The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
18-09-2025
Evidence Suggests Bob Lazar Was Telling Truth About UFOs & Anti-Gravity Propulsion
Evidence Suggests Bob Lazar Was Telling Truth About UFOs & Anti-Gravity Propulsion
On May 15, 1989, KLAS-5 TV did a live interview with an anonymous man who made some extraordinary claims about UFOs and anti-gravity technology. Bob Lazar, who hid his identity under the pseudonym “Dennis,” claimed that the United States military was conducting covert research on alien technology in the Nevada desert, close to a base now commonly referred to as “Area-51.” Lazar’s claims seem to be true after a 2020 New York story, “No Longer in Shadows, Pentagon’s U.F.O. Unit Will Make Some Findings Public,” that included some information about how astrophysicist and the Pentagon contractor Eric W. Davis gave a classified briefing to government officials in March 2020 about retrieved “off-world vehicles not made on this earth.”
In an interview with Las Vegas investigative writer George Knapp in 1989, Lazar claimed unbelievable things about Area-51 that catapulted the topic into the public consciousness. Lazar said he had reverse-engineered crashed alien flying saucers at a top-secret military station called S-4 near Papoose Lake. His claims sounded like sci-fiction, but in 30 years, everything he said in his interviews seems to become quite realistic.
Knapp stated in an interview with KNPR’s State of Nevada that he was unable to verify some of the information that Lazar provided to him. For example, he asserted that Lazar studied in MIT; however, Knapp checked with the institution, and it does not have any records of Lazar there. In addition, Lazar stated that he held a position at Los Alamos National Lab; when Knapp inquired about Lazar’s employment at the lab, Los Alamos responded that Lazar did not hold a position there. (Source)
Original UFO sketch by Bob Lazar
On the other hand, Lazar showed Knapp and a photojournalist around the national lab after taking them there himself. Knapp reported that everyone, including the security guard at the front gate and other scientists, greeted him as if he was a familiar face there. So, if Lazar really worked at Los Alamos, is there any record of him?
Medium user SignalsIntelUFO has done great work by transcribing over 50 interviews of Bob Lazar with in-depth information. Bob claimed to have been hired as a physicist at Los Alamos in May 1982. For evidence about his employment, there is an article written by Terry England on June 30, 1982. “To Lazar, a physicist at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility, the important thing is the jet engine. It’s something he’s been working on for years,” England wrote.
Terry England article on Bob Lazar
In July 2020, during Joe Rogan’s podcast with Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, Corbell said he asked Terry England about Bob Lazar’s occupation as a physicist at Los Alamos. Corbell said: “Look, here’s the point, you said Bob Lazar was a physicist at Los Alamos. So how did you base that? You’re writing a paper…” and he [England] goes “yeah,” — and it got picked up by AP news — he goes “if I [England] had misrepresented that he was a physicist at Los Alamos I would have been blackballed by everybody at Los Alamos. They take that very seriously. He was a physicist. I reported it. AP News picked it up, they repeated it. Not word one from anybody saying he wasn’t a physicist at Los Alamos.”
In July 2020, during Joe Rogan’s podcast with Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, Corbell said he asked Terry England about Bob Lazar’s occupation as a physicist at Los Alamos. There are two former lab employees who worked directly with Bob. The first one is a physicist named John Jarmer, and the second one, according to SignalsIntelUFO, had an administrative role but remained to be unidentified. Jarmer worked at the lab for over two decades in the Polarized Proton section. Besides, Joe Vaninetti, who worked alongside Bob,is listed as an author on multiple original research papers with John Jarmer.
John Jarmer, Bob Lazar, and Joe Vaninetti’s Lab Directory Entries.
There are other documents and accounts stating that Lazar had worked at S-4, a government laboratory near Groom lake. Richard Geldreich has done great research in connecting the dots to Bob Lazar’s mystery.
Exactly as Lazar had described it in the 1980s, a craft of unknown origin can be seen spinning and flying belly-up in one of the US Navy’s declassified UFO videos. “The craft that I worked on, that when it’s going to travel a long distance, that is how it operates. It puts its belly to the target and then brings all of the amplifiers to power, and you know it shoots off in that direction It doesn’t fly as it would in a science-fiction movie. It flies with the belly, the bottom, forward,” Lazar said. (Source )
Take a look at the so-called Gimbal UFO if the preceding description of a tilting spacecraft seems at all familiar to you. In 2017, the Pentagon made a video available online. In 2015, naval pilots flying off the coast of Florida came face to face with a fleet of unknown ships. Since then, they have had scores of further encounters of a similar nature.
“In the Gimbal video, there’s a mechanistic turn against the wind without deceleration, and so we have a craft without rotors, without heat signatures, without plums, without tail fins, and certainly no tail number, moving in a way that is counterintuitive to our aeronautics,” filmmaker Jeremy Corbell said. “When Bob saw it, he said it has to be a gravity-propelled craft. That it does mimic the propulsion system, Bob Lazar described.”
It is eerie. When Lazar initially began discussing the possibility of using Element 115 as a power source for antigravitational propulsion, the element was not even included on the periodic table. Now it is. It does not seem like much of a coincidence, does it?
“The study of UFOs did not end in 1969 with Project Blue Book. That was a lie, and it was an admitted lie by our own Pentagon,” Corbell said. “We are living in a world where it is understood that there are craft technologically advanced from an unknown origin that are performing maneuvers that far exceed human technology. It’s been going on a long time, and our government has been studying it.”
Bob Lazar further explained in his interviews that bombarding Element 115 with protons leads to it creating Element 116 (Livermorium), which immediately decays and produces antimatter. The antimatter collides with normal particles creating a massive energy burst, which can be used for propulsion. It is quite likely Element 115 could also be the famed exotic matter that is needed to create traversable wormholes that physicists such as Drs. Kip Thorne and Carl Sagan have speculated, and was the subject of a recently leaked Defense Intelligence Reference Document titled “Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy.”
This image features Bob Lazar and the Aerogel that was used to package the ELEMENT 115 for transport. There has been a lot of confusion about this – and about the function of ELEMENT 115 in alien spacecraft. And this is a core aspect of what Bob Lazar has told you. Image credit: Jeremy Corbell
In September 2020, Corbell shared a photo of Lazar holding Aerogel that was used to package Element 115 for transport. He said that he could not include this part in his Netflix documentary but promised to publish the clip on his YouTube channel, discussing Element 115 and how he observed it functioning (Editor’s note: I have searched throughout Corbell’s channel but could not find a clip explaining Element 115).
