The idea that human civilization has been gradually evolving over time in a linear manner, is a relatively new concept that was formulated during the period of colonization. Nearly every ancient culture believed otherwise. They said that time moves in cycles, smaller and larger, and that our civilization has gone through innumerable ups and downs over eons. With the emergence of new scientific data, it is becoming increasingly obvious that the ancients knew what they were talking about, and we have been far too quick to denounce the collective wisdom of our ancestors as the flights of fancy of primitives.

The concept of the Yuga Cycle or the Great Year was known to most ancient cultures, and, as per this framework, we have devolved from an erstwhile Golden Age of illumination, harmony and abundance to the current age of greed and lies, discord and scarcity. The fundamental factor that differentiates a higher age from a lower one is the state of man’s consciousness. In a Golden Age, consciousness is so elevated and purified, that we can easily comprehend the mysteries of creation, and of our place in the wider scheme of things, and, thus, we are able to lead long lives in a state of joy, balance and harmony. Since the environment reflects our state of consciousness, there is fertility and abundance in the higher ages and a lack of diseases and natural disasters. But as we devolve along the descending arc of the Yuga Cycle or Great Year, we move from soul consciousness to ego consciousness, accompanied by a degradation in our physical size and the external environment, which gradually leads to a burgeoning of violence, misery and discontent in society.   

What is really striking is that all of these claims are now being borne out by scientific findings from different disciplines. It turns out that, over the past 12,000 years of the descending arc of the Yuga Cycle, humans have shrunk in size by at least 10%, along with a corresponding decline in bone strength and athleticism. This has been accompanied by a 10% to 17% reduction in our cranial volume over the same period, which has not only diminished the average intellect but reduced our memory and atrophied our sense of judgment and morality, along with a host of subtle mental abilities such as foresight, telepathy etc. And to add to these surprising statistics, it turns out that, towards the end of the last Ice Age, there was no food scarcity or diseases, but as time went on, food sources became scarce, many kinds of diseases became endemic, and incidences of violent deaths increased substantially. 

Everything that the ancients said about the Yuga Cycle or Great Year is now turning out to be facts, but why aren’t these statistics being discussed on mainstream media outlets? It’s because they run counter to the Darwinian myth of gradual evolution by natural selection that has been literally shoved down our throats and turned into an incontrovertible dogma. Very few scientists, academics or media channels will dare to question Darwinism, for fear of getting ridiculed, denied funds or promotions, or even hounded out of their profession. Do not question the science, is the current science. This, unfortunately, is the insidious manner in which things work in the Kali Yuga, the darkest age of human history. 

In my book, Yuga Shift, I have presented what I believe is the original Yuga Cycle framework. It is of the same duration as the precessional cycle of the earth, i.e. 25,800 years, and comprises an ascending cycle of consciousness and a descending cycle of consciousness, which are separated by two extended periods of transition that the Greeks called Kataklysmos (meaning “Deluge”) or the “great winter” of the Great Year, and Ekpyrosis (meaning “Conflagration”) or the “great summer” of the Great Year.

It is the period of Ekpyrosis that we are heading towards, as the Kali Yuga and the entire descending cycle of consciousness come to an end in 2025.

A Day and Night of Brahma

One of the thoughts that come to mind when we think about the Yuga Cycle or the Cycle of the Ages is that, does it continue indefinitely, without any beginning or end, or is it part of an even larger cycle of time. 

As per the ancient Vedic texts, there is an even longer cycle of time called the “Day and Night of Brahma”, which extends for a whopping 25.8 million years! It consists of a “Day of Brahma” which extends for a thousand Yuga half-cycles of 12,900 years each, adding up to 12.9 million years. A “Day of Brahma” is followed by a “Night of Brahma” of equal duration. This cycle has been described in a number of texts.

As per the Vishnu Purana, at the beginning of a “Day of Brahma”, the world is created from unmanifested matter by Brahma, who is the pure, eternal, formless, consciousness, seated at the navel of the world. At the end of a “Day of Brahma”, the entire creation is destroyed and turns into a mighty, formless ocean. This is followed by a “Night of Brahma” when no life forms exist. The creative process begins once again at the beginning of the next “Day of Brahma”.

“At the end of this day (i.e. “Day of Brahma”) a dissolution of the universe occurs, when all the three worlds, earth, and the regions of space, are consumed with fire…When the-three worlds are but one mighty ocean, Brahma…satiate with the demolition of the universe, sleeps upon his serpent-bed…for a night of equal duration with his day (i.e. Night of Brahma); at the close of which he creates anew.”[1] 

In the Bhagavad Gita, Lord Krishna provides a specific value for the duration of the “Day and Night of Brahma”. 

“Those who understand the cosmic laws know that the Day of Brahma ends after a thousand Yugas and the Night of Brahma ends after a thousand Yugas. When the Day of Brahma dawns, forms are brought forth from the Unmanifest; when the Night of Brahma comes, these forms merge in the Formless again. This multitude of beings is created and destroyed again and again in the succeeding days and nights of Brahma.”[2]

It should be remembered here that, when the Sanskrit texts talk of the Yuga Cycle, they mean the Yuga half-cycle, which goes from Satya Yuga -> Treta Yuga -> Dwapara Yuga -> Kali Yuga, including the periods of transition between them. A 1000 Yuga half-cycles is equivalent to 500 complete Yuga Cycles of 25,800 years each, which works out to 12.9 million years.

A “Day of Brahma”, therefore, extends for 12.9 million years, during which time we experience a long sequence of 500 complete Yuga Cycles, and the earth is bustling with life and civilization. It is followed by a “Night of Brahma” of equal duration of 12.9 million years, when all life is snuffed out, and the entire world exits as a giant, formless, lifeless ocean. Thus, the “Day and Night of Brahma” is a grand cosmic cycle of creation and dissolution spanning over of 25.8 million years.

It is easy to see that the time period between two successive dissolution events in this cycle is 25.8 million years, which can be rounded off to 26 million years. Now, if a dissolution of life on a cosmic scale occurs every 26 million years, shouldn’t this fact be reflected in the fossil records of our planet? 

Amazingly enough, this is exactly what has been indicated by recent paleontological evidence: every 26 million years there is a mass extinction of species on the earth!

Mass Extinction Cycle

Around 67 million years ago, the earth looked like a very different place. Enormous dinosaurs stalked the landscape, while massive avian reptiles patrolled the skies. But, then, something catastrophic happened, which changed things almost overnight. Nearly 66 million years ago the earth went through a period of rapid death, called a mass extinction, when more than 75% of all animal and plant species became extinct. Scientists now have evidence that the die-off was caused when an asteroid, about 10 kilometers in diameter, struck the earth at a speed of about 20 km/sec and created the 200-km wide Chicxulub Crater in southeastern Mexico, releasing a billion times more energy than the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima.

The impact generated hot winds and shock waves, and ejected a gigantic jet of molten material, several times hotter than the surface of the sun, which set fire to everything within a thousand miles. Measurements of the layer of ash and soot that eventually coated the Earth indicate that fires consumed about seventy percent of the world’s forests. The collision triggered powerful earthquakes and spawned mega tsunamis, hundreds of feet tall. A model of the impact event developed by scientists at Los Alamos National Laboratory shows,

“The dust and soot from the impact and the conflagrations prevented all sunlight from reaching the planet’s surface for months. Photosynthesis all but stopped, killing most of the plant life... After the fires died down, Earth plunged into a period of cold, perhaps even a deep freeze. Earth’s two essential food chains, in the sea and on land, collapsed. About seventy-five percent of all species went extinct. More than 99.9999 percent of all living organisms on Earth died, and the carbon cycle came to a halt.”[3]

It is to be noted here that the impact event at the K-T boundary effectively killed off all the living organisms on our planet, even though the species die-off is estimated at roughly 75%. This is because some of the species that existed at that time, re-appeared in the fossil records at a later date, and therefore, is not considered to have gone extinct. 

The fiery cataclysm that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs is in perfect alignment with the description of the dissolution event that occurs at the end of a “Day of Brahma” when all life forms on the earth are destroyed, and, as the Vishnu Purana states, “all the three worlds, earth, and the regions of space are consumed with fire”. Admittedly, the ancient Vedic sages knew a thing or two about the true history of our planet.

Moreover, this is not the only mass extinction event that has occurred on our planet in the past. There are many more, and, quite surprisingly, they occur in a cyclical manner every 26 million years!

In 1984, paleontologists David Raup and Jack Sepkoski of the University of Chicago identified a 26-million-year periodicity in extinction rates over the past 250 million years.[4] As part of a broad study of the distribution of marine life through geologic time, Sepkoski had prepared a listing of about a quarter of a million species of sea-dwelling creatures, both extinct and current, noting the point in time where they appeared and became extinct. The study was confined to marine organisms since the chances of finding fossils are much higher under the sea. The oceans are areas of net sedimentation, whereas land is an area of net erosion. 

David Raup, a senior colleague at the University of Chicago, suggested to Sepkoski that he examine the list for any evidence of a pattern in the timing of the mass extinctions. Sepkoski decided to concentrate on the last 250 million years of geologic time and throw out animals whose exact timing of appearance and disappearance were debated. He was left with about 500 of his original 3,500 marine families (250,000 species). Sepkoski put the data through a computer program and was surprised to find that life forms on Earth disappeared in great numbers every 26 million years. Both of them checked for errors and confirmed the pattern; life seemed to disappear drastically exactly every 26 million years. In their seminal paper, Raup and Sepkoski wrote:

“The temporal distribution of the major extinctions over the past 250 million years has been investigated statistically using various forms of time series analysis. The analyzed record is based on variation in extinction intensity for fossil families of marine vertebrates, invertebrates, and protozoans, and contains 12 extinction events. The 12 events show a statistically significant periodicity (P <0.01) with a mean interval between events of 26 million years. Two of the events coincide with extinctions that have been previously linked to meteorite impacts (terminal Cretaceous and late Eocene). Although the causes of the periodicity are unknown, it is possible that they are related to extraterrestrial forces (solar, solar system, or galactic.)”

The mass extinction events are not selective at all, in the way Darwin had proposed. As per Darwinism, the evolutionary process is gradual, and life forms evolve slowly through a process of natural selection, in which the inferior life forms are eliminated since they are less suited to the struggle for existence. However, in case of a mass extinction, there is no way of knowing beforehand which species will survive the extinction event and which will die out. The process is entirely random. In a paper titled, “The Role of Extinction in Evolution” (1982), David Raup wrote,

“The largest mass extinctions produce major restructuring of the biosphere wherein some successful groups are eliminated, allowing previously minor groups to expand and diversify…There is little evidence that extinction is selective in the positive sense argued by Darwin. It has generally been impossible to predict, before the fact, which species will be victims of an extinction event.”[5]

The 26-million-year extinction cycle has, since then, been validated by a number of independent studies. In 2010, Adrian Melott and Richard Bambach identified a 27 Myr periodicity in the extinction data, extending over the past 500 million years. They wrote,

“We examined periodicities in extinction over the last 500 million years, and concluded that a signal detected by Raup & Sepkoski (1984) was present in better resolved, more extensive current data, over a longer time period than they had originally claimed, and at a higher level of significance. The claimed period grew from 26 to 27 Myr, and is also now observed to extend over the entire 500 million years interval rather than just the last 250 million years, due to revisions in the geological timescale since the 1980s.”[6]

Mass Extinctions and Impact Craters

It has become quite obvious over time that the primary triggers for the mass extinctions are impact events. In 1980, the father-son duo of the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Luis Alvarez and his son, the geologist Walter Alvarez, had inferred that the sudden extinction of dinosaurs at the K-T (Cretaceous–Tertiary) boundary, nearly 66 million years ago, was due to the impact of a large asteroid or comet. 

Luis and Walter Alvarez had noticed that sedimentary layers all over the world at the K-T boundary contain a concentration of iridium many times greater than normal. Iridium is extremely rare in the Earth's crust but is abundant in chondritic meteorites and asteroids. Moreover, the isotopic ratio of iridium in asteroids is similar to that seen in the K–T boundary layer. Based on this, the Alvarez team suggested that the iridium spike at the K-T boundary was of extraterrestrial origin and had settled out of a global dust cloud triggered by the impact of an asteroid, at least 10 km in diameter.

While Alvarez’s theory was initially rejected by most paleontologists, the subsequent discovery and dating of the Chicxulub Crater in Mexico validated their findings and silenced the dissenters.

Since then, other scientists have found that the estimated ages of a number of impact craters coincide with the mass extinction events.

In the mid-1980s, cratering specialist Richard Grieve ran his list of well-dated impact craters through the computer at NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies and identified a crater periodicity of nearly 30 million years. Around the same time, Walter Alvarez and Richard Muller at UC Berkeley identified a 28 million-year cycle using a somewhat different set of craters. 

In 2015, Michael Rampino and his student Ken Caldeira studied more impact craters with improved crater-age data, and “found that craters and extinctions both seem to occur with the same 26 million-year cycle”.[7] Crater formation rate peaks close to the time of an extinction event, and some of the largest impact craters were formed during an extinction event. Clearly, the 26 million-year extinction cycle is a significant geological signal, which some scientists call the “geological heartbeat” of our planet. 

It is nothing short of astonishing that, such precise information about the 26-million-year mass extinction cycle has been specified in the Vedic texts. Of course, a couple of questions still need to be clarified. The Vedic doctrine claims that the earth remains entirely devoid of all life forms for the entire 12.9-million-year duration of the “Night of Brahma” that follows the extinction event. Do have any scientific evidence in support of this? As it turns out, there is. And more studies are arriving at the same conclusion.

The Night of Brahma

In May 2012, an article in Nature Geoscience written by Dr. Zhong-Qiang Chen of the China University of Geosciences in Wuhan and Professor Michael Benton of the University of Bristol stated that it took nearly 10 million years for life forms to appear after the end-Permian mass extinction event 250 million years ago, which had wiped out nearly 90% of all living species.[8]

As per the scientists, two factors could have delayed the appearance of new life forms: 1) the sheer intensity of the crisis, and 2) the continuing grim conditions on earth after the first wave of extinction.[9] Professor Michael Benton wrote that “in this most devastating case, life did recover, after many millions of years, and new groups emerged. The event had re-set evolution.”[10]

Another study conducted in 2019 found that it takes at least ten million years before the diversity of a species achieves a similar level to that seen before the mass extinction event.[11] Dr. Lowery and Dr. Fraass studied foram fossils for a time period covering roughly 20 million years, from the end of the Cretaceous mass extinction (66 million years ago) and extending through the ensuing recovery, to determine how long it took these minibeasts to recover their species diversity. Dr. Lowery and Dr. Fraass concluded that it took at least ten million years for foram species diversity to recover.[12]

These studies confirm that, in general, it takes around 10 million years or more for life forms to emerge and global biodiversity to recover, after a mass extinction event. This confirms what Vedic sages said about the “Night of Brahma” being a time when the earth is devoid of life forms.

