche is of immense interest to study because it provides an opportunity to study planetary cores which are usually inaccessible. 

Aptly named Psyche, the probe launched by NASA has already started its 3.5 billion km journey to the asteroid, due to arrive in August 2029. With its solar panels deployed, the probe measures 25 metres by 7.3 metres, about the size of a tennis court. It has a mass of 2,747 kg and is powered by five solar panel arrays. Once arrived at Psyche they can generate about 3 kilowatts of power.

While the probe is enroute, telescopes on Earth and in space have been exploring Psyche. Observations in different wavelengths of light have provided information that will aid and support the data collected by the Psyche spacecraft. The study was led by Dr. Stephanie Jarmak from the Southwest Research Institute and it was their observations that confirmed the hydroxyl molecules on the surface. 

The data, which was collected using the James Webb Space Telescope revealed the telltale signs of hydroxyl but stopped short of explaining where they came from. There are two possible explanations and we can look to the origin of asteroids to understand them. They are the leftovers from the formation of planets and their make up is determined by the location in the solar nebula from which they formed. If the hydroxyl formed locally without interference from external process then it might suggest that Psyche is not a planetary core remnant.  It might be that Psyche simply formed at a distance that volatile compounds like water condense to form solids like ice before migrating. 

An alternative model explains the variability of the molecule distribution across the surface. This might indicate that impacts from carbonaceous chondrites (like the meteorites often found on Earth) could have provided the water molecules that have been observed. 

It seems that for now, we will have to wait until the arrival of the Psyche spacecraft in 2029 to unravel the mystery. If we can get a better understanding of the origin of the asteroid Psyche it will help us to learn more about the distribution of elements in the nebula that the planets formed from. In particular, understanding more about the distribution of water will help us to develop a better insight to the origins of life. 

Source : 

• SwRI-Ked Team Finds Evidence of Hydration on Psyche

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

22-08-2024 om 21:00 geschreven door peter  

One way to diagnose the composition of interstellar space trash, like the anomalous interstellar object `Oumuamua, is by using the hot Sun to vaporize them. Suppose their trajectories are not maneuvered by artificial propulsion like the Parker Solar Probe. In that case, the rate of interstellar “Sun-divers” can be calculated from the statistics of interstellar objects near Earth.

The rate of Sun-divers is significant – not just because the Sun is 110 times bigger than Earth but also because of gravitational focusing. The gravitational potential at the surface of the Sun is deeper by a factor of 210 compared to its value at the Earth-Sun separation. A similar factor characterizes the ratio between the square of the escape speed from the surface of the Sun and the square of the characteristic speed of interstellar objects.

Taking account of gravitational focusing, I calculated in a paper with my former postdoc John Forbes that `Oumuamua-like objects would collide with the Sun once every 30 years. `Oumuamua had a diameter of about 160 meters, comparable to the pre-launch height of Starship, the largest rocket ever built by humans. The appearance rates of meteors, namely space objects impacting the Earth, imply that there are many more small ones than there are large ones. As a rule of thumb, the inferred abundance of solar system rocks scales as the inverse of their mass. If the same applies to interstellar objects, as argued in a paper I wrote with my former student Amir Siraj, then meter-scale interstellar Sun-divers are a few million times more  abundant than `Oumuamua was.

Based on NASA’s CNEOS catalog of fireballs, the impact rate on Earth of meter-scale interstellar meteors, like IM1 or IM2, is once per decade. This suggests that a few million of them are within the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. In this case, their collision rate with the Sun would be once every 4 minutes!

Meter-size interstellar Sun-divers release the equivalent energy output of ten Hiroshima bombs upon impact on the Sun. But even before entering the Sun, they would get vaporized by the enormous radiation intensity of thousands of degrees Kelvin. By monitoring the spectrum of the evaporated gases with an Earth-based telescope, one could identify the spectral fingerprints of different elements and infer the composition of these interstellar Sun-divers.

The challenge of doing so is that only one in a thousand Sun-divers is interstellar in origin. However, one could separate interstellar objects from solar system rocks or comets by measuring their velocities and inferring whether they were unbound by the Sun’s gravity at large distances. A prime observatory for this purpose is the 4-meter Inouye Solar Telescope near the summit of Haleakala in Maui, Hawaii. Coincidentally, this is the same mountaintop where the Pan-STARRS observatory, which discovered `Oumuamua, is located. I was fortunate to visit this observatory in July 2017 when the solar telescope was constructed, just a few months before `The Pan-STARRS observatory spotted ‘Oumuamua. In principle, the Webb telescope might also be able to constrain the surface composition of interstellar objects from their infrared emission spectrum.