“It’s reported that a distortion occurs – a gravitational distortion. This is highlighted by how these vehicles appear to negate the effects of inertia. You’ve heard it thousands of times from credible witnesses regarding their UFO encounters… ‘It shot off at an IMPOSSIBLE speed.’ Cmdr. Fravor & Cmdr. Select Underwood used those exact words to me when describing their encounters with the TIC TAC UFO. The craft displayed instantaneous acceleration – and was immediately gone from both sight and radar. Even the Princeton with it’s SPY-1 radar system confirmed this in real-time.
So what’s up with these transmedium machines – these UFOs that fly with impunity in our airspace? Maybe ELEMENT 115 can give us a glimpse into the UFO presence on Planet Earth,” Corbell wrote.
The organisms discovered sustain on chemosynthesis rather than sunlight and are clustered around abundant methane seeps in the Kuril-Kamchatka and western Aleutian Trenches.
Researchers documented a variety of life in the newly discovered system in the Pacific northeast of Papua New Guinea.
(Image credit: Image by Prof. SUN Weidong, et al., 2025.)
A research team led by scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences has discovered extraordinary deep-sea life in one of the most extreme environments on Earth. Using a manned submersible, the team explored ocean trenches in the northwest Pacific, reaching depths of over 31,000 feet.
There, they recorded stunning footage of strange ecosystems, including beds of clams, mats of bacteria resembling ice, and fields of tube worms. The discovery, published in a study in the journal Nature, sets a new milestone in deep-sea exploration, surpassing the previous record for filmed marine vertebrate, which included a snailfish spotted at 27,350 feet deep off the coast of Japan in 2023.
Map locating the Mariana Trench
The study area, situated in the northwest Pacific, is demarcated by a white rectangle in the inset. Orange dots represent dive sites where chemosynthesis-based communities were observed and sampled and crosses indicate dive sites lacking such communities. Open orange circles delineate potential seep sites characterized by black sediments. White arrows illustrate the direction of subduction for the Pacific Plate beneath the Okhotsk Plate and the Bering Sea Plate. The dashed white lines indicate the transitional connection zones between the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench and the Aleutian Trench. Bathymetric data were acquired using the KM-EM122 multi-beam bathymetric system during the research expedition. Scale bar, 200 km.
Credit: map created using Global Mapper 14 software, with background data sourced from GeoMapApp (http://www.geomapapp.org), under a CC BY 4.0 licence.
a, Free-moving polychaetes Macellicephaloides grandicirra (white; reaching 6.5 cm in size) navigate among dense colonies of frenulate siboglinids, with tubes 20–30 cm in length and approximately 1 mm in diameter, at 9,532 m at The Deepest. b, Clusters of frenulate siboglinids extending red haemoglobin-filled tentacles, with small Gastropoda (white spots) on tops of the tubes near the tentacles, at 9,320 m at Wintersweet Valley. c, Tightly packed frenulate siboglinids are home to abundant free-moving polychaetes M. grandicirra (white) at 9,332 m at Cotton Field. d, Dense aggregation of vesicomyid bivalves A. phaseoliformis (reaching 23 cm in size) in the sediment, with approximately 6–8 cm of valves exposed and often hosting Actiniaria, at 5,743 m at Clam Bed. e, Tube-dwelling polychaetes Anobothrus sp. and Actiniaria are dominant at 6,870 m at Aleutian Deepest, with spots of white microbial mats. f, Dense aggregation of vesicomyid bivalves I. fossajaponicum (reaching 3 cm in size) associated with black sediments and accompanied by tube-dwelling polychaetes Anobothrus sp. at 6,928 m at Aleutian Deepest. g, Dark blue muds surrounded by clusters of frenulate siboglinids, mark methane seeps at 6,800 m at Blue Marsh. h, Large patches of white, snow-like microbial mats stretch tens of metres, accompanied by frenulate siboglinid tubeworms at 6,700 m at Icy River. The images were taken by the manned submersible equipped with a high-definition camera system. The name of each cold seep indicated in the lower left corner. The distance between laser beams is 10 cm. An expanded showcase of cold-seep fauna is given in Supplementary Video 1.
Life found where sunlight never reaches
Hadal trenches are deep-sea depressions between 19,700 and 36,100 feet, formed where one tectonic plate dives beneath another. These remote regions—among the least explored on the planet—have long been suspected of supporting life that relies on chemosynthesis rather than sunlight.
The new findings confirm that these extreme environments do, in fact, harbor unique and resilient biological communities. The research team documented thriving species of deep-sea life fueled by chemosynthesis, clustered around abundant methane seeps in the Kuril-Kamchatka and western Aleutian Trenches.
Bivalve mollusks discovered as part of the exploration. Source: IDSSE/CAS
As per the study’s findings, these ecosystems are sustained by methane and hydrogen sulfide–rich fluids rising through faults in deep sediment layers. Isotopic analysis suggests that the methane is generated by microbes breaking down organic material buried in the seabed.
Because similar geological conditions exist in other hadal trenches, scientists believe such chemosynthesis-based ecosystems may be far more common than once believed. Furthermore, with the ongoing discovery of chemosynthesis-based communities in hadal zones, researchers may soon identify new species and reveal previously unknown relationships between animals and microorganisms that have adapted to survive under extreme high-pressure conditions
Fields of tube worms and mollusks discovered
According to one of the lead researchers, Dr Xiaotong Peng, the expedition offered a rare opportunity to explore uncharted regions of the deep-sea and what the team encountered was remarkable.
As part of future research, the team aims to understand how these so-called chemosynthetic organisms convert chemical compounds into energy. Dr Megran Du, from China’s Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering (IDSSE), highlighted the challenge of adapting to extreme pressure, noting that uncovering the mechanisms behind their survival in such intense conditions is another key question they plan to explore.
Recent discoveries challenge long-held beliefs about life’s limits at extreme depths. Reflecting on the experience of descending into the pitch-black depths, Du added that while some might find it frightening, she encourages her students to look out the submersible’s window—where the view can be truly inspiring.
The research itself is part of the Global Hadal Exploration Programme (GHEP), a decade-long international project led by the Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering. The program focuses on exploring the Earth’s deepest oceans using advanced deep-diving technology.