The other question that was on my mind is this: As per the Vedic doctrine, life forms arise very quickly after a “Night of Brahma” ends, and the next “Day of Brahma” begins. Now, does this really happen? Do we see a sudden emergence of life forms after a mass extinction event, or do they appear gradually through a process of natural selection extending over millions of years, as Darwin had proposed?

Punctuated Equilibrium

Darwin’s theory that new species arise by the slow and steady transformation of entire populations is not reflected in the fossil records. If this were true, then a continuous sequence of “intermediate forms”, showing incremental changes on the way to a new species, should have been found in the rock strata. Unfortunately, intermediate forms connecting species have never been identified. The absence of “missing links” had also concerned Darwin, who attributed it to the imperfections of the geological record. In the Origin of Species, Darwin wrote, 

“Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and gravest objection which can be urged against my theory.”[13]

“The geological record is extremely imperfect and this fact will to a large extent explain why we do not find interminable varieties, connecting together all the extinct and existing forms of life by the finest graduated steps. He who rejects these views on the nature of the geological record will rightly reject my whole theory. ”[14]

In 1972, Harvard University paleontologists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge wrote their seminal paper titled, “Punctuated Equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism”, in which they argued that the fossil record is not imperfect, as claimed by Darwinists. The many breaks in the fossil records are real, and they express how evolution occurs. The absence of transitional forms implies that evolution does not occur by the slow and gradual transformation of a species.   

“Under the influence of phyletic gradualism, the rarity of transitional series remains as our persistent bugbear…Many breaks in the fossil record are real; they express the way in which evolution occurs, not the fragments of an imperfect record. The sharp break in a local column accurately records what happened in that area through time.”[15]

“Although phyletic gradualism prevails as a picture for the origin of new species in paleontology, very few classic examples purport to document it. A few authors have offered a simple a literal interpretation of this situation: in-situ, gradual, progressive evolutionary change is a rare phenomenon. But we usually explain the paucity of cases by a nearly ritualized invocation of the inadequacy of the fossil record.”[16]

Gould and Eldredge proposed the theory of Punctuated Equilibrium to explain what is really happening in the fossil records. They said that the fossil records show long periods of stasis or equilibrium, extending for millions of years, during which time there is little or no evolutionary change, which are punctuated by rapid, episodic periods of speciation, occurring within the space of a few thousand years.

Gould provided further clarification in his article titled, “Evolution’s Erratic Pace (1977)”, in which he wrote that, in any local area, “a species does not arise gradually by the steady transformation of its ancestors; it appears all at once and fully formed”[17]. Once a species appears, it undergoes very little or no evolutionary change for millions of years. Most species, “appear in the fossil record looking much the same as when they disappear; morphological change is usually limited and directionless.”[18]

Gould berated the paleontological community for being so heavily influenced by Darwin’s theory of gradual evolution, that they did not notice the obvious patterns in the fossil records.

“The extreme rarity of transitional forms in the fossil record persists as the trade secret of paleontology…Paleontologists have paid an exorbitant price for Darwin's argument. We fancy ourselves as the only true students of life's history, yet to preserve our favored account of evolution by natural selection we view our data as so bad that we never see the very process we profess to study.”[19]

Gould was one of the most influential and widely read authors of popular science of his generation. He wrote 300 popular essays in the Natural History magazine, for both specialists and non-specialists. In April 2000, the US Library of Congress named him a “Living Legend”. Throughout his career, Gould insisted that the gradualistic models of evolution are simply not reflected in the fossil records, and there is a strong tendency within the scientific community to restrict their thinking within certain belief systems.

In the essay, “Darwin's Untimely Burial” (1976), Gould gave vent to his frustration when he wrote, “I am a strong advocate of the general argument that “truth” as preached by scientists often turns out to be no more than prejudice inspired by prevailing social and political beliefs.”[20]

In “The Return of Hopeful Monsters” (1977), he wrote that, “all paleontologists know that the fossil record contains precious little in the way of intermediate forms; transitions between major groups are characteristically abrupt.” Then, in the essay titled, “Is a New and General Theory of Evolution Emerging?” (1980), Gould reiterated the obvious flaws in the Darwinian model of evolution: 

“The absence of fossil evidence for intermediary stages between major transitions in organic design, indeed our inability, even in our imagination, to construct functional intermediates in many cases, has been a persistent and nagging problem for gradualistic accounts of evolution.”[21]

The truth is that when we go purely by the fossil records – leaving aside all theories and speculations - what we see are rapid bursts of speciation and not the long-drawn-out gradual accumulation of small variations. 

Gould’s Harvard colleague, Niles Eldredge, estimated that the rapid periods of evolutionary change, “took something between 5,000 and 50,000 years—a mere blink of an eye geologically speaking.”[22]

It is equally fascinating that this estimate is very close to the value mentioned in the Surya Siddhanta, which is the oldest astronomical treatise of India. The text states: “One hundred times four hundred and seventy-four years passed while the All-Wise was employed in creating the animate and inanimate creation, plants, stars, gods, demons and the rest.”[23] This means the entire creative process (possibly at the beginning of the current Day of Brahma) took 47,400 years, which falls in the range of values found by Eldredge i.e. between 5000 – 50,000 years.

Oscillations in Morphology

Once speciation is completed, every species remains amazingly stable for millions of years. That does not mean that they do not change at all. In his study of Devonian trilobites, which lived between 380-375 million years ago, Eldredge had found that, once a new species appeared, they persisted for millions of years with very little morphological change. 

“There were some oscillations in morphology, so species weren’t completely invariant, but the net sum of any changes usually tended to cancel out, leading to no net change.”[24]

Gould, by the way, had also found very similar patterns in his studies that focused on fossil land snails from the genus Poecilozonites that lived a few hundred thousand years ago during the Pleistocene.[25]

I was amazed to know of these findings because this is precisely what I had discovered in course of my explorations into the Yuga Cycle. In Yuga Shift, I had proposed, based on ample data points, that, both human cranial volume as well as physical size fluctuates in a sinusoidal manner over a 25,800-year precession cycle, without a net increase or decrease in any direction. I had also written that this oscillation must have been going on over the past 2 million-odd years of human evolution.

And now it turns out that the “oscillations in morphology” occur not only in case of humans, but is a characteristic feature of the entire animal kingdom! All species increase and decrease in size and cranial capacity in a sinusoidal manner over the entire “Day of Brahma” of 12.9 million years, spanning 500 complete Yuga Cycles! This is why the Ice Age megafauna were so much bigger than the animals of today. It’s a recurring pattern of nature.

Every assertion of the Vedic texts with respect to the “Day and Night of Brahma” has now been detected in the fossil records. It is not an approximate correlation, but an almost exact match. Let me recapitulate the important connections:

1. The fossil records show that a mass extinction of species occurs every 26 million years, while the Vedic texts claim that all life on the earth is extinguished at the end of a “Day of Brahma”, every 26 million years. 

2. The fossil records show that it takes 10 million years or more for new life forms to emerge and for global biodiversity to recover, after a mass extinction event. The Vedic texts claim that the earth remains in a lifeless state during the “Night of Brahma”, which extends for 13 million years after an extinction event. 

3. The fossil records show that new species appear in rapid, episodic bursts, in a fully formed state. The rapid speciation events are completed within 5,000 - 50,000 years. The Vedic texts claim that new life forms arise on the earth as soon as a new “Day of Brahma” dawns, and it takes nearly 47,400 years for all living entities to be created.

The fossil records are in perfect alignment with every element of the doctrine of the “Day and Night of Brahma”. This is yet another indication of the profound knowledge of the vast time cycles that our ancestors had possessed, and they passed them down to us in simple verses, although, sometimes they also employed metaphors and symbolic imageries to drive home the point and aid in memorization.

For instance, the events that occur in the course of a “Day and Night of Brahma” have also been metaphorically described as the “breathing in and out of Brahma”. When Brahma breathes out, life forms get dispersed across the cosmos, and when he breathes in, life forms return to the source and the cosmos becomes lifeless. In Yuga Shift, I have proposed that the unmanifested, creative principle, that the Vedic sages called Brahma, refers to the central black hole of the Milky Way galaxy, which, as most scientists agree, acts as the central engine of our galaxy. 

When does the current Day of Brahma end?

In case you are wondering when the current “Day of Brahma” will come to a cataclysmic end, you can rest easy, for it is still a very long way off. The last mass extinction event was the “Middle Miocene Disruption” which occurred around 14.8 Mya (Million years ago). This means that the current “Day of Brahma” started 12.9 Myr later, at around 1.9 Mya. 

Not surprisingly, the earliest fossil remains of the genus Homo (to which our own species Homo sapiens belongs) started appearing around the same time. The oldest hominin fossils are those of Homo habilis, dated to around 1.9 Mya. H. habilis cranial volume fluctuated between 500 cc – 800 cc over the course of its presence in the fossil records till around 1.5 Mya. The bipedal, erect walking, Homo erectus appears in the fossil records from 1.7 Mya till around 250,000 years ago. H. erectus shows a fluctuation in cranial volume between 850 – 1200 cc.

Since the current “Day of Brahma” started around 1.9 Mya, the next cosmic dissolution event is nearly 11.4 million years away. So we can safely take it off our calendar for now. It is not cosmic dissolution that should worry us, but the impending transition out of the Kali Yuga in 2025, which is likely to be very turbulent. 

There is no doubt that our ancestors had a very sophisticated understanding of the vast cycles of time that regulate life and civilization on our planet. Unfortunately, this wisdom was gradually forgotten, as we devolved along the descending arc of the Yuga Cycle. The scientific advances of the past couple of centuries are now helping us to uncover the true significance of these ancient doctrines. However, in general, the attitude of scientists and academics towards the ancient cultures continues to remain dismissive. The problem is that, once we become indoctrinated with a specific belief system since childhood, it becomes extremely difficult to dislodge it, even with the aid of voluminous amounts of scientific data. Unless we adopt an attitude of respect towards the ancient civilizations, we will continue to remain oblivious to the grand stores of wisdom that have been encoded into their sacred texts, symbols and magnificent archaeological monuments.

References

[1] The Vishnu Purana 1.3, tr. by Horace Hayman Wilson, 1840, https://sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp037.htm
[2] The Bhagavad Gita 8.17-8.20 tr. Eknath Easwaran, Penguin Books, 1996.
[3] Douglas Preston, The Day the Dinosaurs Died, The New Yorker, 29 March 2019, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/08/the-day-the-dinosaurs-died
[4] Raup and Sepkoski, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 81(1984): 801-805 
[5] D M Raup, “The role of extinction in evolution”, PNAS 91 (1994): 6758-6763.
[6] Adrian L. Melott and Richard K. Bambach, "DO PERIODICITIES IN EXTINCTION—WITH POSSIBLE ASTRONOMICAL CONNECTIONS—SURVIVE A REVISION OF THE GEOLOGICAL TIMESCALE?",  The Astrophysical Journal, 2013, Volume 773, Number 1
[7] Michael R. Rampino, "Dark matter’s shadowy effect on Earth", Astronomy.com July 31, 2019, https://astronomy.com/magazine/2019/07/dark-matters--shadowy-effect--on-earth
[8] Zhong-Qiang Chen, Michael J. Benton, “The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction” Nature Geoscience, 2012, DOI: 10.1038/ngeo1475
[9] University of Bristol, “It took Earth ten million years to recover from greatest mass extinction” ScienceDaily, 27 May 2012, www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120527153810.htm
[10] Ibid
[11] Christopher M. Lowery and Andrew J. Fraass, “Morphospace expansion paces taxonomic diversification after end Cretaceous mass extinction”, Nature Ecology & Evolution, 9 April 2019, DOI:10.1038/s41559-019-0835-0
[12] GrrlScientist, “Appearance Of New Species After Mass Extinction Has Evolutionary 'Speed Limit'”, Forbes Apr 13, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/grrlscientist/2019/04/13/appearance-of-new-species-after-mass-extinction-has-evolutionary-speed-limit/?sh=7a3c6dfa525b
[13] Charles Darwin, Origin of Species (1859) 280
[14] Charles Darwin, Origin of Species (1859) 342
[15] Gould, S. J. and Eldredge, N., “Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism” Models in paleobiology ed. Schopf, TJM Freeman (San Francisco: Cooper & Co, 1972) pp. 82-115
[16] Ibid
[17] Ibid
[18] Gould, S.J, "Evolution's Erratic Pace", Natural History 86 (1977): 14
[19] Gould, S. J., 1977, “Evolution’s erratic pace” Natural History, 86(1977):14
[20] Stephen Jay Gould, "Darwin's Untimely Burial," Natural History 85 (1976): 24-30
[21] Gould, S. J , “Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging?” Paleobiology 6 (1980):119–130.
[22] Eldredge, N. The Early “Evolution” of “Punctuated Equilibria”. Evo Edu Outreach 1, 107–113 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-008-0032-0
[23] Surya-Siddhanta: A text-book of Hindu astronomy, trans. Ebenezer Burgess, Phanindralal Gangooly (Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1989) chapter 1, p 13.
[24] "Punctuated equilibrium and stasis", Digital Atlas of Ancient Life, Paleontological Research Institution, https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/evolution/punctuated-equilibrium-and-stasis/
[25] "Punctuated equilibrium and stasis", Digital Atlas of Ancient Life, Paleontological Research Institution, https://www.digitalatlasofancientlife.org/learn/evolution/punctuated-equilibrium-and-stasis/

5 Mass Extinctions, and We're Looking at the Sixth

Mass Extinctions: Earth's Five Biggest Resets

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ } 

11-12-2024 om 23:14 geschreven door peter  

Mars Dust Storms Can Engulf The Entire Planet. A New Study Examines How

Today’s weather report on Mars: Windy with a chance of catastrophic dust storms blotting out the sky.