Alternative methods to study the composition of interstellar objects are much more expensive. The Pacific Ocean expedition I led in June 2023 targeted the chemical composition of the interstellar meteor IM1. This task cost 1.5 million dollars and required a full year of analysis, the findings of which were summarized in a detailed paper by our research team.

The discovery of an unusual chemical composition for BeLaU spherules at IM1’s site motivates our next expedition. Within a year, we hope to search for bigger pieces of IM1, which would allow us to study the material properties and nature of this anomalous interstellar meteor, which was moving faster than 95% of all stars in the vicinity of the  Sun and had material strength tougher than that of iron meteorites.

Based on recent data about the fragmentation of iron meteorites of the same size, IM1’s fireball should have left behind an order of 10,000 fragments of mass ~0.5 grams (or a diameter of ~0.5 centimeter), about 1,000 fragments of mass ~15 grams (or a diameter of ~1.5 centimeters), about 100 fragments of mass ~0.5 kilogram (or a diameter of ~5 centimeters), about ten fragments of mass ~4 kilograms (or a diameter of ~9 centimeters), and one fragment of mass ~20 kilograms (or a diameter of ~16 centimeters). We hope to find some of these in our next expedition, which will cost 6.5 million dollars.

Another approach for studying the material composition of interstellar objects is to rendezvous with them along their trajectory as they approach Earth. Our detailed calculations indicate that a maneuvering speed of tens of kilometers per second would be required, well above the few kilometers per second capability offered by the European-Japanese Comet Interceptor, planned for lunch in 2029.

Finally, there is a possibility of observing maneuvering interstellar probes in the form of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena (UAPs) near Earth. The Director of National Intelligence delivered three reports about UAPs, but it is unclear from publicly available data whether the reported UAPs cannot be all human-made. The main challenge in attending to data-poor reports is avoiding confusion with existing military programs to retrieve and reverse engineer technologies found in crash sites of flying objects manufactured by adversarial nations, which could involve bodies of human pilots. Government agencies might label classified data retrieved by these programs as UAPs to confuse adversaries or discredit the leakage of classified information.

Fortunately, science is better than politics. The Galileo Project observatories take a scientific approach to resolving any confusion. They are collecting data on UAPs in the sky and will soon release the findings in a series of papers. Also fortunate for science is that neither the sky nor our oceans are classified.

• Avi Loeb is the head of the Galileo Project, founding director of Harvard University’s – Black Hole Initiative, director of the Institute for Theory and Computation at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and the former chair of the astronomy department at Harvard University (2011-2020). He is a former member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and a former chair of the Board on Physics and Astronomy of the National Academies. He is the bestselling author of “Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth” and a co-author of the textbook “Life in the Cosmos”, both published in 2021. His new book, titled “Interstellar”, was published in August 2023.

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/space/ }

22-08-2024 om 17:31 geschreven door peter  

New report claims human civilization could end in 2050

The end of humanity in 2050?
Will human civilization die out by 2050? That is at least the claim of a recent report by the Breakthrough National Centre for Climate Restoration, a think tank based in Melbourne

©Provided by The Daily Digest

The threat of climate change
This research group describes climate change as “a short- and medium-term existential threat to human civilization” and emphasizes the need for a changed approach to avert catastrophe.

A point of no return
The status quo would push the climate and humanity "to a point of no return by mid-century, and the prospect of a largely uninhabitable Earth will lead to the collapse of nations and the international order," according to the report, cited by Vice.

Continuous heating
The experts assume that the current path leads to global warming of 3 degrees, which "could trigger feedbacks that amplify the triggering of further warming".

The collapse of ecosystems
The first consequence would be the collapse of essential ecosystems on Earth, such as “the coral reef system, the Amazon rainforest and the Arctic.”

©Provided by The Daily Digest

Unimaginable consequences
The consequences of this shift would be so severe that they cannot be measured because they "go beyond human experience of the last thousand years," the report continues.

©Provided by The Daily Digest

Unbearable living conditions
For humans, this would lead to unbearable living conditions, with one billion people forced to leave their homes and two billion people facing water shortages.

The collapse of agriculture
In addition, “agriculture in the subtropics would collapse and food production worldwide would be drastically reduced,” notes Vice magazine.

©Provided by The Daily Digest

Underestimated risks
Finally, the report's authors note that the risks of climate change are underestimated by policymakers, as the most pessimistic scenarios tend to be downplayed.

©Provided by The Daily Digest

The unvarnished truth
For Chris Barrie, a former Australian admiral who wrote the foreword to the report, the analysis "reveals the truth about the desperate situation of humanity and our planet and paints a disturbing picture of the concrete possibility that human life on Earth could be wiped out in the most horrific way."