UFO over Los Angeles, California Aug 30, 2025 UAP sighting news 👽 it’s the battle of LA again! 🛸
UFO over Los Angeles, California Aug 30, 2025 UAP sighting news 👽 it’s the battle of LA again! 🛸
Date of sighting: Aug 30, 2025
Location of sighting:Los Angeles, California, USA
Source: NUFORC website
Hey all, this UFO looks amazing. Its V shape really stands out and it has glowing lights along the whole craft. It's 100% similar in appearance to the famous Phoenix lights UFO, just smaller. This craft looks to be about 30 meters across, like that of a passenger jet. Fantastic detail and over a city with millions of people, but I have to say, I'm from LA and people have seen it all and just shrug the strange or unusual off like its just another day. But this is absolute a real alien UFO.
Scott C. Waring - UFO sightings Daily
Characteristics Observation:
Shape: Chevron
Color: black w white lights
Estimated Size: Not sure
Viewed From: Land
Direction from Viewer: South
Angle of Elevation: 45
Closest Distance: Not sure. Maybe 2-3 miles
Estimated Speed: Not sure
Characteristics: Lights on object V shaped craft with 9 circular white lights.
Eyewitness states:
While sitting on my balcony I saw a light in the sky bigger than stars usually appear. I took out my phone to zoom in to see what it was and started taking pictures and videos. It stayed in the same area for about 25–30 minutes for the first time I saw it. It moved around a little bit but didn’t go too far. At the end it just flew off in the south direction until I couldn’t see it anymore.
UFO over Yellowknife, Canada on August 30, 2025. UFO UAP Sighting News.
UFO over Yellowknife, Canada on August 30, 2025. UFO UAP Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Aug 30, 2025
Location of sighting: Yellowknife, Canada
Source: NUFORC website
Guys check this out. This UFO report just came into NUFORC and it's absolutely mind boggling! This craft is huge, like football field size huge. The object is traveling slowly, so that rules out meteor and the object has a huge finlike shape...much like a fish. It's beautiful, and rare, such a great catch. I'm sure thousands of people saw it, but only one report this week came in about it so far. Yes it's a UFO...unidentified flying object...but is it an alien species flying it??? Yeah it is, because nothing on Earth is that big and can fly horizontal like that!
Scott C. Waring - UFO Sightings Daily
Characteristics observation
Shape: Triangle
Color: White/Grey glowing
Viewed From: Land
Angle of Elevation: 13
Characteristics: Aura or haze around object.
Eyewitness states:
It was glowing white/grey and looked like the shape of a bird or beta fish. I spotted this ufo in the sky outside my apartment building as I got out of my car. The ufo was moving straight and started to fade after 2 minutes of movement. It was glowing white/grey and looked like the shape of a bird or beta fish.
The wilderness seems to beckon people to join it at times. Here we see some of the most mysterious vanishings there are, with people who have just gone off into the trees to evaporate into thin air. These dark places at times have a habit of drawing the unwary in and not letting go, leaving behind vanishings with a wake of strange circumstances and bizarre clues.
Our earliest case here brings us back to August of 1934, when 21-year-old Olga Mauger seemed to have things going pretty well for her. She had just married wealthy Wyoming oil magnate Carl Mauger after a two-week whirlwind romance and the two were madly in love. They also had an upcoming elk hunting trip in the scenic wilderness near Dubois, Wyoming, that they saw as a romantic honeymoon. It seemed as if she had her whole future ahead of her, but she was about to become the center of one of Wyoming’s oldest and strangest unsolved mysteries.
The couple made their way to a place called Floyd Stalnacker camp, at Togwotee Pass up in the remote mountains, just six days after their wedding, and at first, the trip was everything they had hoped it would be. On September 17, 1934, the sixth day of their trip, the couple headed out into the wilderness on a scout expedition for elk. At some point during their hike, Carl told his wife he wanted to go up a small ridge not too far away, but Olga said that she was tired and wanted to take a rest. It was a bit strange because Olga was an avid hunter, athletic, and in incredible shape, to the point that it was usually Carl trying to keep up with her, but at the time, he didn’t think much of it and continued up the ridge as she sat down on a rock to rest. Little did he know that this would be the last time he would ever see her again.
When Carl returned to the same spot 20 minutes later, his wife was nowhere to be seen. A quick search around the area turned up nothing else, and his calls out to her remained unanswered. Not long after this, authorities were summoned and they would launch a massive search involving an aircraft and over 300 people, bloodhounds, and even 20 Native American trackers, but they could find no trace of her. The dogs brought in could not find a scent trail; there was nothing. The only thing they managed to turn up was an empty paper sack in which there had been three sandwiches, but no sign of the food. How is it that she could so completely vanish within 20 minutes to the point that not even dogs and expert Native trackers could pick up her trail? No one had a clue, but as night approached and the weather got very cold, it was feared that wherever she had gone, Olga, who had been lightly dressed, might not survive.
Nevertheless, the search continued into the coming weeks, and there were some clues that would show up during this time. One was that some local campers would claim to have heard a woman screaming out in the woods of a nearby canyon three days after she had gone missing, but this could not be confirmed to have been her. There was also much excitement when a set of footprints was found at a wooded area known as Turpin Meadows, about 8 miles from where Olga had gone missing. The tracks were first thought to be hers, but it turned out that they were not. There were also some reports of seeing a woman walking along the nearby Togwotee Pass Road, but these could not be verified to have been her. The search went on into October, until a massive snowstorm hit, and it was called off for good. Rather oddly, shortly after the end of the search, a woman was found in Bridgeport, Nebraska, who allegedly looked so much like Olga that she had to be ruled out.
At the time, it was seen as a very odd disappearance for several reasons. One was that Olga had been hunting and fishing in that same area since she was a child and was very familiar with the terrain, meaning that it seems unlikely she could have gotten lost, and even if she had, why hadn’t she called out for help or answered calls out to her? Carl had allegedly been gone for only 20 minutes, so wouldn’t she be able to hear him? Also, how could she have managed to so completely elude the dogs and trackers? Why would she have wandered off from her spot on that rock in the first place? No one knew, but there were ideas.
One idea was that she had gone down to the road and either hitchhiked a ride or been kidnapped, but why would she have gone there? Another was that she had simply gotten lost and met with misfortune, but with her knowledge of the area, this seemed unlikely, and again, why would she have gone off into the wilderness to begin with? It could also have been a bear attack, but again, this would have made a commotion, and no body or signs of an animal attack had been found. As more information came in, there was also seen the possibility that she had run away to start a new life. It would turn out that her marriage was not as blissful as had been thought when Olga’s sister claimed that the couple had been on the rocks, arguing frequently, and that Olga had been unhappy with the marriage and had regretted having the wedding so soon. In this scenario, Olga had used the elk-hunting trip as a ruse for her escape, knowing that with her outdoor survival skills, no one would be able to follow her. After this, all she had to do was go to the nearby road and hitch a ride to a new life. This might help explain how she was able to evade the search party, and it would also explain the oddity of her wanting her husband to continue on while she took a rest. If she had run away, then it was actually a pretty good plan.