In a new study, planetary scientists at the University of Colorado Boulder have begun to unravel the factors that kick off major dust storms on Mars—weather events that sometimes engulf the entire planet in swirling grit. The team discovered that relatively warm and sunny days may help to trigger them.

Heshani Pieris, lead author of the study, said the findings are a first step toward forecasting extreme weather on Mars, just like scientists do on Earth.

“Dust storms have a significant effect on rovers and landers on Mars, not to mention what will happen during future crewed missions to Mars,” said Pieris, a graduate student at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at CU Boulder. “This dust is very light and sticks to everything.”

She will present the results Tuesday, Dec. 10 at the 2024 meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Washington.

To put dust storms under the magnifying glass, the researchers drew on real observations from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter satellite.

So far, they have identified weather patterns that may underly roughly two-thirds of the major dust storms on Mars. You won’t see Mars weather reporters standing in front of a green screen just yet, but it’s a step in the right direction, said study co-author Paul Hayne.

“We need to understand what causes some of the smaller or regional storms to grow into global-scale storms,” said Hayne, a researcher at LASP and associate professor at the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences. “We don’t even fully understand the basic physics of how dust storms start at the surface.”

This close-up image of a dust storm on Mars was acquired by the Mars Color Imager instrument on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on Nov. 7, 2007, around 3 p.m. local time on Mars. Scientists working with NASA’s Curiosity rover, which is set to land on Mars on Aug. 5 PDT (Aug. 6 EDT), are monitoring Mars each day for similar small storms that could either drift over the landing site or stir up dust that moves as haze over the site. — NASA (larger image)

Dusty demise

Dust storms on Mars are something to behold.

Many begin as smaller storms that swirl around the ice caps at the planet’s north and south poles, usually during the second half of the Martian year. (A year on Mars lasts 687 Earth days). Those storms can grow at a furious pace, pressing toward the equator until they cover millions of square miles and last for days.

The 2015 film The Martian starring Matt Damon featured one such apocalyptic storm that knocked over a satellite dish and tossed around astronauts. The reality is less cinematic. Mars’ atmosphere is much thinner than Earth’s, so dust storms on the Red Planet can’t generate much force. But they can still be trouble.

In 2018, for example, a global dust storm buried the solar panels on NASA’s Opportunity rover under a layer of dust. The rover died not long after.

“Even though the wind pressure may not be enough to knock over equipment, these dust grains can build up a lot of speed and pelt astronauts and their equipment,” Hayne said.

Hot spells

In the current study, Pieris and Hayne set their sights on two weather patterns that tend to occur every year on Mars known as “A” and “C” storms.

The team pored over observations of Mars from the Mars Climate Sounder instrument aboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter over eight Mars years (15 years on Earth). In particular, Pieris and Hayne looked for periods of unusual warmth—or weeks when more sunlight filtered through Mars’ thin atmosphere and baked the planet’s surface.

They discovered that roughly 68% of major storms on the planet were preceded by a sharp rise in temperatures at the surface. In other words, the planet heated up, then a few weeks later, conditions got dusty.

“It’s almost like Mars has to wait for the air to get clear enough to form a major dust storm,” Hayne said.

The team can’t prove that those balmy conditions actually cause the dust storms. But, Pieris said, similar phenomena trigger storms on Earth. During hot summers in Boulder, Colorado, for example, warm air near the ground can rise through the atmosphere, often forming those towering, gray clouds that signal rain.

“When you heat up the surface, the layer of atmosphere right above it becomes buoyant, and it can rise, taking dust with it,” Pieris said.

She and Hayne are now gathering observations from more recent years on Mars to continue to explore these explosive weather patterns. Eventually, they’d like to get to the point where they can look at live data coming from the Red Planet and predict what could happen in the weeks ahead.

“This study is not the end all be all of predicting storms on Mars,” Pieris said. “But we hope it’s a step in the right direction.”

VIDEOS

{ https://astrobiology.com/ }

11-12-2024 om 22:16 geschreven door peter  

Aaron Rodgers reveals his plan to 'call aliens' as he shares bizarre UFO conspiracy theories to Pat McAfee

New York Jets quarterback Aaron Rodgers has offered yet another conspiracy theory on the extra-terrestrial. 

Now that the Jets are officially out of the playoffs with a 3-10 record, the 41-year-old has seemingly begun to divert his energy elsewhere. 

After failing to end New York's 14-year playoff curse, Rodgers opted to debunk some conspiracy theories during his weekly Pat McAfee Show appearance instead. 

The signal caller brought up some mysterious drone activity that has been occurring in the skies of New Jersey recently. 

'Do you know what's been going on in New Jersey lately? And I'm not talking about the football. There's been some crazy things going on,' Rodgers began. 'There's been some drones in the sky in Jersey.'

McAfee then showed a clip on an unidentified large object hovering above Bedminster, New Jersey with blue, green and red flashing lights.  

Aaron Rodgers has offered yet another conspiracy theory on the extra-terrestrial

The Jets quarterback discussed mysterious drone activity above New Jersey on Pat McAfee

What the hell is that?' Rodgers continued, before highlighting that the mysterious sighting came above Bedminster where both president-elect Donald Trump owns a golf course and Jets owner Woody Johnson lives. 

The four-time MVP did admit it could be Trump flying in for a quick round of golf but, of course, it wouldn't be Aaron Rodgers without a conspiracy theory. 

'Maybe it's some kids messing around…maybe not, though,' he hinted.   

'I'm thinking about having a Friday night 5E experience,' he added, leaving the panel bewildered. 

'It's where you have a big kind of meditation circle and then you call in the aliens and you use little green lasers to bring them in,' the NFL veteran explained. 

It wasn't the first time that the former Super Bowl winner has discussed extra-terrestrial experiences. 

During last season's 'Hard Knocks' series focusing on the Jets, Rodgers claimed he experienced a UFO sighting in 2005.

He said he was at former Cal teammate Steve Levy's house in New Jersey shortly before he was taken by the Green Bay Packers in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft when the sighting occurred.

The 41-year-old has previously opened up on an experience with a UFO sighting 

The Jets are officially out of the playoffs with a 3-10 record, following last week's slate

Rodgers, who has publicly admitted to using hallucinogen ayahuasca, said he was trying to sleep as he had a 5am wake up call the following day but was disturbed by an 'alarm going off in the distance.'

'It just didn't seem like normal, and I heard some rustling downstairs,' Rodgers said on the season finale of 'Hard Knocks.'

'So I got up, walk downstairs, it's a beautiful night, and [we] walked outside, and up in the clouds, we heard this sound, and we saw this tremendously large object moving through the sky. And it was like a scene out of "Independence Day" when the ships are coming into the atmosphere, and they're creating this, like, kind of explosion-type fire in the sky.

'We saw this incredibly large object and froze, as anybody would, because, you know, what the hell is going on? Eventually, it went out of sight, and nobody said a word. We just stood frozen.

'And about 30 seconds later we heard the real, recognizable sound of fighter jets that seemed to be chasing this object. Again, we just stood there in disbelief for another few minutes and nobody said a word. And we just looked at each other like, 'did we just see what we think we just saw?'

Rodgers said he checked the papers and watched the news in the following days but nothing was mentioned.

However, the experience piqued his interest in UFOs, leading him to do more research into them.

Rodgers later discovered that the siren was from a nuclear plant around nine miles away and claimed that UFOs are often linked to nuclear energy.

The Jets quarterback is known for his outlandish theories and techniques opening up on his use of ayahuasca at the start of last season, claiming it helped him to his back-to-back MVP seasons in 2020 and 2021.

He also underwent a darkness retreat shortly after the end of the 2022 season to contemplate his NFL future. 

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

11-12-2024 om 22:00 geschreven door peter  

Manchester Airport UFO mystery solved as Brit ufologist admits his theory was wrong

EXCLUSIVE: UFO expert Mark Christopher Lee has claimed to have solved the mystery of the 'car-sized' object that was spotted at Manchester Airport, but admits to previously getting it wrong

By Joe Faretra * US Audience Writer

A British based ufologist says he has solved the mystery of the Manchester Airport UFO, while admitting he was previously wrong.

At the end of November, footage and images purported to have been taken at the airfield in June showed what many believed to have been unexplained aerial phenomenon (UAP). Social media channels Reddit and X (formerly Twitter) went into meltdown with wild speculation about what the 'car sized' spherical object might have been.

At one point the UAP was allegedly snapped just hovering above the tarmac on the runway, in the midst of a number of aircraft. Even we at the Daily Star came up with five suggestions as to what viewers were witnessing.

READ MORE: 

• How to tell if you've been abducted by aliens – body examination to false memories

Expert Mark Christopher Lee weighed into the debate, suggesting that it was definitely a UFO.

READ MORE: 

• Five things Manchester Airport 'orb' could be – from secret CIA tech to real ETs

Lee has been investigating recent "drone" sightings at military bases in the UK, and was convinced this was yet another example of that.

However, he has now backtracked from any potential links to alien visitors, and come up with a much more down to earth theory.

He admitted: "I have previously investigated this case and thought it was linked to the orbs and drones that people are seeing around the world (US and UK especially) but after analysing various photos and videos posted I'm pretty confident that what we are actually seeing in Blue Chinese Lantern that has gone astray.

READ MORE: 

• UFO allegedly shot at Manchester Airport causes theory frenzy on Reddit with alien fans

There is a substantial Chinese population in Manchester and it even has it's own China Town so there may have been some celebration or event taking place in June that led to a large Blue Lantern being released.

Chinese Lanterns have caused a lot of previous UFO sightings in the past and I think this is the case again. I was initially drawn to the account told by UFO researcher Timothy Good about a similar type orb being captured in Australia but I now think that the Chinese Lantern is the most logical culprit.

He continued: "However, I do think that there is still a substantial mystery of what people are seeing in the US and the UK around military bases. These are still UFOs as are unidentified and they may turn out to be extra terrestrial scouting drones if they are not Chinese spy drones.

Manchester Airport with the UAP on the right side above the runway

(Image: Twitter)

"Indeed Republican Senator Tim Burchett who has been pushing for UFO disclosure in the US has suggested that the Chinese government has been recruiting hobbyists to test out drones to see how the US and UK military will react.

"What I do think is that the US and UK governments will want to see a lid on this dues to the embarrassment of not knowing what is invading their airspace."

Lee says his new film Rendelshan - The British Rowell - set to be released in January, looks into the cover up in the UK

{ https://www.dailystar.co.uk/ }

11-12-2024 om 21:47 geschreven door peter  

• Mystery drone invasion sparks 'state of emergency' with urgent warning

• Sign up for the latest with DailyMail.com's U.S. politics newsletter 

By SARAH EWALL-WICE, SENIOR U.S. POLITICAL REPORTER FOR DAILYMAIL.COM IN WASHINGTON, DC

Rep. Jeff Van Drew stunningly claimed Iran is behind the mysterious drones sighted flying over northern New Jersey as the FBI scrambles for answers.

The Republican lawmaker from New Jersey told Fox News that Iran has launched a 'mothership' about a month ago that contains the drones off the coast.

'These are from high sources,' he claimed. 'I don't say this lightly.' He added that they should be 'shot down.'

However, the Pentagon said on Wednesday that there is no evidence the drones are the work of an adversary and said there is no truth there's an Iranian ship off the coast of the U.S. 

'There's no so called "mothership" launching drones toward the United States,' said Deputy Pentagon Press Secretary Sabrina Singh.

The FBI has been investigating the mysterious sightings as witnesses have spotted them on numerous occasions. 

People have seen the unexplained cluster of what appear to be drones and a possible fixed wing aircraft for several weeks which are flying near sensitive locations including military instillations sparking concern.

While the FBI out of Newark and local partners are investigating, they have been unable to determine if it is the work of one person or group. 

A top official with the FBI said they do not know if there is a reason to believe that Americans are at risk and that's concerning. 

One of the reported drones, whose engines can be heard roaring from the ground, appeared to have a cluster of white lights on its underbelly with red lights blinking at its wingtips and tail (above)

House members held a hearing on Tuesday focused on the threats posed by unmanned aerial systems to the U.S. 

'You're telling me we don't know what the hell these drones are, in New Jersey are?' Congressman Tony Gonzales asked. 

'That's right,' responded Robert Wheeler, FBI Assistant Director of the Critical Incident Response Group.

'That's crazy! I mean that's crazy,' the Texas congressman pushed back. 

'That's madness that we don't know what these drones are,' he added. 

Gonzales argued not knowing what is flying in U.S. airspace is only the 'tip of the iceberg of what's to come' and warned it must be fixed.

Wheeler said they do not know exactly what type of drones the ones being reported are, but he noted some are believed to be bigger than those commercially available. 

Swarms of drones have been spotted in the skies of New Jersey for weeks, sparking officials to call for a 'limited state of emergency'

Rep. Jeff Van Drew (R-N.J.) claimed on Fox News that Iran launched a 'mothership' with the drones after the FBI told lawmakers during a hearing it did not have information about who was behind the mysterious sightings. The Pentagon said there is no 'Iranian mothership' off the coast launching drones

Rep. Tony Gonzales (R-Texas) speaking during a hearing on unmanned aerial systems where he called the FBI not having more information about the mysterious drones over New Jersey 'madness'

Read More

• Mystery drone invasion sparks 'state of emergency' with urgent warning mothership lurks offshore 

When asked how much the budget is for FBI counter-drone technology, Wheeler revealed it was less than $500,000. 

'No wonder we don't know what the hell is going on. $500,000?' Gonzales responded.

One of the challenges has been getting the authority to bring the drones down. Lawmakers urged officials to shoot one down to further examine it. 

The FBI has been going through more than 3,000 tips submitted by the public. There have also been sightings from New York.

According to one NJ local, this image depicts roughly nine of the unidentified drones flying into New Jersey from the Atlantic Ocean on Thursday night, December 5

The sightings started mid-November with footage capturing 'car-sized' drones with flashing lights 

The FBI has warned it has seen a concerning increase in use of drones to commit crimes and being flown over sensitive facilities. 

On Sunday alone, there were 49 reported sightings according to New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy. 

He noted that some are likely to have been repeat reports, but he does not blame people for being frustrated. 

'We don't see any concern for public safety,' Murphy said. 'Having said that, it's really frustrating that we don't have more answers as to where they're coming from and why they're doing what they're doing.' 