The need for urgent mobilization
The only hope that remains, according to experts, is an immediate limitation of human activities that cause global warming and an urgent mobilization to deal with the consequences of climate change.

• Never miss a story! Click here to follow The Daily Digest.
  

{ https://www.msn.com/en-us/ }

22-08-2024 om 17:22 geschreven door peter  

An Ancient Magma Ocean Once Covered the Moon, India’s Pragyan Lunar Rover Reveals

The Moon was probably once a gooey ball.

by Doris Elín Urrutia

 

NASA

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

22-08-2024 om 17:02 geschreven door peter  

Star Drek: UFO Crank Luis Elizondo is Back with Captivating New Tales

The former military spook says in a new book that he knows the Deep State is hiding dead aliens and crashed flying saucers. The media can’t resist.

Keith Kloor

REMEMBER THOSE BIG HEADLINES last summer, when a retired Air Force Intelligence officer named David Grusch testified in Congress about the U.S. government’s secret UFO “retrieval” program? 

“Whistleblower tells Congress a stunning tale of crashed alien spacecraft and dead pilots,” blared the Dallas Morning News.”  The “stunning” part was true.

While speaking to the media, Grusch also said that World War Two Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, tipped by Pope Pius XII, had helped retrieve a flying saucer and turned it over to the Americans. Even the New York Post noted that Grusch “did not provide any evidence for these claims.”

Still, cable news outlets and YouTube content creators latched on to Grusch like a pack of vampires. 

Skeptics pleaded, yet again: Show us the evidence. 

And then in mid-2023 a reporter discovered that Grusch, who had worked in Pentagon satellite intelligence agencies, had had a mental health and substance abuse crises in 2014 and 2018 . The flying saucer brigade cried foul, but also pledged to keep up the fight.  Actual “proof” of a spaceship or an alien, they assured us, was imminent.

As it happens, that is the title and battle cry of a new book published this week by Luis Elizondo, another prominent former intelligence officer-turned UFO truther. Imminent: Inside the Pentagon’s Hunt for UFOs, is generating a fresh wave of media buzz and excitement among UFO believers. Might it live up to the hype and finally prove the existence of our extraterrestrial overlords? 

Don’t hold your breath.

The author makes the same eye-popping claims about recovered UFO wreckage that we heard of last summer.  Elizondo, in his book, says it’s part of an ultra-black “legacy program” that stretches back to the late 1940s, when the first saucers crashed at Roswell. And how did he learn about this when he was working in the Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence, from 2008 until his retirement in 2017?

“Senior officials told me continuously and confidentially that big aerospace companies have been part of the Legacy Program to retrieve and reverse-engineer crash materials. The big names included Lockheed Martin, TRW, McDonnell Douglas, Northrop Grumman, Boeing, Raytheon, BAE Systems, and the Aerospace Corporation, all of which have long been principal members of the U.S. military industrial complex.”

What is more far-fetched: A ginormous, decades-long conspiracy that involved hundreds to thousands of employees staying quiet about recovered space aliens and otherworldly crafts, or senior Pentagon officials “continuously” sharing details of humanity’s biggest secret with only Elizondo and a few select others in the I.C.

If this doesn’t trigger your innate bullshit detector, then what about Elizondo’s claim that he is endowed with telepathic powers after being trained by the army as a psychic “super-soldier”? Or his chapter on translucent, basketball sized orbs that terrorized the Elizondo household after he was “recruited” into a secret Pentagon program that researched UFOs? The strange objects, he writes, floated through walls and “behaved as if guided by some intelligence.” He wondered if they were probes “sent to scope out my house” or if an “advanced intelligence was looking into me.”

Before you dismiss Elizondo as just another UFO kook or grifter (or both), it’s important to understand the backstory here: He is a big reason why a topic once associated with Bigfoot and crop circles is now treated by the media as a legitimate subject and the focus of serious attention in Congress. Let’s briefly unwind how that happened.

Learning Curves

Like many readers of Spy Talk, I first learned of Elizondo in December of 2017, when he was featured prominently in the mainstream media, starting with Politico, the Washington Post, and the New York Times. All three outlets (which were granted access to Elizondo months ahead of time), portrayed him as a career intelligence officer who had recently left the Pentagon in protest because a secret UFO investigative program he had led was ignored and not given sufficient resources.  

It is impossible to overstate the importance of this initial coverage; three highly respected journalism organizations independently corroborated Elizondo’s impressive credentials in the classified world, and they all verified the existence of some kind of odd Pentagon program in the late 2000s that investigated “unidentified aerial phenomena,” or UAP—which could have been anything from drones and birds to otherworldly crafts. Elizondo described himself to the journalists as the program manager and framed his “mission” in national defense parlance.