Another, more ominous possibility was that it had been foul play. It would be found that Carl had been dating a woman by the name of Ella Tchack for five or six years when he met Olga at a dance. It had apparently been serious enough that they had been considering marriage, and Ella was reported as having been very upset about Carl running off with Olga, to the point that it was claimed she had threatened to commit suicide. Yet another witness close to her claimed that Ella and Carl had continued seeing each other after Carl’s marriage to Olga, something that Carl vehemently denied. The idea here is that Carl had perhaps murdered Olga to get out of his marriage and get back with Ella, and there were some sinister clues that supported this. One was that he would later contradict his statement that he had been gone 20 minutes, giving a different figure. Even more damning is that the Native guides made the observation that Carl Mauger's path away from his wife to the spot he claimed to have gone would have kept him in full view of her sitting place from the moment he left her to the moment he claimed he had returned. An excerpt from the Casper Star-Tribune says of this:
“They also pointed out that, although the country is rugged, it is open and that Mauger was in full view of the place, where he claimed he left his wife until he reached a small path where he said he turned around and retraced his steps.”
If this is true, then she would have never been out of his line of sight at all. It seems pretty ominous, but without any real evidence of wrongdoing, there was nothing to go on, and Carl Mauger was never pursued as a suspect. In a curious aside, he would be arrested not long after and put in jail after being mistaken for a wanted criminal who just happened to be his doppelganger and had the name Carl Mager. Weird. Also, rather odd, or to be expected, depending on your stance, Carl would later remarry, this time with Ella, the one he had been dating when he married Olga. Coincidence or not? We are left to ask ourselves what happened to Olga? Was this a tragic accident or foul play? Where did she go that day, and what became of her? Considering it is one of Wisconsin's oldest cold cases and there have been no new clues in decades, we will probably never know for sure.
Moving along, Susan Adams, 42, and her husband, Tom, of Austin, Texas, had been looking forward to their next big camping trip for months. Both avid campers, hunters, and birdwatchers, their plan was to take a wilderness tour with a group called Iron Horse Outfitters, their destination being a protected wilderness area near the Idaho/Montana border called the Selway–Bitterroot Wilderness. Lying along the Bitterroot Mountain range, it is a rugged domain of thick forests and alpine parkland that spans 1.3 million acres, making it one of the largest such wilderness areas in the entire country. The couple was very excited about exploring it, they both had experience with the outdoors, and they were going in with a reputable wilderness tour company and seasoned guides in good spirits. There was no reason to suspect this would be anything other than the trip of a lifetime, but this was an excursion that only one of them would return from.
On September 22 of 1990, the couple arrived in Idaho Falls ready for their adventure and met with the owner of the tour company, Art Griffith, before heading out a few days later to take a long horseback ride through pristine wilderness to the outfitters' camp in the Battle Lake area. There they were greeted by the rest of the crew, consisting of a group of hunters, guides, and the camp’s cook. They then spent about a week leisurely exploring the area, hunting, and engaging in their hobby of birdwatching, before Tom decided to go out on September 29 with some of the camp hunters for an overnight hunting trip. Susan decided she would stay behind at camp, and after escorting her husband by horseback to a ridge, she said her goodbyes and returned to camp. No one at the time realized that this would prove to be their final goodbye.
The following day at around 9 AM, Susan decided to go do some birdwatching at a nearby meadow. The weather was clear and calm, and so she only had with her light clothing, her binoculars, and her camera. The meadow was nearby and an easy short hike away, so when she told the camp cook that she was headed over there, no one thought anything of it. She walked off, but never came back. No one in the camp seemed to really be all that alarmed, as it was a nice day, the meadow was so close, and Susan had not said anything about when she planned to return. It didn’t even cross anyone’s mind that something was amiss until Tom came back from his hunting trip in the late afternoon, and she had still not returned.
Tom waited a while, but as darkness began to creep in, he became worried. He went out towards the meadow, where he found footprints that led away down a trail. Oddly, he claims that at some point, the tracks just abruptly ended right in the middle of that dusty trail, with no sign of any leading off anywhere. According to Tom, it was unsettling, as if she had simply vanished right there on the spot, and he would say, “I followed the footprints to a place about 20 yards from the meadow, where the tracks stopped.” He looked everywhere for more footprints, but there were none, and his desperate calls out into the trees were answered by the sounds of the darkening forest. He was then joined by the camp guides and hunters, many of them experienced trackers, but they had no more success, and after some time scouring the area with no sign of Susan, night was finally upon them, forcing them to abandon their efforts and just hope that Susan made her way back.
The following morning, Susan was still gone, and so authorities were notified of the disappearance. A large-scale search was launched of the entire area for miles around, but nothing whatsoever was found, and the operation had to be suspended due to cold and snowy weather moving in, which was worrying since Susan had not brought any warm clothing or survival gear with her. The search then resumed with renewed efforts to find the woman, as it was thought that every minute lost was dangerous if Susan was still alive at all. Aircraft, dogs, and hundreds of volunteers meticulously combed the area, even walking side by side at arm’s length apart through large stretches of wilderness to leave no stone unturned. Some scattered footprints were found that indicated perhaps someone who was injured, but they were so faded and unclear that it was not positive that they had belonged to Susan Adams at all. The theory that was brewing among law enforcement officials at the time was that she must have gotten injured and died out there, and before the official search was closed for winter, Sheriff Randy Baldwin would say:
“I believe beyond any reasonable doubt that Susan Adams died from injuries or other related causes due to being lost or hurt in the wilderness area near Battle Lake. I also believe that Susan Adams' remains are still in that area, but feel that any future organized search would not be effective in locating her remains.”
The family was so desperate that they even hired a psychic, who rather eerily came to the same conclusion, predicting that Susan had sustained a head injury and perished not far from camp. Yet if this is all correct, then why hadn’t they found any trace of remains or indeed any sign of her at all, despite such a detailed search? Another idea was that a wild animal might have attacked her and dragged her off, but if this were the case, it is thought that she would have screamed out, which would have been heard at the nearby camp, and there was also no sign of blood, shredded clothing, no indication of a struggle, nor any tracks from a dangerous animal. It is hard to believe that a vicious wild animal could have swooped in to take her away completely silently, without any sign of blood or a fight, and without leaving any tracks behind. The idea of foul play was also briefly looked at, but neither Tom Adams nor any of the hunters or guides was found to have any evidence at all that they were linked to the vanishing.