New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy said they are taking the drone investigation 'deadly seriously'

Murphy said he has been in contact with the FBI and Homeland Security and encouraged people to continue to report sightings to the FBI. 

He described the drones as 'very sophisticated.'

'The minute you get eyes on them, they go dark,' Murphy said.

 'We're obviously most concerned about sensitive targets and sensitive critical infrastructure,' he added.

Murphy noted the military facilities, utility assets and President-elect Donald Trump's New Jersey home are all in the area. 

'This is something we're taking deadly seriously,' he said.  

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

11-12-2024 om 21:18 geschreven door peter  

• READ MORE: 

 Latest drone footage captures 'sophisticated' UFOs in New Jersey

By STACY LIBERATORE FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

A mysterious drone invasion in New Jersey has sparked calls for a 'state of emergency' as officials suggested they are coming from Iranian 'mothership' offshore.

Republican Rep Jeff Van Drew said Wednesday that Iran launched the vessel 'probably about a month ago' after making a deal with China 'to purchase drones, a mothership and other technologies.' 

'These drones should be shot down,' he told FOX News, adding that 'the military is on full alert with this.' 

Concern about unexplained UFOs began in mid-November when 'car-sized' drones appeared over the US Army's Picatinny Arsenal in Rockaway and President-elect Donald Trump´s golf course in Bedminster.

During a Tuesday congressional hearing, Sen Jon Bramnick (R) said: 'The State of New Jersey should issue a limited state of emergency banning all drones until the public receives an explanation regarding these multiple sightings.'  

The FBI has admitted that it does not know who is behind the flying objects, while the US military insisted it is not responsible. The White House says it is 'closely' monitoring the situation.

Rep Chris Smith (R) also spoke during the meeting, revealing a report of 50 drones coming in off the ocean and have followed US Coast Guard boats.

The representative also noted that 'it could be Putin, Xi Jinping in China or the Middle East, we cannot rule any of that out.'

Swarms of drones have been spotted in the skies of New Jersey for weeks, sparking officials to call for a 'limited state of emergency'

Mayors in 21 towns across the state have now written a joint letter to New Jersey Gov Phil Murphy calling for statewide action. 

The White House also addressed the drones Tuesday evening in a briefing.

Press Secretary Karine Jean-Pierre said that President Biden is aware of the matter and 'we are closely tracking the activity,' but noted she does not know when Biden was briefed. 

'I cannot make any predictions kind of predictions,' she said in response to whether the drones are controlled by foreign entities conducting surveillance. 

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) was first alerted about the strange activity around the military base on November 18, six days after the drones were spotted.

The first video footage showed drones with green and red lights on their wings and multiple eyewitnesses described them as large as a small car.

At the hearing, Robert Wheeler, assistant FBI director, said: 'There is nothing known that would lead me to say that, but we just don’t know and that’s the concerning part.

He told Congress that more than 3,000 sightings had been provided to the agency's tip line set up last week.

Drones have been reported in 12 counties: Sussex, Passaic, Bergen, Essex, Monmouth, Ocean, Camden, Burlington, Somerset, Hunterdon, Morris and Warren.

The sightings started mid-November with footage capturing 'car-sized' drones with flashing lights 

The FBI has received more than 3,000 drone sightings in the last week. Pictured is a a drone captured in Lacey

The UFOs have been spotted over water reservoirs, electric transmission lines, rail stations, police departments and other military installations.

Staten Island Borough President Vito Fossella also wrote a letter to the FAA and FBI earlier this month, requesting an investigation into the drone sightings on Staten Island, PIX 11 reported.

Wheeler was questioned about whether the public was at risk, to which he responded: 'Are we concerned there are nefarious intentions that could cause either an actual security or public safety incident?

'There’s nothing that is known that would lead me to say that, but we just don’t know. And that’s the concerning part of it.'

New Jersians have kept eyes on the skies, reporting the bizarre drones on social media platforms, specifically a dedicated Facebook group.

Resident John Mastrogiovanni shared: 'They are definitely coming in from the ocean, I live on the bay and can see them every night coming in from the ocean.

The flying objects are larger than drones used by hobbyists, raising questions about their proximity to those specific locations

Officials and residents have also seen drones coming in from the ocean 

'10-15 at a time. Once they hit land, some will turn their lights off and go a different direction and some are low and some high. The ones I saw are low, pretty loud, and sound like an engine on it.

'They move slowly then speed up pretty quickly it's every night. They are 4-5' in size and use green and red lights.'

Kelly Ann from Osborne Island claimed to have seen the same sightings coming from the north as she looked out to Atlantic City.

'They follow each other like they are lined up 100 feet apart,' she said.

Murphy has said that the drones do not appear to pose a public safety risk but also noted that 'this is something we´re taking deadly seriously.

New Jersey drone sighting map

'I do not blame people for being frustrated,' Murphy added.

He said Monday that the minute 'you get eyes on them, they do dark,' calling the flying craft 'very sophisticated.

Murphy held a briefing call with the US homeland security secretary, Alejandro Mayorkas on Wednesday, as well as representatives in Congress and state police to discuss the drone reports.

The House Subcommittee on counterterrorism, law Enforcement and intelligence also held a hearing on the subject.

DailyMail.com has contacted the Department of Homeland Security for comment.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

11-12-2024 om 20:56 geschreven door peter  

• READ MORE: Connecticut police officer tapes UFO the size of a 'Mini Cooper

By MATTHEW PHELAN SENIOR SCIENCE REPORTER FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

The latest footage of bizarre drones in New Jersey captured several craft orbiting each other over Somerset County, while at least 12 counties have reported sightings.

The video, released this week, shows three 'mystery drones in the air' as two move extremely close as if they are interacting with each other and the third hovered for 'about 15 minutes.'

New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy said Monday night that the drones are 'very sophisticated, explaining: 'The minute we get eyes on them [the drones], they go dark.'

'I don't blame people for being frustrated,' Gov Murphy continued, adding that he had spent most of Sunday coordinating on the issue with both the White House and the US Department of Homeland Security in the hope of getting answers.

He said that the state received 49 sighting reports on Sunday night alone, with hundreds of locals sharing experiences on social media platforms. 

On Monday, Picatinny Arsenal, the Army facility in Morris County, confirmed it has had 11 sightings of 'UFOs' over in its airspace in recent weeks.

The sightings, which began in November, have included reports of multiple craft flying over the same areas each night and reports of 'car-sized' drones, the kind not usually used by hobbyists, over some areas. 

New Jersey state senator, Jon Bramnick (R-21), is now calling for a limited 'state of emergency' banning all drone usage authorities can determine who is responsible for the eerie night flights.

The latest footage coming out of  New Jersey has only added more questionsl to this bizarre UFO wave. 'What in the world is happening?' the woman taping the display can be heard saying, as a pair of glowing red lights orbits comes close to a white UFO before drifting away

Edits in the 40-second video, which was also posted to Instagram, appear to reflect a montage of the event's most impactful moments. 'Update,' the videographer says in the clip's finale, 'that mystery drone up there is still there. It's been like maybe 10-15 minutes. It's still there'

'Guys, I just found three mystery drones in the air,' the woman filming the scene reports in the clip, posted to social site X.com by the account UAP Reporting Center.

'This is wild,' the woman says, as the two circling white lights disengage in midair, with one seeming to dart quickly to the right. 'That was moving quick.'

Edits in the 40-second video, which was also posted to Instagram via the account @ufo_life_, appear to reflect a montage of the event's most impactful moments.

'Update,' the videographer says in the clip's finale, 'that mystery drone up there is still there. It's been like maybe 10-15 minutes. It's still there.'

UAP Reporting Center is not affiliated with the similarly named nonprofit National UFO Reporting Center, which has coordinated on UFO case reports with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for decades. 

Nevertheless, several more new videos taken in northwest NJ near the Pennsylvania border also show multi-color drone-like crafts — including one lit up like a Christmas tree with at least eight lights ranging from green, white, red and orange.

Posted by an auto tech to the Facebook community group 'New Jersey Mystery Drones - let's solve it,' the apparently fixed-wing drone was caught on tape last week above Pohatcong township in Warren County, NJ. 

The witness also captured images of a stationary and hovering UFO with four bright green lights above the same northwest Jersey area.

Significantly, the fixed-wing mystery drones with red, white and green lights resemble craft witnessed over sensitive US military bases over the past several years

Read More

EXCLUSIVE

•  UFO swarms filmed buzzing Area 51 and other US military sites for months after 'mothership' cases 

'I have about 15 minutes worth of different videos before I stopped recording and to my horror have counted AT LEAST 30,' the witness said in a Facebook post. 'in a complete radius approximately 10-15 miles away.' 

The witness wrote that he saw at least five coming from Easton, Pennsylvania area to the northeast headed southeast towards the Flemington, NJ area.

One witness, also in the Pohatcong area, could not contain their alarm of what they were seeing late on Sunday, writing to the group: 'From the front and back yard of my house I saw dozens, maybe hundreds from my house through out the night.' 

'These are not man made drones. These are huge,' the witness insisted. 'I feel like there’s nothing we can do [...] We are being watched and We are being invaded.'

'My opinion I guess but I know what I’ve been seeing,' this Pohatcong noted.

The witness's more practical description of Sunday's UFO drone swarm, included some craft 'just hovering bright white lights,' others that were 'silent and floating past,' and some that were 'very loud and look like a plane.' 

The altitudes also varied, the witness said: 'There [were] lower and higher UFOs.'

Speaking at a bill-signing event in Princeton, NY, Gov Murphy hoped to allay concerns of witnesses fearing the worst from these unexplained sightings.

'Homeland Security, FBI, Secret Service, our State Police, authorities at all levels of government,' the governor said, 'we don't see any concern for public safety.'

'Having said that,' Gov Murphy admitted, 'it's really frustrating that we don't have more answers as to where they are coming from — and why they are doing what they are doing.'

'These are apparently, as I understand it, very sophisticated,' Gov Murphy said of the UFOs. 'The minute we get eyes on them [the drones], they go dark.' According to one NJ local, this above image depicts roughly nine of the drones flying in from the Atlantic Ocean on Dec 5th

Mysterious 'UFOs' spotted over Trump's New Jersey golf course

Significantly, the fixed-wing mystery drones with red, white and green lights resemble craft witnessed over sensitive US military bases over the past several years.

For at least 17 nights in December 2023, for example, swarms of noisy small UFOs were seen 'moving at rapid speeds' and displaying 'flashing red, green, and white lights' within the highly restricted airspace over Virginia's Joint Base Langley–Eustis.

Gov Murphy encouraged citizens to report their sightings to the FBI and expressed concern about the UFO drones potentially probing 'sensitive targets and sensitive critical infrastructure.' 

'We've got military assets; we've got utility assets; we've got one of the president-elect's homes here,' he noted. 

Murphy also asserted that reports of 'a couple of rumored downings' of the drones were unsubstantiated. One, he said, was a toy and the other was never located.

NJ state senators, the mayors of 21 local towns, and the state's representatives in Washington have been demanding more answers, more quickly.

NJ Congressman Chris Smith said he was on Long Beach Island this week investigating the mystery with Ocean County Sheriff Mike Mastronardy.

'The tepid response from our state and federal agencies so far is totally unacceptable,' Rep Smith said. 

'The people of New Jersey deserve swift and bold action on the part of our state and federal agencies to investigate, assess, and address the situation immediately and to alleviate the growing concerns of our community.'

VIDEOS

Panic as drone fleet hovers over Morris County, NJ

Mysterious drone sightings spread in New Jersey: "Someone described the drones as large as an SUV"

Mysterious Drones Over New Jersey | What’s Going On?

Police investigating multiple drones flying over N.J. towns at night

FBI investigates mysterious drones spotted over New Jersey

Government Breaks Silence: Strange Encounters | UFO's Investigating the Unknown

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

11-12-2024 om 20:34 geschreven door peter  

Five UFO videos this week, are they alien, ai US drones or Chinese ai drones? UAP Sighting News.

Here are the top 5 most interesting videos of UFOs this week. Each are different, some with swarms, so watch and decide what is happening and can you predict the future outcomes of this? 

Scott C. Waring 

Full credit to NUFORC for reports at  https://nuforc.org/

I believe I may have discovered the purpose of the swarms of drones, God help us if I'm right. US Drone News.

Now I heard the swarms of drones were seen over Trumps favorite golf course for over three days and nights which makes me think...why? Who hates trump the most outside of the US? Easily one country over all does...the county he promised to put 25% taxes on all goods going out of China to US, and I believe the Chinese are behind these swarms. They must be radar resistant, which means they are plastic or 3d printed with some rubber radar resistant coating to absorb radar. They were seen over England, New York, Michigan, New Jersey and a few other locations. Read the tweet and tell me...am I wrong? Or...worse yet...am I right? If I'm right the virus could be waiting for a second drone spraying to become the catalyst of the virus, or the virus could have a built in genetic time to go off in 1 week, 1 month or even 1 years time. By then...everyone will forget about the drones. Because of a genetic timer, we cannot blame the drones, much like HAARP program that manipulates the weather and China uses it making it impossible to blame then on earthquakes (Japan-Chinas worst enemy at Fukushima), tidal waves, tornadoes, hurricanes and more. And China causes tens of billions of dollars in damage on such untraceable attacks. Ask yourself, what are the Chinese up to now? 

at 12/10/2024 01:56:00 PM 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

11-12-2024 om 18:41 geschreven door peter  

The orbits of the planets around the Sun have been the source for many a scientific debate. Their current orbital properties are well understood but the planetary orbits have evolved and changed since the formation of the Solar System. Planetary migrations have been the most prominent idea of recent decades suggesting that planetary interactions caused the young planets to migrate inwards or outwards from their original positions. Now a new theory suggests 2-50 Jupiter mass object passing through the Solar System could be the cause. 

The evolution of the orbits of the planets is a complex process. Initially the planets formed out of a rotating disk of gas and dust around the young hot Sun. The phenomenon of the conservation of angular momentum caused the material to form a plane leading to orbits that were circular and in the same plane. 

As the planets grew, interactions within the protoplanetary disk led to orbital migrations with planets moving inwards or outwards. There were gravitational interactions too that led to significant changes in the eccentricity and inclination, sometimes causing protoplanets to be ejected out of the solar system. Tidal forces from the Sun could also have altered the orbits. 