Politico, the Washington Post and the New York Times all published their stories near simultaneously in mid-December, 2017, and all carried much the same narrative. The sensational news about the Pentagon’s “shadowy” UFO program and Elizondo’s explanation of how it was thwarted went viral on the internet and was quickly picked up, verbatim, by all the broadcast networks, which conducted fawning interviews with him.

Overnight, it seemed, UFOs went from tabloid fodder to a serious news story. Elizondo joined a brand new UFO entertainment company (set up by  former Blink182 frontman-turned novelist-turned entrepreneur Tom DeLonge), which was credited with legitimizing the topic. They produced a “documentary” series for the History Channel that cast Elizondo as a heroic truth-teller and re-created his supposed UFO investigations for the Pentagon. By this time, I had already interviewed Elizondo numerous times for articles that examined his unlikely UFO stardom and the military’s tortured historical relationship with UFOs. I had also voiced my criticism of the media’s  largely uncritical coverage of Elizondo and his  small coterie of UFO-promoting intelligence professionals , which included former top Pentagon intelligence official Chris Mellon, scion of the Pittsburgh banking fortune. The UFO mania they created infected even supposedly level-headed members of Congress, like former House Speaker Harry Reid and Senators Kirsten Gillibrand and Chuck Schumer.

“We managed to convince them the phenomena were real and America needed to take action to determine the capabilities of these craft and the identity and intentions of their operators,” Mellon wrote in Politico last year.

Where’s the Beef?

They definitely have the Big Mo, no matter the holes in their story.  When the debut of Elizondo’s History Channel docuseries arrived in 2019, I published a piece with The Intercept that dismantled the core claim that had propelled Elizondo to fame and UFOs into a national security story. There was no evidence, I reported, that Elizondo had ever been the director of a Pentagon UFO program, much less participated in one. The Defense Department affirmed this to me then and has since held to its position, including as recently as this week.

Yes, I know what you’re thinking: That’s exactly what the Pentagon would do, since it has been covering up the truth about flying saucers for 80 years. 

Fair enough. You don’t have to believe in little green men from Mars to know that a culture of secrecy in the CIA and its cohort of alphabet soup agencies has bred public distrust of “deep state” federal institutions. Then there is the government’s own, real history of deceit, which Elizondo leaned into earlier this week during an interview with CBS after he was asked whether he thought the government was lying about UFOs. 

“Well, we know that the government never lies, right?” he said sarcastically, rolling his eyes. “Iran-Contra, Pentagon Papers, Afghanistan withdrawal.” 

This statement, and his book’s theme of a massive UFO coverup by the government, taps into a dangerous cynicism roiling contemporary American politics. At the same time, who can blame him for wanting to cash in on our boundless appetite for feverish conspiracy narratives? We are inveterate junkies for this UFO stuff, no matter who is peddling it.  

We—or at least many people—want to believe we’re not alone in the universe. The media, because it is an easy mark for a good saucer yarn, enables that belief. This is how the American public’s saucer habit was first established, when, at the dawn of the Cold War, thinly sourced wire service reports were picked up by many outlets across the country, thereby producing  “the illusion of a national trend,” as two media scholars wrote in a 2019 paper. 

The same pack journalism mentality that stirred a flying saucer phenomenon nearly 80 years ago is responsible today for a fabulist narrative that has renewed America’s fascination with UFOs. Throughout this history, self appointed military “whistleblowers” have periodically appeared on the scene to warn about the presence of space aliens in our midst. Belatedly, the Pentagon is trying to address the underlying cause of this trend. Good luck. Their effort is well meaning, I think, but too little and too late. UFOs will always alight in the public mind and their official disclosure will always be … imminent.

• Keith Kloor has had a decades long career as a prodigious science and environmental writer, editor and teacher. He is currently an adjunct professor of journalism at the New York University Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute.

{ https://www.spytalk.co/ }

22-08-2024 om 16:57 geschreven door peter  

AI Focused, UFO With Three Alien Faces In Top of Craft! 👽 UAP Sighting News. VIDEO!

Date of discovery: 2013
Location of discovery: Earths moon

 

Hey all, check this out. I made a discovery back in 2013 of a UFO on the moons surface coming out of a dark square hold in the moon. This was taken back in Apollo 14 mission. The link to the original UFO photos was quickly taken down but there are still two other links with it still up. At the time I thought it was only a UFO, but it's much more, on the top dome area of the UFO are three alien faces looking straight up at the NASA module! Watch the video and see for yourself. 

Scott C. Waring

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

22-08-2024 om 16:42 geschreven door peter