What happened to Susan Adams? How did she just wander away so close to camp and then evaporate to never be found? Was she attacked by an animal or a nefarious party? Was her attention drawn by something to bring her out and get injured? Or was it something far stranger? Why is it she did not call out, and why was no trace of her remains ever found? Even more eerily, what is the meaning of those tracks that just stopped in the middle of a trail? We will probably never know, and it is another bizarre case to add to the considerable number of those like it.
Some of the strangest of these wilderness vanishing cases have been written of by missing persons researcher and author on the subject, David Paulides, in his Missing 411 series of books, and these accounts can range from the slightly odd to the full-on bizarre. One very weird case that has been much discussed and speculated upon is that of a seasoned, experienced hunter who went out with a group of friends only to step off the face of the earth and leave strange clues and mysteries that have not been solved to this day.
The setting for this strange case is the rather ominously named Crazy Mountains, in the northern part of the Rocky Mountains of Montana, in the United States, where, in September of 2014, a 38-year-old elk hunter by the name of Aaron Joseph Hedges was out on a hunting trip with friends Greg Leitner and Joe Depew. The trip started on September 3, when the group headed out from the Cottonwood Lake Trailhead along with two horses and a mule. The men were in good spirits, looking forward to their excursion, and things were going smoothly as they headed towards a place called Campfire Lake, but they hit an obstacle when their mule got spooked and Hedges’ sleeping bag was thrown off the trail and lost.
It was an unfortunate turn of events, but fortunately, the group kept another hunting camp they had used the previous year and had loaded up with an emergency cache of extra supplies just in case they ever needed it. Among these supplies were extra sleeping bags and so on. On September 5, Aaron decided to make a trek up that way, towards a place called Sunlight Lake. It wasn’t a particularly formidable distance for the experienced outdoorsman, and he had a walkie-talkie, cellphone, and was armed with a firearm and bow, so no one thought much of it, especially since he told his companions that he was just going to grab the supplies and would be back before nightfall. Little did they know that as he stalked off up that trail into the trees, it would be the last time anyone saw him alive.
Night came and went with no sign of Hedges, and the next day he still did not turn up. The group tried numerous times to call him on his walkie-talkie, but there was no response. A look at the GPS for the walkie-talkie system showed that Hedges had missed the fork in the trail that he was supposed to take to his destination, and it labelled his position as being out at the very edge of the screen. They waited around the area for several more days, hoping that he would find his way back to them, but there was no further word, and Aaron Hedges was finally reported missing on September 8. A search was mounted, and although the effort was somewhat impeded by snow that had hit the area, the surroundings were meticulously scoured using helicopters with infrared equipment, horses, and 20 tracker dog teams, all of which turned up no sign at all of the missing hunter.
It was not until the second day of the search that a clue was finally found. By a creek just east of Sunlight Lake was found a spot where someone had attempted to start a fire using a pack of cigarettes, and nearby were found the water bladder that Hedges had been carrying, the waist straps of his backpack, and his shoes sat down neatly side by side as if they had been carefully removed and placed there. Oddly, the site was found in an area the search teams had just combed the previous day without finding a thing, and it was also considered puzzling that he would have taken his shoes off and just left them behind, considering the plummeting temperatures and snow. Also unusual was that tracker dogs passing through were unable to pick up a scent trail for the missing man, which was a bit hard to explain. This was the only trace of Hedges that would be found during the search efforts, and it was as if he had just vanished into thin air, but things would get even weirder still, a full 9 months after the disappearance.
In June 0f 2015, a hiker by the name of Roger Beslanowitch was staying with relatives at a place called the Rein Anchor Ranch, when he took a walk to the top of a nearby ridge and came across someone’s outdoor gear, including a backpack containing a cellphone, an orange hunting vest, bow, clothes, a hunting license, and some scattered wrappers from granola bars. Bizarrely, at the head of the ridge was also a thermos cup placed upon a rock, along with an open energy drink nearby. Beslanowitch would report that he had been sure there had to be a body somewhere, but he could find none, just those belongings eerily piled up against a tree. When it was found through the hunting and driver’s licenses in the pack that they had belonged to Aaron Hedges, the authorities jumped all over this new lead in their cold case, but they could find no trace of any human remains.
It would not be until the following summer that remains would finally be discovered about half a mile from where the gear had been found, which was a full 15 miles from where he had last been seen and 6 miles from where his boots had been found, meaning he had somehow traversed that snow swept wilderness without his boots all of that way, along a route that had no major trails. Making it even weirder was that the area the remains were found in was within eyesight of the nearby ranch and right next to a frequently used road, which would have meant safety, but he had never managed to reach it. How could this be? He had obviously stopped to have something to drink on that ridge, from which he would have been able to clearly see the house, so why did he just stop, strip down out of his clothes, and die so close to safety?
The whole case is permeated by strange details. The fork in the trail that Hedges was originally meant to take up to his destination was clearly delineated and visible, and he was equipped with a GPS, yet he had gone right by it. He had then managed to set up a camp that evaded a complete search of the same area, then taken his boots off in freezing weather and somehow managed to walk 6 miles over rough terrain off-trail through snow, which authorities see as highly unlikely, as it would have been an incredible feat for even the most hardened survivalist. Indeed, why had he taken his shoes off to begin with? Then there is the fact that dogs could not pick up his scent, and all of this is punctuated by the rest of his belongings and his body plopped out there practically right on top of an inhabited ranch. The cause of death could also not be determined, as neither the skull nor any of the bones exhibited any sort of trauma indicating an injury of any kind. What is going on here?
There have certainly been plenty of theories ranging from the plausible to the far out. The official explanation is that he had probably had hypothermia and disorientation, which had caused him to wander about aimlessly and display his odd behavior. He may have even intentionally avoided search party teams and that ranch to cover the fact that he and his friends may have been hunting in off-limits areas and poaching. Other theories are decidedly more fringe, including the pervasive idea that he somehow passed into another dimension or through a portal. One Reddit user on the Missing 411 forum called “DapperWinner” explains his spin on the theory and how it matches many of the stranger details as follows:
“The turn in the path: Aaron left his hunting buddies to go to a cache that was a hike away, there was a visible path and clear turn for him to ascend up and get to the cache. What I believe happened is somewhere just before that turn or on it he 'passed' over into another dimensional reality. It was getting late and his friends tried to call him over the walkie talkie and they did ping his GPS. Now at this point, somehow I think for a split minute or so he flickered back into this reality in just enough time for the GPS to go off and then flickered back out. I'm no expert on this stuff so forgive the terms.