While protoplanet ejections are thought to have been fairly common as the Solar System was forming, on occasions celestial objects visited us. These objects seem to have been rare and provide a valuable insight into distant planetary systems. Oumuamua, was discovered in 2017 and was the first confirmed interstellar visitor. It exhibited an elongated shape and unusual acceleration, probably caused by outgassing or other non-gravitational forces. A paper recently published has suggested such an interstellar visitor could have driven changes in the orbits of our planetary cousins. 

The paper was authored by a team of scientists led by Garett Brown University of Toronto. They explore the nature of the eccentricity of the gas giants suggesting it is unlikely the current theories can explain observations. Instead they demonstrate that an object with between 2 to 50 times the mass of Jupiter passing through the Solar System was a more likely cause. Their paper explains that an object passing through with a perihelion distance (closest distance from Sun) of less than 20 astronomical units and a hyperbolic excess velocity less than 6km/s-¹ could explain observations.  

Their calculations suggest there is a 1 in 100 chance that an interstellar visitor could produce the orbits we see today, chances that are far better than other theories. Using simulations and approximate values for the properties of the visitor, the team conclude that the theory is the most plausible to date. 

Source :

• A substellar flyby that shaped the orbits of the giant planets

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

11-12-2024 om 18:20 geschreven door peter  

Bill Cooper’s 1966 UFO Sighting: A Mind-Blowing Encounter with a Metallic Disc

Milton William “Bill” Cooper, a former U.S. Air Force and Navy serviceman, is renowned for his contributions to UFO lore and conspiracy theories. Among his most fascinating claims is his personal encounter with an unidentified flying object (UFO) or unidentified submerged object (USO) in 1966. This experience, as Cooper described it, was both life-changing and a pivotal moment in his understanding of extraterrestrial phenomena.

From Skepticism to Belief

Before his encounter, Bill Cooper was a skeptic. During his time in the Air Force, he heard stories from seasoned servicemen about recovering crashed UFOs. However, these accounts were often shared under the influence of alcohol, leading Cooper to dismiss them as tall tales. He viewed the concept of UFOs as too far-fetched to take seriously—until he had his own experience that radically shifted his perspective.

The Sighting: A Metallic Disc Emerges from the Ocean

In 1966, while serving aboard the USS Tiru, a diesel-electric submarine, Cooper was acting as the port lookout during a transit near the Seattle-Portland area. It was during this routine duty that he witnessed an extraordinary event. A massive metallic disc, comparable in size to a Midway-class aircraft carrier, emerged from the ocean. The craft ascended into the air, tumbling on its axis before disappearing into the clouds.

Shortly after, the same craft—or a similar one—descended from the sky, repeated the tumbling maneuver, and re-entered the ocean. To Cooper’s astonishment, the water seemed to part seamlessly, allowing the craft to submerge without the violent splash one would expect. The water then closed behind it, creating a dramatic spray as it returned to normal.

Unbelievable Technology

The encounter left Cooper grappling with questions about the nature of the craft and its advanced technology. He noted its ability to seamlessly transition between air and water, perform high-speed maneuvers, and interact with the ocean in ways that defied known laws of physics. Cooper, who had experience with cutting-edge aviation technology and naval operations, recognized that no human-made craft at the time was capable of such feats.

The sighting was observed by multiple crew members, including the officer of the deck and another lookout. A chief quartermaster on board even took photographs of the event. Despite these corroborations, the nature of the craft remained a mystery.

Official Silence and a Culture of Secrecy

After the incident, the submarine docked at Pearl Harbor, where the crew was immediately debriefed by a commander from Naval Intelligence. Each crew member was instructed to maintain complete silence about what they had witnessed, under penalty of severe legal and financial consequences. They were warned that any discussion of the event could result in imprisonment, fines, and the loss of all pay and allowances.

The photographs taken during the sighting were confiscated, and the crew was not allowed to leave the submarine for shore leave. These measures underscored the seriousness with which the U.S. Navy handled the incident and reinforced Cooper’s belief in an active cover-up regarding UFOs and USOs.

A Turning Point in Belief

For Cooper, this encounter was transformative. It provided him with undeniable evidence of advanced technology that surpassed human capabilities and confirmed the existence of phenomena the military was actively suppressing. He later recounted this event as a key moment in his journey toward understanding the broader implications of extraterrestrial presence on Earth.

Legacy of the 1966 Sighting

Bill Cooper’s 1966 sighting is one of the most detailed and intriguing accounts in the annals of UFO and USO lore. His vivid descriptions of the craft and its movements offer a unique perspective on the capabilities of unidentified objects. Although the event remains shrouded in secrecy, it has fueled ongoing discussions about the possibility of extraterrestrial technology and the lengths governments might go to conceal it.

While skeptics question the validity of Cooper’s claims due to the lack of physical evidence, the story has become a cornerstone of UFO mythology. Cooper’s firsthand account not only highlights the mysteries of our universe but also the potential for human understanding to be challenged by encounters with the unknown.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

11-12-2024 om 16:42 geschreven door peter  

Mysterious drones are 'changing time' on clocks in New Jersey as locals fear they're being targeted by UFOs

• READ MORE: FBI probes 'car-sized' drones spotted over Trump's NJ golf course

By MATTHEW PHELAN SENIOR SCIENCE REPORTER FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

As waves of loud, car-sized mystery drones continue to buzz over New Jersey, one family reported that the craft changed time on their car's clock.

The family of Morris County locals said they were following one of these seemingly terrestrial UFOs in their vehicle, only to experience the odd effect on their car's electronics as the unexplained craft 'hovered above them.'

'The clock in their car changed time,' according to one Fox News reporter who spoke to the unnamed family. 'They say the clock went back to normal after they drove off.'

While local law enforcement in Morris County has issued a statement asserting that 'there is no known threat to public safety' at this time — the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has issued a ban on drone flights over sensitive areas in state.

Last Tuesday, the FBI described the sightings as only 'possible drones' and 'a possible fixed wing aircraft' in its efforts to get to the bottom of the night flights.

But residents within the eight-and-counting New Jersey counties where the strange craft have been sighted are also taking matters into their own hands with over 17,000 trading notes on the sightings in a dedicated Facebook group. 

One local software engineer, who specializes in radio communications, believes the temporary alteration of the car's clock is a clue to the origin of these mystery drones.

'Many newer cars get their clock time from GPS satellites since that's one of the most accurate time signals you're going to get in a vehicle,' the engineer, Rich Dunajewski, posted to the Facebook group. 

'If these are using GPS jamming or spoofing,' Dunajewski explained, 'then it's plausible the car would follow the signal and change the clock to match whatever signal is coming from the drone/plane.'

The flying objects are larger than drones used by hobbyists, raising questions about their proximity to specific locations - including to President-elect Donald Trump 's Bedminster golf course, US military research facility Picatinny Arsenal and critical infrastructure, police said

Residents within the eight-and-counting New Jersey counties where the strange craft have been sighted are also taking matters into their own hands with over 17,000 trading notes on the sightings in a dedicated Facebook group

'So don't think aliens,' the engineer continued, 'think foreign actors using electronic warfare methods.'

Dunajewski noted that GPS spoofing onboard these mysterious aircraft would also explain the car clock's return to normal time.

'Once you're out of range of the spoofed GPS signal, the clock will reacquire the real GPS signal with the correct time,' he said in his Facebook post.

While some locals are not buying it, with one saying, 'We need to accept that these are not just "drones," these are UFO/UAP,' other experts did agree with Dunajewski.  

A contractor with the FAA's Office of Communications, David Lombardo, cosigned the 'radar jamming or GPS spoofing' theory, writing: 'It's very likely that these drones have some sort of electronic interference capabilities.'

While Lombardo said he did not believe that 'the FBI wouldn't get involved if a bunch of drones were just pissing people off,' the FAA contractor also confessed that he currently saw no evidence actual law-breaking yet. 

'Nothing that these drones have done appears to be criminal or really against any rules, so far as I know. I mean, they're being weird... there's no crime in being weird.'

But retired police lieutenant Tim McMillan argued that the drones fit a pattern of Russian psychological warfare operations internationally.

Lt McMillan reported that both the mysterious drone flights over New Jersey mirror a 2022 incident in which drones flew over sensitive sites in Sweden just as the European nation was considering joining NATO. 

'This recent drone wave is likely in response to the West green lighting Ukraine to use ATACMS inside Russia,' the retired police investigator posted to X. 

'Seems like they want them to be seen,' NJ native and TikTok creator @_bucky13 commented under his phone footage of the eerie drones (still image above), captioned 'Mysterious drones spotted all over New Jersey.' At least five drone-like UFOs are seen in his 50-second clip

Last month, the Biden White House granted the Ukrainian military permission to unleash American-made Army Tactical Missile Systems (ATACMS) across the Russian border — allowing them to strike military targets up to a range of 186 miles.

Neither Moscow, nor local amateur drone pilots, nor any other actors terrestrial or extraterrestrial, has claimed credit for the unusual flights over New Jersey, however.

If proven to be a covert invasion of sorts, it would the first in this part of the Garden State since British troops sparred with American colonists over 240 years ago. 

'I grew up in Morris County,' one local resident posted on X, 'and this is the most exciting event since the Revolutionary War.' 

'Anyone wonder why New Jersey?' another resident asked. 'That in itself is a mystery. Why not another State?' 

The anonymous family who reported their car clock's reaction to this eerie and unexplained aircraft were just some of the new witnesses to speak to Fox News about this ongoing wave of UFO sightings.

One eyewitness told the network that they saw a 'parade' of the drones, some as big as compact cars, roaring over the sky in procession.  

'The drones just keep coming,' another witness said, 'one after another.'

While the FAA has taken the most direct action suggesting malicious intent, prohibiting drone flights over Trump's golf club until last Friday and above Picatinny Arsenal until December 26, other officials have been more cautious in their language.

According to one NJ local, this image depicts roughly nine of the unidentified drones flying in to the Garden State from the Atlantic Ocean on Thursday night, December 5

One UFO or drone in a recent Tik Tok video looks like it might have hovered stationary beyond the tree line, lit up with multiple lights that pulsed bright enough to produce a lens flare effect

Law enforcement officials in Morris and Somerset counties issued a joint statement describing the extent of their collaboration on this ongoing investigation.

'The subject County Prosecutor's, Sheriff's and Emergency Management Offices, our respective municipal police departments, working in close cooperation with the FBI-Newark, the New Jersey State Police and The New Jersey Office of Homeland Security and Preparedness, seek to reassure the public that we will continue to monitor and investigate the drone activity,' the two county's Sheriff's Offices said.

Post to social media site X, New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy echoed similar words to calm the public. 

'I convened a briefing with [Biden's Homeland Security Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas] @SecMayorkas, senior officials from [the Department of Homeland Security] @DHSgov ... and members of our congressional delegation to discuss reported drone activity over parts of North and Central New Jersey,' he wrote.

'There is no known threat to the public at this time,' the governor said.

Nevertheless, New Jersey residents have been encouraged to report any sightings, videos or photos they may have of the UFO drone flights to the FBI, via phone at 1-800-CALL-FBI (1-800-225-5324) or online via tips@fbi.gov.

OTHER VIDEOS

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

10-12-2024 om 22:42 geschreven door peter  

NASA's most powerful telescope detects something unexpected happening to the universe

• READ MORE: First breathtaking images from Euclid's 'cosmic atlas' are revealed

By WILIAM HUNTER

NASA's most powerful telescope has spotted something unexpected which could overturn our basic assumptions about the universe.

Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), scientists from Johns Hopkins University have taken extremely accurate measurements of the distances between galaxies.

These observations reveal that the universe is expanding eight to 12 per cent faster than our current best theories predict.

This suggests that there may be some unknown force which explains why the universe is expanding faster now than it was billions of years ago.

First spotted by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1998, it was previously possible that this acceleration was caused by nothing more unusual than a telescope error.

However, using two years of JWST observations, the researchers have now shown that Hubble's shocking findings were not mistaken.

According to lead author and Nobel laureate Professor Adam Riess, this shows that our understanding of the birth of the universe could be totally wrong.

He says: 'It confirms the puzzling finding from the Hubble Space Telescope that we have been wrestling with for a decade - the universe is now expanding faster than our best theories can explain.'

Scientists have used the James Webb Space Telescope to confirm that the Universe really is accelerating up to 12 per cent faster than our best theories would suggest. Illustrated: the expansion of the Universe from the Big Bang (left) to the present day (right)

Scientists measured the distance between distant galaxies containing pulsing stars called Cepheid variables. Since these flash at a rate proportional to their brightness, they are considered the 'gold standard' for measuring interstellar distances. Pictured: NGC 5468, a galaxy located about 130 million light-years from Earth which is the furthest galaxy observed to contain Cepheid variables 

Professor Riess initially used the Hubble Space Telescope to measure the distance between a set of different galaxies.

This revealed that the Universe's expansion was accelerating at a rate of 72.8 km per second per megaparsec, a distance equal to 3.26 million light-years.

What made this result so surprising is that the conventional wisdom about the evolution of the Universe suggested this figure should only be 67-68 km/s/Mpc.

This had the shocking implication that the standard model of cosmology might be missing out on something vitally important, creating what astronomers call the 'Hubble tension'.

More than 25 years later, Professor Riess has now used NASA's biggest and highest-performing telescope to prove that his Nobel Prize-winning discovery had not been an error.

Using the JWST Reiss and his co-authors focussed on a set of galaxies containing pulsing stars called Cepheid variables.

These unique stars flash at a rate which is proportional to their brightness, or luminosity, which makes them the 'gold standard' for measuring interstellar distances.

Using the well-studied galaxy NGC 4258 as a reference point, the study covered a third of the Hubble Telescope's original galaxy sample.

The new study covered roughly a third of Hubble's full galaxy sample, using the known distance to a galaxy called NGC 4258 (pictured) as a reference point. This allowed for extremely accurate measurements of the distance between galaxies 

The first observations made by Hubble in 1998 showed that the galaxy's expansion was accelerating faster than the standard model would suggest. The standard model is the theory which explains the Big Bang, the cosmic microwave background (pictured), and the early formation of galaxies

What is the standard model of cosmology?

The standard model of cosmology is the conventional wisdom about the underlying physics of the universe.

Often called the Lambda-CDM theory, this suggests the universe has three major components: matter, dark matter, and dark energy.

This explains the existence and pattern of the cosmic microwave background, the lingering echo of the Big Bang, and the distribution of galaxies.