The boots: The SAR has been called and they comb the area for him, dogs also cannot get a scent. Now with the dogs i believe the reason why they cannot find one is because he literally is not there, he is in some other dimensional reality overlapping our own. Further in the case they find his boots and other items AFTER they combed a particular area bythe ridgeline. Similar things have happened in other cases, so we came up with a theory that what if his items have somehow re-materialzed back into our reality? Let’s say that in the dimension he is in, whatever bad weather is happening in ours (The snow) Is not happening where he is. So perhaps he has a rest and takes his boots off to rest his feet, somehow those items reappear back in our reality and he loses them. This would explain why his boots were found just set there as if someone had placed them. Because they were.
The pack: Months pass and the somebody finds Aaron hedges backpack and drinking equipment overlooking a property with human houses and structures visible. Let’s say Aaron did make his way to this place and I think he knew where he was going expecting to find those peoples properties. But here’s the thing: They weren't physically there in that other reality! He made his way to that ridgeline expecting to find houses but did not. And again, his items have somehow re-materialized back into this reality where they were found by a neighbor. Now this is where the speculation gets a little crazy: We theorized that what if the alternate reality he stumbled in, time flows differently. As they found his pack a year or so later I believe? What if wherever he is, it’s only felt like a day or two for him being lost, but in our reality a year had passed? As I said it’s just speculation on our part, but i find it hard to believe a backpack containing food was sitting there perfectly for a year for someone to discover without it being ravaged wildlife.”
What happened to Aaron Hedges? Did he simply get lost and succumb to the stresses of the environment? Is this, as the authorities say, a case of hypothermia-induced psychosis? If so, then what are we to make of all of the weird clues orbiting the whole thing? Or is this, as some of the stranger theories have posited, something altogether more bizarre and past out ability to really grasp? Just about the only thing we really do know about this weird case is that Aaron Hedges disappeared without explanation, his remains reappeared just as mysteriously, and no one truly knows what exactly happened to him except for him and the trees.
Finally, we come to the case of Terrence Shemel Woods Jr., of Capitol Heights, Maryland, who at the age of 26 years old made a pretty good success of himself as a filmmaker. Educated in England, he had worked on numerous TV programs and documentaries, including several that had taken him out into the rugged outdoors for shoots in such far-flung places as Turkey and Alaska, making him no stranger to roughing it. In 2018, Woods was working for a London-based production company called Raw TV, which specializes in the outdoors and is perhaps best known for the Discovery Channel reality show Gold Rush. In October of that year, he was enlisted to spend a few weeks in the remote wilderness of Montana and Idaho to work on a documentary for a British show called Whitewater, in this episode about the abandoned gold mine called Penman Mine, which lies within a place called the Nez Perce Clearwater National Forest, in the heart of north-central Idaho. Terrence was there with 12 other crew members and was reportedly in good spirits at first, but things were about to take a turn for the strange.
On October 5, 2018, the crew spent the entire day out at the mine filming. It was fairly isolated, rough and mountainous terrain, but all of them were quite experienced with this sort of shoot, and it was nothing they couldn’t handle. Woods reportedly had been quieter than usual that day, which most just chalked up to tiredness. As the crew began finishing up for the day, something very strange would happen when Woods took off running for no apparent reason and just kept on running right off the face of the earth. The production manager who witnessed it all would later say in a statement to Woods’ father:
“So we were finishing up for the day and your son was talking to one of the miners. I was in one of the vehicles doing some work when your son told the miner that he had to go relieve himself. Something told me, kind of like a gut feeling, to look over near the cliff your son was at, when I looked over there all I saw was the radio lying on the ground. I originally thought your son fell off the cliff so I leaped out of the vehicle and ran over there immediately. To my shock, your son was already 15 feet down the cliff running like a hare. I’ve never seen anyone run that fast. At that point I yelled to the crew to get in a vehicle and go to the main road. I proceeded down the cliff after your son but he kept running. Due to my professional SAR training, I stopped running after him out of fear he’d be further scared. So I went back topside and the crew hadn’t found your son on the main road. At this point we found the first house with a phone and reported your son missing.”
When he made his sudden run into the wilderness, he was carrying his cell phone, but he left behind his two-way radio and a backpack containing his belongings. By the time authorities reached the area, it was getting dark, and after a preliminary patrol of the area with no sign of the missing man, the search was started in earnest the following morning. The search teams used dogs, helicopters, and infrared cameras, but were unable to find a trace of Woods, with even the dogs unable to pick up a scent. A fresh sheen of snow had also fallen, yet no footprints could be found, and it was claimed by a search team member that it was “as if he had never been there at all.” After a week of nothing, the search was called off. In the meantime, some strange clues were turned up.
It would be discovered that, although he had planned to be in Idaho until mid-November, Woods had texted his father to tell him that he would be returning on October 10th, with no elaboration whatsoever, and it was even odder in that he had never been known to cut an assignment short. Some friends and family would also say that he had been acting uncommonly anxious about this trip in the weeks leading up to the shoot, and that he had expressed his desire not to go. This was all very unusual for him, because Woods had always been very enthusiastic about his work and the adventures it took him on. Not everyone agrees with this, though, and his older sister, Sharnia Tisdale, would say:
“I talked to him before he went out there and he seemed fine. He was going to go out and do a job with the film crew and he was going to come home, nothing abnormal and he wasn't acting different. We talk all the time. He is not the type of person that would just run off or do anything like this, so it seems unusual to me but you know I wasn't there so I can only go by what they are saying. He's traveled around the world he really likes to do tv, he is a loving person and caring and an all around good person.”
Also rather weird is that on the morning of the day of his disappearance, he had sent his father creepy footage of a river flowing through a canyon without any explanation or discernible reason for doing so, and although nothing was thought of it at the time in retrospect it now seems a bit eerie. There also seemed to have been some disagreements between Woods and the production manager, although what connection this could have is unknown.
Flyers were distributed all around the region, and volunteer searches orchestrated by the family continued, but no trace was found, and with the cold, snowy weather that had moved in, there was little hope that he could have made it out of there alive. It was truly baffling because Woods’ family would insist that he had never done drugs and did not have any mental issues or personal problems, making it all the more unusual that he should just suddenly bolt like that. While it is easy to see how someone could get lost in this treacherous and hostile terrain, what is it that made this normally rational individual just decide to suddenly drop everything and go running over a cliff to keep on going into that remote landscape to vanish into thin air?
One of the ideas postulated by the family is that he may have been scared of one of the crew members for some reason, to the point that he might have felt his life was in danger, but authorities have said there is no sign at all of foul play. In their opinion, he suffered some sort of mental break and perhaps had even been planning on committing suicide out there, but this is not in keeping with his established character and mental history. Indeed, Woods’ father has accused the police of not properly pursuing the case due to racism. Another rather ominous scenario is that he was possibly murdered by one of the crew members, but there is no evidence of this at all and none of them have ever been considered a suspect. Other, more fringe ideas are that some sort of paranormal force took him after luring him out into the woods, or that he passed through some sort of portal.
What happened to Terrence Shemel Woods Jr.? Why did he just suddenly decide to run off like that to join the annals of strange vanishings? Was this foul play, suicidal tendencies, a death wish, or something perhaps even stranger? To this day, the case has never been solved, and it continues to haunt family, friends, and those who would seek answers.
What is it about the wilderness that draws so many mysterious disappearances to it? Is this just a result of the terrain and wilderness itself, or is there something else going on here? Did these people just get lost or succumb to the elements, and if so, how do we explain all of the strange details involved? There is no way to really know what is going on, and at the moment, some wild places have many strange mysteries, indeed, and people still have a habit of coming here never to return.
Our sun has unexpectedly begun to ramp up its activity, which could lead to more severe solar storms that cause blackouts and disrupt global communications.
NASA revealed that our solar system's home star had been getting quieter and weaker for about 20 years, but that surprisingly changed in 2008 and scientists are still trying to figure out why.
Scientists found that since 2008, the sun's solar wind, which are streams of charged particles, has grown stronger, with increases in speed, density, temperature, and magnetic field strength.
Geomagnetic storms have the potential to damage power grids, leading to blackouts, interfere with satellites, and disrupt communication systems like GPS.
Stronger storms could also make the Northern Lights visible in more places further south of the north pole, but the risk to technology and infrastructure will require careful monitoring.
The exact timing and strength of these storms are hard to predict, but they could become more frequent as the sun's current 11-year cycle peaks between 2025 and 2026.
Lead study author Jamie Jasinski of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California said: 'All signs were pointing to the sun going into a prolonged phase of low activity. So it was a surprise to see that trend reversed. The sun is slowly waking up.'
A new study has discovered a massive shift in solar activity which scientists weren't expecting
More solar activity could cause intensified storms that disrupt power grids on Earth (Stock Image)
More activity means more sunspots, solar flares, and potentially hazardous ejections of material from the sun.
This could make the sun’s outer atmosphere, called the heliosphere, expand as the pressure from the solar wind increases.
On Earth, this could shrink our magnetosphere, the protective magnetic bubble around our planet, exposing us to more solar particles.
The increased solar particle exposure can pose a risk for astronauts, who could face higher radiation levels during space missions, potentially leading to health issues.
It could also damage satellites and spacecraft, disrupting communications and navigation systems critical for daily life.
Elon Musk's Starlink satellite internet service suffered widespread issues during the peak of a strong geomagnetic storm late Sunday night.
The problems started just before midnight, with more than 50,000 reports from Starlink users as a fresh barrage of solar storms hit Earth.
Additionally, solar particles could interfere with Earth's upper atmosphere, potentially affecting ozone levels and increasing ultraviolet radiation reaching people outdoors.
Solar storms striking Earth are often caused by coronal mass ejections sent out by the sun days before they affect our planet (Stock Image)
A severe solar storm could have the potential to cause power grid problems that lead to blackouts or satellite communication issues
The NASA team explained that the sun goes through an 11-year cycle of activity, marked by changes in sunspots.
After a weak cycle (number 24) from 2008 to 2019, the current cycle (number 25) is showing noticeably more activity.
The study, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, suggested this increase in solar activity might be part of a longer 22-year cycle, and the sun is now making up for its mysterious two-decade decline rather than entering an anticipated quiet period.
Since 2008, the solar wind's speed has increased by six percent, its density rose by 26 percent, its temperature soared by 29 percent, and pressure skyrocketed by 45 percent.
This more dynamic solar environment results in increased solar storms and enhanced interactions with Earth's magnetic field.
This isn't the first time in history that the sun has seen a mysterious quiet period before ramping back up, but the cause of these declines have baffled scientists, who also don't know when they're coming.
Records show one of the quietest solar periods in recent history was a four-decade window from 1790 to 1830.
'We don't really know why the sun went through a 40-year minimum starting in 1790,' Jasinski said in a NASA statement. 'The longer-term trends are a lot less predictable and are something we don't completely understand yet.'
Did an Advanced Civilization Thrive 10,000 Years Ago? Mind-Blowing Evidence Is Stacking Up
What if everything we’ve been taught about the dawn of civilization is a lie—or at least a half-truth? Picture this: more than 10,000 years ago, while the last Ice Age glaciers retreated, a sophisticated society flourished—cities of stone rising from the earth, astronomers charting the heavens, engineers bending nature to their will. Not a ragtag band of hunter-gatherers fumbling with flint, but a lost civilization rivalling Egypt or Mesopotamia, erased by time and catastrophe.
Mainstream archaeology has long scoffed at the notion, relegating it to the realm of crackpot fantasy. Yet a cascade of recent discoveries—monuments older than history itself, submerged ruins whispering of drowned worlds, artifacts that defy explanation—is prying open the coffin of conventional wisdom. Could an advanced civilization have thrived millennia before we dared to dream? The evidence is growing, and it’s turning our past into a tantalizing enigma.
In the rolling hills of southeastern Turkey lies Göbekli Tepe, a site so revolutionary it’s been dubbed the “zero point of civilization.” Unearthed in 1994, its T-shaped limestone pillars—some towering 18 feet and weighing 16 tons—date to 9600 BCE, a staggering 7,000 years before Stonehenge and the pyramids of Giza. Carved with eerie precision, these megaliths boast reliefs of lions, foxes, and scorpions, alongside abstract symbols that hint at a cosmology we can’t yet decode. This isn’t the work of nomads with sticks; it screams organization—hundreds, perhaps thousands, of labourers hauling slabs across miles, guided by a blueprint lost to us.