However, it doesn't align with new observations of the Universe's rapidly accelerating expansion.  

Although the sample size was smaller, the team managed to take measurements about four times as precise as the previous study.

In addition to Cepheid variables, the researchers also took measurements from carbon-rich stars and the brightest red supergiants across the same galaxies.

This allowed them to further cross-check their results to be absolutely certain their measurements were correct.  

Spiral galaxy NGC 628, located 32 million light-years away from Earth, is seen in an undated image from the James Webb Space Telescope. NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Janice Lee (STScI), Thomas Williams (Oxford), and the PHANGS team/Handout via REUTERS/File Photo Purchase Licensing Rights

These new recordings revealed that the galaxies were accelerating away from each other at a rate of 72.6 km/s/Mpc - nearly identical to Hubble's measurements from the very same galaxies.

Professor Riess says: 'The discrepancy between the observed expansion rate of the universe and the predictions of the standard model suggests that our understanding of the universe may be incomplete.

'With two NASA flagship telescopes now confirming each other’s findings, we must take this [Hubble tension] problem very seriously—it’s a challenge but also an incredible opportunity to learn more about our universe.'

This implies that we might be missing something vitally important about the birth of the universe.

Siyang Li, a Johns Hopkins doctoral student and a study co-author says: 'The Webb results can be interpreted to suggest there may be a need to revise our model of the universe, although it is very difficult to pinpoint what this is at the moment.'

By measuring the same set of galaxies as Hubble (illustrated), the scientists confirmed that the universe was accelerating at a rate of 72.6 km per second per megaparsec, a distance equal to 3.26 million light-years. The standard model suggests an acceleration of just 67-68 km/s/Mpc 

The standard model explains the evolution of galaxies, the cosmic microwave background from the Big Bang, the abundance of chemical elements in the universe, and many other key observations based on the known laws of physics.

However, nothing that scientists have been able to observe explains why the Universe should be accelerating at such a rapid rate.

Scientists believe the regular matter we can see and interact with makes up just 4 per cent of the total universe.

The remaining 96 per cent of the universe is made up of dark matter, which makes up the missing mass in some galaxies, and dark energy.

Dark energy could make up as much as 69 per cent of the universe and might provide the force responsible for space's expansion.

However, with the nature of dark energy remaining a mystery, scientists are still no closer to resolving the Hubble tension than they were back in 1998.

Professor Reiss says: 'Yes, it appears there is something missing in our understanding of the universe.

'Our understanding of the universe contains a lot of ignorance about two elements - dark matter and dark energy.

'There are many hypotheses that involve dark matter, dark energy, dark radiation - for example, neutrinos (a type of ghostly subatomic particle) - or gravity itself having some exotic properties as possible explanations.'

In the future, Professor Reiss says scientists will need more observations to better understand this vital clue. 

Eventually, that might help scientists propose a theory which explains why our predictions and observations about the universe don't line up.

He adds: 'Is the mismatch at the lower end, four to five per cent, or the higher end, 10 to 12 per cent, of what the current data allows? Over what range of cosmic time is it present? These will further inform ideas.'

WHAT IS DARK ENERGY?

Dark energy is a phrase used by physicists to describe a mysterious 'something' that is causing unusual things to happen in the universe. 

The universe is full of matter and the attractive force of gravity pulls all matter together. 

Then came 1998 and the Hubble Space Telescope observations of very distant supernovae that showed that, a long time ago, the universe was actually expanding more slowly than it is today.

The universe is not only expanding, but it is expanding faster and faster as time goes by,' Dr Kathy Romer, scientist at the Dark Energy Survey told MailOnline, as illustrated in this Nasa graphic

So the expansion of the universe has not been slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has been accelerating. 

No one expected this, no one knew how to explain it. But something was causing it.

'The universe is not only expanding, but it is expanding faster and faster as time goes by,' Dr Kathy Romer, scientist at the Dark Energy Survey told MailOnline.

'What we'd expect is that the expansion would get slower and slower as time goes by, because it has been nearly 14 billion years since the Big Bang.'

This illustration depicts NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope – the largest, most powerful, and most complex space science telescope ever built – fully unfolded in space.

(Credits: NASA/Adriana Manrique Gutierrez)

Depiction of Hubble Telescope in bright outer space. Elements of this image furnished by NASA.

(© dimazel – stock.adobe.com)

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

10-12-2024 om 22:01 geschreven door peter  

Apparent UFO images leak from Pentagon's secret data retrieval program 'Immaculate Constellation'

• READ MORE: 'Immaculate Constellation' report details secret evidence of UFOs

By MATTHEW PHELAN SENIOR SCIENCE REPORTER FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

An email containing incredible UFO images allegedly from US military UFO sightings has been leaked online by an anonymous source.

The leaker claimed that they had accessed an alleged top secret UFO 'data retrieval program' known as 'Immaculate Constellation' — made famous this past November in a blockbuster public hearing before Congress. 

The black-and-white images show ornately spiked 'cruciform' UFOs, boomerang-shaped flying wings, a floating 'hot' cube, traditional flying saucers and several other craft that look straight out of classic science fiction. 

The screengrabs are said to be from infrared and thermal camera footage taken by military 'heads up displays,' but details were redacted to protect both sensitive US national security interests.

These unsettling depictions of highly varied craft were first made public by Nathan Latvaitis, who runs a YouTube channel called 'Strange Mysteries.'

'This person has asked me to redact their email address,' Latvaitis told his followers,  'although I can tell you that there is nothing identifiable in it.'

The sensational images have elicited heated debate among UFO believers and skeptics alike, however, with many on both sides questioning the leaker's story.

A 'creepy e-mail' containing weird, but compelling images allegedly from US military UFO sightings has been leaked by an anonymous source claiming classified access

The UFO stills are said to be screengrabs from infrared and thermal camera footage taken by US military sensors with key 'heads up display' details redacted (as seen above) to protect both sensitive America's national security interests as well as the leaker's identity

Over the course of two weeks of correspondence with the leaker, Latvaitis and his followers given tantalizing, but uncorroborated details on the craft depicted.

'The UAPs observed demonstrate capabilities far beyond conventional aerospace benchmarks,' the leaker said in a third update posted to YouTube on November 30th.

The so-called 'cruciform' (cross-shaped) entities, according to their account, exhibit aggressive maneuvers and high-energy emissions capable of disabling systems such as the EODAS' — a reference to the advanced sensors on the F-35 stealth fighter jet.

Short for 'Electro-Optical Distributed Aperture System,' EODAS is a sensor suite that give the F-35's stealth fighter pilots a 360-degree view for a 'quick, high-definition picture of everything around them,' according its manufacturer Raytheon.

Improved 'missile detection' is one key goal in making EODAS, even though it may prove helpless against these purported 'cruciform' UFOs.

'The 'cruciform' entity [shows] distinct behaviors indicating functional differences,' according to the self-described insider to the Immaculate Constellation program.

'Shape-shifting has been observed — possibly due to advanced cloaking or optical refraction — referred to as 'morphogenic behavior,' allowing for adaptation to environments or missions,' the leaker continued.

Details were scarce on some other craft shapes, though the leaker noted nearly all 'these crafts,' like the boomerang UFOs, squares, and classic saucers 'demonstrate trans-medium travel, non-ballistic motion, and localized gravity manipulation.'

Above, an ornately spiked 'cruciform' UFO, allegedly captured by a US military plane  

The stunning, unusual images show ornately spiked 'cruciform' UFOs, boomerang-shaped flying wings, a floating 'hot' cube and several craft that looks straight out of science fiction

Above, another cruciform (cross-shaped) UFO from the leaker's email to Strange Mysteries

While many of these UFOs emit electromagnetic 'signatures that disrupt ISR [intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance] systems causing sensor malfunctions' on human-made systems, they said, one broad category was less disruptive.

''Orb'-class UAPs focus on surveillance with minimal EMF [electro-magnetic frequency] interference,' according to the leaker.

Speaking to NASA last year, ex-CIA physicist Dr Sean Kirkpatrick, then head of the Pentagon's All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), said: 'We see these ['metallic orbs'] all over the world.'

Dr Kirkpatrick, a career laser and optical physicist, called these orbs the most commonly reported type of UFO to AARO's team. 

'And we see these making very interesting apparent maneuvers,' he added.

But 'cruciform' UFO shapes were not called out by name in his report to NASA, which did note that seven percent of sightings fell into miscellaneous 'other' shapes.  

In his email to Latvaitis, the leaker asserted that he selected the YouTuber over more mainstream journalism outlets specifically to avoid having to verify his own claims.

'Many traditional media outlets would require verification of my identity and credentials,' the leaker told Latvaitis in his email, shown in a Strange Mysteries video.

Two cross-shaped UFOs as alleged by the leaker, in the crosshairs of a military aircraft 

'This is not feasible due to the risks involved,' the leaked explained. '[Those news media] organizations, despite their best intentions, are not equipped to handle the level of secrecy and potential retaliation associated with this information.'

The leaker described their motives as desire to inform on important information that has been 'classified and intentionally withheld from the public regarding 'unidentified aerial phenomena' [UAP] and the ongoing covert operations surrounding them.'

'I was part of one of the legacy programs,' the leaker wrote. 'I know that's vague, but unfortunately that's all I can offer at this point.'

Multiple UFO 'true believers' on social media expressed doubt over the leakers story, particularly the unknown individuals response to that skepticism. 

One UFO has been dubbed the ceiling fan, in part, by skeptics who believe that the image depicts a genuine household ceiling fan - and not a five-bladed advanced aerospace platform

Above, a strange 'hot cube' UFO image included in the leaker's email to Strange Mysteries

The mixed orientation of some images suggested 'they were probably scanned from a print out,' and the images varied in terms of their 'detailed sensor noise' and subtle software response to motion blur.

'In my opinion, this has the variety I would expect to see from a collection of images captured on different platforms over the years,' the user posted to Reddit's r/UFOs.

On the skeptics' forum Metabunk many dismissed the videos as too low information to properly vet or investigate, with some claiming it might have been release as a premeditated disinformation effort. 

'Not worth wasting time on unless they can (and do!) back up their story,' one typical comment read. 

'It takes seconds to make another picture and hours to try and debunk it.'

The 'Immaculate Constellation' program was discussed at a Congressional hearing about UAPs in mid-November 2024 and shortly after, Representative Nancy Mace (R-S.C.) made the 11-page document available to the public. Above a still from the alleged new leak

Michael Shellenberger, journalist and sworn witness at the hearing, told the House that Immaculate Constellation has thousands of 'high-resolution' images of UFOs (second at right)

But whistleblowers continue to claim that 'Immaculate Constellation' was, in fact, established to 'detect' and 'quarantine' the military's best UFO imagery, as well as its best videos, eyewitness testimonies and electronic sensor evidence.

This high quality, multi-sensor UFO data, according to a US official who confirmed the leak, is so tightly held that 'talking about it will put you in the danger zone.'

The quite literally 'above top secret' program allegedly sprang into action in the wake of the 2017 leak of three, still-as-yet unexplained US Navy infrared UFO videos, although it is still unconfirmed, resting the gray area of speculation. 

The program was discussed at a Congressional hearing about UAPs in mid-November and shortly after, Representative Nancy Mace (R-S.C.) made the 11-page document available to the public.

Michael Shellenberger, journalist and sworn witness at the hearing, told the House that Immaculate Constellation has thousands of 'high-resolution' images of UFOs.

Above, two additional alleged UFO images that the leaker to Strange Mysteries said came from Immaculate Constellation

In one stunning case, detailed in the 11-page report, infrared satellites captured a massive saucer-shaped UFO emerging from within a dense cloud formation.

The saucer's circumference was estimated to be between 650 and 1,300 feet, which would place its diameter between roughly 200 and 400 feet. 

It also 'displayed symmetrical concavities on the upper surface,' the report reads. 

The saucer registered hot in the infrared footage, and created visible 'atmospheric disturbances.' 

The object emerged from the cloud formation at a shallow angle and travelled upwards toward the outer atmosphere.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

10-12-2024 om 21:23 geschreven door peter  

Reuzenkaart van het heelal onthult: Einstein had weer gelijk

Door de donkere energie van het heelal in kaart te brengen, hebben astronomen een gigantische kaart gemaakt die een van Einsteins beroemdste theorieën aan de zwaarste test tot nu toe onderwerpt.

Een van de beroemdste theorieën van Albert Einstein is de algemene relativiteitstheorie uit 1915.

De theorie beschrijft hoe massieve objecten ruimte en tijd om zich heen krommen, wat weer invloed heeft op hoe objecten bewegen. Met andere woorden, ze vertelt ons iets over zwaartekracht.

De theorie wordt echter voortdurend op de proef gesteld.

Astrofysici hebben bijvoorbeeld verklaringen moeten vinden voor het feit dat het heelal steeds sneller uitdijt terwijl massieve objecten samenklonteren door de zwaartekracht.

Nu heeft de zwaartekrachttheorie haar grootste test tot nu toe doorstaan.

Een internationaal team van onderzoekers aan onder andere de Universiteit van Michigan en de Universiteit van Texas in de VS heeft gegevens geanalyseerd van het ruimteobservatorium Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) in Arizona.

Het instrument bestaat uit 5000 robotjes die samen met een reeks lichtmeters terug kunnen kijken in de geschiedenis van het heelal door donkere energie te onderzoeken en de afstand tot miljoenen sterrenstelsels en quasars in kaart te brengen.

Einsteins theorie houdt stand

Met de huidige gegevens heeft het onderzoeksteam de verspreiding, groei en ontwikkeling van meer dan 5,7 miljoen sterrenstelsels in kaart gebracht over een periode van 11 miljard jaar – van de totale ouderdom van het heelal van 13,8 miljard jaar.

Volgens astronomen is het heelal georganiseerd in het zogeheten kosmische web.

Hier zijn sterrenstelsels en clusters van sterrenstelsels verdeeld in een netwerk van lange strengen van donkere materie en sterrenstelsels, zogeheten filamenten, waar bijna geen sterrenstelsels zijn.

In het kosmische web vormt donkere materie ongeveer 27 procent van de totale energie van het heelal, terwijl donkere energie, die ervoor zorgt dat het heelal uitdijt en in principe de zwaartekracht tegenwerkt, ongeveer 68 procent vormt.

Het onderzoeksteam gebruikte de algemene relativiteitstheorie om de groei van het kosmische web te voorspellen.

Ze zagen dat de manier waarop de zwaartekracht de sterrenstelsels samenklontert en de manier waarop het kosmische web zich in de loop van de tijd ontwikkelt, consistent is met de theorie van Einstein.

Als er zwaartekracht aan de vergelijking zou worden toegevoegd of eruit zou worden verwijderd, zou het heelal er niet zo uitzien als nu.

De resultaten verklaren ook een ontdekking van het DESI-instrument in april 2024.

Hierbij observeerden wetenschappers dat donkere energie in de loop van de tijd verandert en dat het heelal daarom niet statisch uitdijt.

Er waren zelfs aanwijzingen dat het effect van donkere energie afnam. Dit zou verband kunnen houden met zwaartekracht.

Een extra bevinding

Het huidige onderzoek wierp ook nieuw licht op een ander kosmisch mysterie: het neutrino.

Neutrino’s zijn een soort elementaire deeltjes die nogal ongrijpbaar zijn, omdat ze geen elektrische lading hebben en bijna geen massa. Daarom worden ze ook wel spookdeeltjes genoemd.

Eerder onderzoek heeft een ondergrens gevonden voor de massa van neutrino’s. Met de nieuwe DESI-gegevens konden onderzoekers de bovengrens van de massa van neutrino’s bepalen.

{ https://wibnet.nl/heelal }

10-12-2024 om 20:31 geschreven door peter  

PREMIUM

Een supplement voor de darmen zou ook heilzaam zijn voor een ouder wordend brein. 

© Getty Images

--

{ https://www.hln.be/weer-en-wetenschap/ }

10-12-2024 om 18:46 geschreven door peter  

UFOs on the Moon: What NASA and Astronauts Couldn’t Reveal | Dr. Steven Greer’s Shocking Insights

For decades, humanity’s fascination with the Moon has been intertwined with curiosity about extraterrestrial life. Recent discussions, particularly those led by Dr. Steven Greer—a prominent figure in UFO disclosure—have shed new light on the mysteries surrounding UFOs and unexplained phenomena on the Moon. In this article, we delve into Dr. Greer’s insights into what astronauts, government agencies, and historical events suggest about UFOs on the Moon.

Dr. Steven Greer and the UFO Disclosure Movement

Dr. Steven Greer, a physician turned UFO researcher, has spent over 30 years uncovering classified information on UFOs and extraterrestrial life. Known for his work with the Disclosure Project, Dr. Greer has briefed world leaders, conducted press conferences, and produced documentaries to educate the public. His goal is to promote peaceful interstellar contact and reveal suppressed truths about UFOs, technology, and extraterrestrial civilizations.

Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Alleged Encounters on the Moon

The Apollo 11 Moon landing in 1969 marked a monumental achievement for humanity, but according to Dr. Greer, it also unveiled an unsettling truth: we were not alone on the Moon. Citing sources close to Neil Armstrong, Dr. Greer suggests that the Apollo astronauts encountered UFOs during their mission. These unidentified craft were reportedly observed above the rim of a crater, leading to significant concern among the astronauts.

Armstrong and his crewmate Buzz Aldrin were allegedly warned against revealing what they saw. Armstrong, fearing for the safety of his family, chose to remain silent. Similarly, Aldrin reportedly experienced emotional distress following the mission, and his sister corroborated the account, stating that significant pressure was placed on the astronauts to suppress the truth.

The Covert Footage and Its Implications

To maintain secrecy, Dr. Greer claims that NASA prepared alternate footage to splice into live broadcasts if something unexpected occurred. This pre-recorded footage was allegedly used during the Apollo 11 mission to hide evidence of extraterrestrial activity. One key anomaly often cited is the movement of the American flag, which seems to flutter despite the Moon’s lack of atmosphere. According to Dr. Greer, this was an oversight in NASA’s attempt to cover up evidence of UFOs.

Ancient Structures and Lunar Anomalies

Dr. Greer also highlights evidence of artificial structures on the Moon, some ancient and others relatively new. These structures were reportedly identified during the Lunar Orbiter missions, even before Apollo 11. Images from these missions were sent to a specialized facility where they were analyzed and sequestered from public view. These findings, combined with the Apollo astronauts’ experiences, suggest that the Moon may have been a site of extraterrestrial activity long before human exploration.

Warnings from Extraterrestrial Civilizations

One of the most startling claims from Dr. Greer’s sources is that extraterrestrial civilizations “warned off” humanity from further Moon exploration. According to Neil Armstrong, these civilizations expressed displeasure with humanity’s Cold War mentality and military-driven space exploration. The message was clear: space exploration should be approached with a spirit of peace and cooperation, not competition and militarization.

This could explain why the U.S. discontinued its lunar missions after the Apollo program, despite initial plans for lunar colonies and long-term exploration. While official narratives cite budgetary constraints, Dr. Greer suggests that extraterrestrial warnings played a significant role in halting these efforts.

Marilyn Monroe, JFK, and the UFO Connection

Dr. Greer also connects the secrecy surrounding UFOs to historical figures like President John F. Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe. Kennedy’s vision of a cooperative space program and his alleged intention to disclose UFO information may have contributed to his assassination. Similarly, Marilyn Monroe’s reported plans to reveal details about UFOs and extraterrestrial encounters—shared with her during her relationships with JFK and Robert Kennedy—could have led to her untimely death. Dr. Greer cites a CIA document that implicates Monroe’s knowledge of “objects from outer space” as a potential motive for silencing her.

What Does This Mean for Humanity?

The claims surrounding UFOs on the Moon are more than just sensational stories—they challenge our understanding of history, technology, and our place in the cosmos. If true, these revelations suggest that humanity is being monitored by advanced civilizations with a vested interest in our progress. They also raise questions about the extent of government secrecy and the suppression of information that could revolutionize our understanding of the universe.

VIDEO:

Dr. Steven Greer’s insights provide a compelling narrative about UFOs and extraterrestrial activity on the Moon. While skeptics may dismiss these claims, the testimonies of astronauts, whistleblowers, and historical documents suggest there is more to the story than meets the eye. As humanity continues to explore space, perhaps it is time to revisit these accounts with an open mind and a commitment to uncovering the truth.

The Moon, it seems, holds not just the promise of scientific discovery but also the potential to reshape our understanding of our relationship with the cosmos.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

10-12-2024 om 18:23 geschreven door peter  

Story by Stacy Liberatore For Dailymail.com

 

• A Harvard physicist published a study revealing the fragments are not coal ash 
• Avi Loeb analyzed 850 fragments, finding 10 percent have 'alien' elements
• READ MORE:  Study claimed spheres were industrial pollutants

A Harvard physicist has revealed that up to 10 percent of the fragments recovered from the Pacific Ocean contain 'alien' elements not seen in our solar system.

Avi Loeb told DailyMail.com that he and his team completed their analysis of 850 spherules, finding a new class of differentiated elemental composition labeled BeLaU - and 'not coal ash, as claimed by some people.'

The composition included Beryllium, lanthanum and uranium, which are found on Earth, but were arranged in patterns that do not match our planet's alloys.

'We studied more than a dozen BeLaU spherules and showed that they are distinctly different from coal fly ash based on the abundances of 55 elements from the periodic table,' said Loeb.

'Beyond any reasonable doubt, this rules out the coal ash interpretation that was suggested by four people.'

The teams findings have now claimed that the IM1 meteor detected shooting through the skies in 2014 was Earth's first interstellar visitor.

A Harvard physicist has revealed that up to 10 percent of the fragments recovered from the Pacific Ocean contain ' alien ' elements not seen in our solar system. Avi Loeb told DailyMail.com that he and his team completed their analysis of 850 spherules, finding a new class of differentiated elemental composition labeled BeLaU - and 'not coal ash, as claimed by some people.' The composition included Beryllium, lanthanum and uranium, which are found on Earth, but were arranged in patterns that do not match our planet's alloys.

©Provided by Daily Mail

The Harvard physicist's latest paper, published in January, breaks down the classification of the spherules.

Loeb told DailyMail.com that the samples were studied by three laboratories: University of California, Berkley, Bruker Corporation and Harvard University.

The samples were subdivided into three compositional types: silicate-rich spherules or S-type, the Ferich (Fe) spherules or I-type and glassy spherules or G-type.

Around 78 percent fall along S, G and I-type spherules.

Another group was labeled 'differentiated,' which was found to have higher silicon (Si) and Magnesium (Mg), along with increased ratios of Aluminum (Ai) and Si.

'These spherules are thus called differentiated, meaning they are likely derived from crustal rocks of a differentiated planet; we label them as D-type spherules, characterized by Mg/Si,' reads the study.

'We studied more than a dozen BeLaU spherules and showed that they are distinctly different from coal fly ash based on the abundances of 55 elements from the periodic table,' said Loeb. 'Beyond any reasonable doubt, this rules out the coal ash interpretation that was suggested by four people.' The teams findings have now claimed that the IM1 meteor detected shooting through the skies in 2014 was Earth's first interstellar visitor. The Harvard physicist's latest paper, published in January, breaks down the classification of the spherules.

©Provided by Daily Mail

Loeb told DailyMail.com that the samples were studied by three laboratories: University of California, Berkley, Bruker Corporation and Harvard University. The samples were subdivided into three compositional types: silicate-rich spherules or S-type, the Ferich (Fe) spherules or I-type and glassy spherules or G-type. Around 78 percent fall along S, G and I-type spherules. Another group was labeled 'differentiated,' which was found to have higher silicon (Si) and Magnesium (Mg), along with increased ratios of Aluminum (Ai) and Si. 'These spherules are thus called differentiated, meaning they are likely derived from crustal rocks of a differentiated planet; we label them as D-type spherules, characterized by Mg/Si,' reads the study. Another group was labeled 'differentiated,' which was found to have higher silicon (Si) and Magnesium (Mg), along with increased ratios of Aluminum (Ai) and Si. And about 22 percent of the 850 spherules were labeled as differentiated. The team used a different method to identify spherules with enrichments of Be, La and U.

©Provided by Daily Mail

This procedure identifies 10 of D-type spherules as BeLaU with low-Si spherules and two as BeLaU with high-Si spherules. Loeb explained that it is clear the fragments form from a material that split from a rock-like object, but the chemical composition is unlike any known solar system material with a component of the lunar crust being closest. 'The elemental composition of the BeLaU spherules was never reported in the scientific literature and is different from familiar spherules from known solar system meteors,' Loeb told DailyMail.com.

©Provided by Daily Mail

Another group was labeled 'differentiated,' which was found to have higher silicon (Si) and Magnesium (Mg), along with increased ratios of Aluminum (Ai) and Si.

And about 22 percent of the 850 spherules were labeled as differentiated.

The team used a different method to identify spherules with enrichments of Be, La and U.

This procedure identifies 10 of D-type spherules as BeLaU with low-Si spherules and two as BeLaU with high-Si spherules.

Loeb explained that it is clear the fragments form from a material that split from a rock-like object, but the chemical composition is unlike any known solar system material with a component of the lunar crust being closest.

'The abundance pattern does not resemble natural materials on the Earth, Moon, Mars or solar system asteroids and features enhanced abundances of some elements by up to a factor of a thousand relative to the initial composition of the solar system materials. We interpret it as being from outside the solar system. 'It constitutes the first recognized interstellar meteor, IM1.' Avi shared initial findings in October after analyzing just 57 fragments, stating the samples contained the new patterns of BeLaU, along with low content of elements with high affinity to iron, like Rhenium. However, the claim was met with criticism from other members of the scientific community, with one saying there was a lack of 'conclusive evidence'. Patricio A. Gallardo, a physicist at the University of Chicago, published a counter-study last November. 'The meteoritic origin is disfavored,' Gallardo shared in his paper published in Research Notes of the AAS. 'Few comparisons to contaminants have been conducted to discard the null hypothesis of terrestrial contamination.'

©Provided by Daily Mail

'The elemental composition of the BeLaU spherules was never reported in the scientific literature and is different from familiar spherules from known solar system meteors,' Loeb told DailyMail.com.

'The abundance pattern does not resemble natural materials on the Earth, Moon, Mars or solar system asteroids and features enhanced abundances of some elements by up to a factor of a thousand relative to the initial composition of the solar system materials. We interpret it as being from outside the solar system. 

'It constitutes the first recognized interstellar meteor, IM1.'

Avi shared initial findings in October after analyzing just 57 fragments, stating the samples contained the new patterns of BeLaU, along with low content of elements with high affinity to iron, like Rhenium

However, the claim was met with criticism from other members of the scientific community, with one saying there was a lack of 'conclusive evidence'.

Patricio A. Gallardo, a physicist at the University of Chicago, published a counter-study last November.

'The meteoritic origin is disfavored,' Gallardo shared in his paper published in Research Notes of the AAS.

'Few comparisons to contaminants have been conducted to discard the null hypothesis of terrestrial contamination.'

Gallardo also claimed that there was a consistency between these three elements (as well as nickel) with the beryllium, lanthanum, uranium and nickel that arises in the ash from the burning of coal.

Steve Desch and Alan Jackson from Arizona State University also shared their criticism last year, stating: 'Far from being exotic particles from an extrasolar planet, the spherules collected and analyzed by Loeb et al. appear to be just like those found around the world, with a Solar System origin and compositions modified by tens of thousands of years residence at the ocean bottom.'

A fourth person echoed Gallardo's paper in claiming the spherules are 'coal ash from human activity since the industrial revolution.'

Gallardo also claimed that there was a consistency between these three elements (as well as nickel) with the beryllium, lanthanum, uranium and nickel that arises in the ash from the burning of coal. Steve Desch and Alan Jackson from Arizona State University also shared their criticism last year, stating: 'Far from being exotic particles from an extrasolar planet, the spherules collected and analyzed by Loeb et al. appear to be just like those found around the world, with a Solar System origin and compositions modified by tens of thousands of years residence at the ocean bottom.' A fourth person echoed Gallardo's paper in claiming the spherules are 'coal ash from human activity since the industrial revolution.' 'All four of these critics did not have access to the expedition materials and made loud statements to the science community, the public, and news media without substantive evidence,' Loeb told DailyMail.com.

©Avi Loeb/Medium

'We now show that their 'coal ash' claim is invalid based on a detailed analysis of 55 elements from the periodic table. Their 'coal ash' claim was misinformation.' For years, Loeb has argued that Earth may have been visited by such technology. In 2017, an interstellar object named Oumuamua passed through the solar system, and while most scientists believe it was a natural phenomenon, Loeb famously argued it may have been of alien origin. After the discovery of Oumuamua in 2017, Loeb theorized - despite much criticism - that more interstellar objects had likely whizzed past Earth. He was vindicated in 2019 when a student discovered that a high-speed fireball in 2014, the IM1 meteor, also had interstellar origins and predated Oumuamua.

©Provided by Daily Mail

'All four of these critics did not have access to the expedition materials and made loud statements to the science community, the public, and news media without substantive evidence,' Loeb told DailyMail.com.

'We now show that their 'coal ash' claim is invalid based on a detailed analysis of 55 elements from the periodic table. Their 'coal ash' claim was misinformation.'

For years, Loeb has argued that Earth may have been visited by such technology.

In 2017, an interstellar object named Oumuamua passed through the solar system, and while most scientists believe it was a natural phenomenon, Loeb famously argued it may have been of alien origin.

After the discovery of Oumuamua in 2017, Loeb theorized - despite much criticism - that more interstellar objects had likely whizzed past Earth.

He was vindicated in 2019 when a Loeb and his team discovered that a high-speed fireball in 2014, the IM1 meteor, also had interstellar origins and predated Oumuamua.

The Harvard scientists spent years working closely with the US military to pinpoint the impact zone, combing through data to determine if and when the object fell from space. And determined the object crashed off the coast of Papua New Guinea. Air friction burst IM1 into flames in mid-air as it careened towards Earth, leaving a trail of molten iron rain droplets in its wake on January 8, 2014. The discovery that these interstellar metal fragments could be dredged from the Pacific with powerful magnets led to Loeb and his Galileo team's 2023 mission.

©Avi Loeb IM1 expedition

Last June, Loeb and his team traveled to a site where the meteor IM1 was believed to have crashed nearly a decade ago. Also known as CNEOS1 2014-01-08, the object had an estimated diameter of 1.5 feet, a mass of 1,014 pounds and a pre-impact velocity of 37.3 miles per second. IM1 withstood four times the pressure that would typically destroy an ordinary iron-metal meteor ¿ as it hurtled through Earth's atmosphere at 100,215 miles per hour. The researchers trawled the seafloor off the coast of New Guinea in June 2023, pulling hundreds of tiny metallic spherules during the expedition.

Read the full story: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-13051739/metals-pacific-ocean-outside-solar-alien.html?ito=msngallery

©Provided by Daily Mail

The Harvard scientists spent years working closely with the US military to pinpoint the impact zone, combing through data to determine if and when the object fell from space.

And determined the object crashed off the coast of Papua New Guinea.  

Air friction burst IM1 into flames in mid-air as it careened towards Earth, leaving a trail of molten iron rain droplets in its wake on January 8, 2014.

The discovery that these interstellar metal fragments could be dredged from the Pacific with powerful magnets led to Loeb and his Galileo team's 2023 mission.

Last June, Loeb and his team traveled to a site where the meteor IM1 was believed to have crashed nearly a decade ago.

Also known as CNEOS1 2014-01-08, the object had an estimated diameter of 1.5 feet, a mass of 1,014 pounds and a pre-impact velocity of 37.3 miles per second.

IM1 withstood four times the pressure that would typically destroy an ordinary iron-metal meteor — as it hurtled through Earth's atmosphere at 100,215 miles per hour.

The researchers trawled the seafloor off the coast of New Guinea in June 2023, pulling hundreds of tiny metallic spherules during the expedition.

The True Scale of Ocean Pollution

{  https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/ }

09-12-2024 om 22:58 geschreven door peter  

Bill Tompkins Was In Control Room When Neil Armstrong Met Moon Reptilians

Just two years before his death, William M. Tompkins had written “Selected by Extraterrestrials,” which induced sudden chaos in the UFO community with his incredible testimony about the US Navy’s secret development of space battle groups with the assistance of major aerospace companies beginning with Douglas Aircraft. He can be considered one of the most incredible whistleblowers to step forward and disclose the Secret Space Programs, E.T. Agendas, and hidden governments. He claimed to be part of an operation involving US Navy spies who stole UFO plans and antigravity technological secrets from the Nazis during World War II.

In July 2017, at a press conference, Tompkins made an unprecedented statement. He worked for the Douglas Aircraft Company alongside extraterrestrials (Nordic alien women). It had been 4-7 years before NASA appeared. He claimed about it in his book (mentioned above) that was published in 2015.

Additionally, he revealed that the Nazis had already had operational UFOs during the war, and because of the information that the US spies were able to obtain, the US later developed its fleet of UFOs – which then got siphoned off into the black military sphere under the control of Majestic 12, the ultra-secretive group that controlled and managed the UFO/alien issue in the 1940s.

During the time of World War, there were secret societies such as the Thule Society and the Vril Society. Famous British historian Nicholas Goodrick-Clark wrote a whole chapter about Maria Orsic in his book “Black Sun” published in 2001, where he connected her with Vril society.

The author mentioned that Orsic could communicate with alien civilizations and one of them was from the planet Aldebaran, which is located in the Taurus system.

According to Tompkins, the Nazis were in contact with Extraterrestrial Reptilians at the same time as Orsic was doing her channeling. Hitler found out about Orsic, her abilities, and the fact she was receiving information that detailed how to construct UFOs.

According to Tompkins, Hitler allowed Orsic (and the Nordics with whom she was working) to continue to work on their UFO program because the Nazis were already in contact with the Reptilians, and because Hitler knew he could always take over Orsic’s project at any time.

Robert Wood, who was interviewed alongside William Tompkins by Search4TruthReality (source), claimed that the Nazis’ technology rapidly advanced due to their relationship with the Reptilians so that they got to the far side of the moon before the end of WW2.

Dr. Wood worked in research and development management in Douglas Aircraft and McDonnell Douglas from 1956 to 1993. Later he became a Board member of MUFON. He was given $500,000 to disseminate UFO documents and $250,000 to make a UFO documentary. Later, Robert and his son Ryan scanned hundreds of MJ-12 documents and made them available on their website MajesticDocuments.com.

According to William Tompkins, he was recruited at a young age by the Navy due to his precocious ability to build highly accurate model ships. After working at North American Aviation and Northrop, he was hired by Douglas Aircraft Company in 1950.

In interviews such as with Project Camelot and in his book “Selected by Extraterrestrials,” Tompkins revealed much of his story. He explained that MJ-12 began in 1942 with the senior Douglas (the man who started the company).

Tompkins stated that right after the Battle of LA in 1942, to handle the implications of UFOs openly showing themselves in the skies, Douglas pulled some key men into a group (or think tank) that later became MJ-12.

Dr. Wood stated that MJ-12 is mostly associated with the Air Force, not other branches of the US military. He explained that the US Navy started back-engineering Nazi UFO crafts in 1942 before MJ-12 came into existence. It took the Navy around a decade to produce functional UFO craft, but they did so eventually.

Tompkins stated that when the first astronauts went to the moon, they were shocked to discover it had already been occupied by Draco Reptilians. He said that the Reptilians, over 9 feet tall, were standing next to their advanced craft.

Bill Tompkins: They were parked around the side of the crater. Okay. They were not parked on it. They were floating above it. So there were hundreds of these nine-foot reptilian guys standing with their legs. Yeah. They were all the way across underneath their vehicles, standing on the crater.

Interviewer: And what do they look like?

Bill Tompkins: They’re ugly-looking lizard, alligator-type people. They got the same skin as the lizards got. Okay. And terrible-looking faces. But then they have the ability to shift and look like a human. All of them do. Okay.

Interviewer. Do you think Von Braun was a reptilian?

Bill Tompkins: No. Your president. Yes.

Interviewer: Oh, which one?

Bill Tompkins: [George Bush senior] And Bill Clinton and this guy you just got rid. Yeah. They all were. Right. Okay. And they all have this ability to make themselves look like real good-looking people.

Interviewer: And you’re saying Trump isn’t one?

Bill Tompkins: No, he’s not. That’s a relief. And he knows more about this subject than people realize. But trying to get back to your earlier question, these groups of extraterrestrials who work together but are at war with other extraterrestrials, okay, have these vehicles that look like a planet, like our moon is a vehicle. It’s a command center for this arm. The easiest way to look at this is to put your arm out like this, and you be the center of the galaxy. (Source)

Read also:

• Project Stargate: CIA Top Secret Program To Track UFOs & Explore Mars
• Gray Alien Named ‘Sen’: Californian Woman Encounter Case By MUFON Researcher
• Aliens From Andromeda Told US Army Personnel That Humans Are Composite of 22 different E.T. races
• FBI 1947 Declassified Report: Giant Aliens Visit Earth From Another Dimension

According to both Tompkins and Dr. Wood, the Reptilians had already made a deal with the Nazis. Amazingly, Tompkins himself claimed he saw ancient structures on the far side of the moon and that he saw a floating building – 1.5 miles above the lunar surface.

According to Tompkins, many ET species are interacting with humanity currently, including Dracos/Reptilians and Nordics which have a great influence on the world.

In his Project Camelot interview, Tompkins prevented himself from disclosing more information about Reptilians as it was harmful to his credibility. Tompkins also described the US Military’s concerns about UFOs and alien beings and the Military’s rush to create advanced space-based weapons, which could be used to defend the planet Earth against an ET threat to our civilization.

He revealed US Navy has Battle Groups operating outside the Earth. He designed five spaceships and thirty support ships. Using the latest technology, he designed different spaceships for Northrop Aviation Company. Northrop started building the huge craft underground in Utah.

Tompkins claimed we are now building even better Battle Groups. The Apollo moon landings were also designed to build a base on the moon. We have had bases on the moon along with bases on Mars and Jupiter’s moons.

A month after the shocking conference, Tompkins passed away unexpectedly on August 21, 2017, in San Diego, California, at the age of 94.

References:

{ https://howandwhys.com/ }

09-12-2024 om 21:44 geschreven door peter  

Dr. Jon Kosloski, Director of the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (Senate Armed Services Committee)

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/uap/ }

09-12-2024 om 21:37 geschreven door peter  

Venus Has Never Been Habitable, New Study Suggests

Planetary researcher Tereza Constantinou and her colleagues at the University of Cambridge have examined the chemical composition of the Venusian atmosphere and inferred that the planet’s interior is too dry today for there ever to have been enough water for oceans to exist at its surface; instead, Venus has likely been a scorching, inhospitable world for its entire history.

This composite image, taken by JAXA’s Akatsuki spacecraft, shows Venus.

Image credit: JAXA / ISAS / DARTS / Damia Bouic.

From a distance, Venus and Earth look like siblings: it is almost identical in size and is a rocky planet like Earth.

But up close, Venus is more like an evil twin: it is covered with thick clouds of sulfuric acid, and its surface has a mean temperature close to 500 degrees Celsius.

Despite these extreme conditions, for decades, astronomers have been investigating whether Venus once had liquid oceans capable of supporting life, or whether some mysterious form of ‘aerial’ life exists in its thick clouds now.

“We won’t know for sure whether Venus can or did support life until we send probes at the end of this decade,” Constantinou said.

“But given it likely never had oceans, it is hard to imagine Venus ever having supported Earth-like life, which requires liquid water.”

When searching for life elsewhere in our galaxy, astronomers focus on planets orbiting their host stars in the habitable zone, where temperatures are such that liquid water can exist on the planet’s surface.

Venus provides a powerful limit on where this habitable zone lies around a star.

“Even though it’s the closest planet to us, Venus is important for exoplanet science, because it gives us a unique opportunity to explore a planet that evolved very differently to ours, right at the edge of the habitable zone,” Constantinou said.

The dichotomous climate pathways proposed for Venus.

Image credit: Constantinou et al., doi: 10.1038/s41550-024-02414-5.

There are two primary theories on how conditions on Venus may have evolved since its formation 4.6 billion years ago.

The first is that conditions on the surface of Venus were once temperate enough to support liquid water, but a runaway greenhouse effect caused by widespread volcanic activity caused the planet to get hotter and hotter.

The second theory is that Venus was born hot, and liquid water has never been able to condense at the surface.

“Both of those theories are based on climate models, but we wanted to take a different approach based on observations of Venus’ current atmospheric chemistry,” Constantinou said.

“To keep the Venusian atmosphere stable, then any chemicals being removed from the atmosphere should also be getting restored to it, since the planet’s interior and exterior are in constant chemical communication with one another.”

The researchers calculated the present destruction rate of water, carbon dioxide and carbonyl sulfide molecules in Venus’ atmosphere, which must be restored by volcanic gases to keep the atmosphere stable.

Volcanism, through its supply of gases to the atmosphere, provides a window into the interior of rocky planets like Venus.

As magma rises from the mantle to the surface, it releases gases from the deeper portions of the planet.

On Earth, volcanic eruptions are mostly steam, due to our planet’s water-rich interior.

But, based on the composition of the volcanic gases necessary to sustain the Venusian atmosphere, the scientists found that volcanic gases on Venus are at most six percent water.

These dry eruptions suggest that Venus’s interior, the source of the magma that releases volcanic gases, is also dehydrated.

At the end of this decade, NASA’s DAVINCI mission will be able to test and confirm whether Venus has always been a dry, inhospitable planet, with a series of flybys and a probe sent to the surface.

The results could help astronomers narrow their focus when searching for planets that can support life in orbit around other stars in the galaxy.

“If Venus was habitable in the past, it would mean other planets we have already found might also be habitable,” Constantinou said.

“Instruments like the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope are best at studying the atmospheres of planets close to their host star, like Venus.”

“But if Venus was never habitable, then it makes Venus-like planets elsewhere less likely candidates for habitable conditions or life.

“We would have loved to find that Venus was once a planet much closer to our own, so it’s kind of sad in a way to find out that it wasn’t, but ultimately it’s more useful to focus the search on planets that are mostly likely to be able to support life — at least life as we know it.”

• The study was published this month in the journal Nature Astronomy.
• T. Constantinou et al. A dry Venusian interior constrained by atmospheric chemistry. Nat Astron, published online December 2, 2024; doi: 10.1038/s41550-024-02414-5
• This article is based on a press-release provided by the University of Cambridge.

{ https://www.sci.news/ }

09-12-2024 om 20:45 geschreven door peter