Archaeologist Klaus Schmidt, who excavated the site until his death in 2014, argued it was a temple complex, a sacred hub for a society we didn’t know existed. But here’s the kicker: at a time when humans were supposedly scavenging berries and chasing mammoths, who built this? The scale suggests a hierarchy, a workforce, maybe even a priestly elite—hallmarks of civilization we peg to much later eras. Stranger still, some pillars align with constellations like Taurus, hinting at astronomical knowledge. Was Göbekli Tepe a star temple, a Stone Age observatory? And why was it deliberately buried around 8000 BCE, as if its makers wanted it hidden? The deeper we dig—only 5% of the site is exposed—the louder it whispers: we’ve missed something big.
Shift your gaze to Giza, where the Great Sphinx crouches, its weathered face staring into eternity. Conventional history dates it to 2500 BCE, a monument of Pharaoh Khafre’s reign. But geologist Dr. Robert Schoch isn’t buying it. In the 1990s, he studied the Sphinx’s enclosure and found water erosion—deep, vertical fissures carved by heavy rainfall. Egypt’s last deluge like that? Around 10,000 years ago, when the Sahara was a lush savanna, not the arid waste of later millennia. If Schoch is right, the Sphinx predates dynastic Egypt by thousands of years, a relic of a forgotten people who tamed the Nile long before the pharaohs.
Sceptics howl—where’s the pottery, the tools? But consider the Giza plateau’s older quirks: megalithic blocks in the Valley Temple, cut with a precision that baffles modern engineers, and alignments with Orion’s Belt circa 10,500 BCE, as astronomer Robert Bauval argues. Could an advanced precursor civilization have laid these foundations, their traces scrubbed by floods or scavengers? The conspiracy isn’t just that Egypt’s timeline is off—it’s that an entire chapter of human genius might lie beneath the sand, waiting to rewrite the books.
Now plunge beneath the waves, where the ocean guards secrets too wild to ignore. Off Japan’s Yonaguni Island, divers in 1986 stumbled on a submerged enigma: a stepped pyramid, 80 feet tall, with terraces, right angles, and stairways carved into sandstone. Dated to 10,000–12,000 years ago, when rising seas swallowed coastlines after the Ice Age, it looks man-made—too perfect for nature’s chaos. Marine geologist Masaaki Kimura calls it a ceremonial complex, possibly linked to the Jomon culture. Critics say it’s a natural fluke, but the symmetry nags: did a seafaring people build this before the waters claimed it?
Then there’s Dwarka, India’s sunken jewel. Legends in the Mahabharata describe Lord Krishna’s golden city, lost to the sea. In 2001, off Gujarat’s coast, archaeologists found it—walls, pillars, and pottery 120 feet underwater, carbon-dated to 7500 BCE or earlier. Stone anchors suggest a bustling port, a hub of trade and craft. Was Dwarka a myth, or a real metropolis drowned by a post-Ice Age surge? These underwater ghosts hint at civilizations that rivaled later empires, their stories submerged until modern sonar peeled back the tide.
What could erase such societies? Enter the Younger Dryas, a chilling mystery from 12,800 years ago. Geologists like James Kennett point to a cosmic culprit: a comet or asteroid swarm slamming into Earth, unleashing fire, floods, and a 1,000-year deep freeze. Evidence abounds—nanodiamonds from impact melt, soot layers in Greenland ice cores, and a sudden die-off of megafauna like mastodons. Graham Hancock, a maverick in these waters, ties it to Göbekli Tepe’s builders, suggesting they were survivors of a lost world, their monuments a warning to posterity.
Imagine it: a thriving culture—cities, temples, star charts—blasted apart by a skyborne apocalypse. Survivors scatter, their knowledge fading into oral tales of floods and angry gods. The Biblical deluge, the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, even Plato’s Atlantis—could these be echoes of a real collapse? The Younger Dryas hypothesis isn’t fringe anymore; it’s a peer-reviewed puzzle piece, and it’s forcing us to ask: what fell before we rose?
Tools and Treasures: Clues of Lost Mastery
Artistic reconstruction showing how throwing sticks like the Schöningen Spears would have been thrown.
The evidence isn’t just in stones—it’s in the hands that shaped them. Take the Schöningen spears, unearthed in Germany: eight wooden javelins, expertly balanced, from 300,000 years ago—far older than Homo sapiens’ supposed monopoly on such skill. Or the 12,000-year-old obsidian blades from Çatalhöyük, Turkey, sharper than surgical steel, hinting at a metallurgy precursor. Then there’s Egypt’s predynastic vases—stone vessels so thin and symmetrical, modern craftsmen struggle to replicate them without machines. Were these the work of savages, or a people with secrets we’ve lost?
Even art whispers of sophistication. In France’s Chauvet Cave, 36,000-year-old paintings of rhinos and lions rival Renaissance masters, with perspective and shading that defy “primitive” labels. In Colombia, the San Agustín statues—hulking figures from 8000 BCE—suggest a culture with tools and time to spare. These aren’t flukes; they’re breadcrumbs of a vanished expertise, taunting us to connect the dots.
The Ice Age Enigma: Why Don’t We See More?
Analysis of 23,000-year-old hunter camp shows that Ice Age Galileans thrived.
If they existed, where’s the proof—cities, roads, records? The Ice Age is a brutal thief. Sea levels rose 400 feet after 12,000 BCE, drowning coastlines where early societies likely thrived. Earthquakes, volcanoes, and millennia of decay buried the rest. Writing wasn’t widespread; what survived was oral, warped into myths of gods and giants. Göbekli Tepe’s burial suggests intent—did they hide their works from a world they knew was ending? The gaps aren’t proof of absence; they’re a challenge to look harder.
As of March 12, 2025, the clues are piling up, and they’re electric. Satellite scans reveal anomalies under Antarctica’s ice—could a temperate age hide ruins there? LiDAR in the Amazon uncovers lost cities from 10,000 BCE, their plazas and canals defying jungle logic. Even genetics chimes in: DNA from 12,000-year-old skeletons in the Americas hints at migrations from unknown origins. Each find chips at the old narrative—that civilization blinked on with Sumer and Egypt, a neat 5,000-year arc.
The conspiracy isn’t that aliens built it (though some X posts love that twist). It’s subtler, darker: we’ve underestimated our ancestors, blinded by a smug timeline. Were they astronomers mapping Sirius, engineers lifting megaliths, sailors crossing oceans? Did they fall to a comet’s wrath, their ashes seeding our myths? The evidence—Göbekli’s pillars, the Sphinx’s scars, Yonaguni’s steps—screams ‘yes.’ Yet the jury’s out, and the hunt’s on.
For every sceptic crying “where’s the smoking gun?” there’s a dreamer asking, “what if we’ve already found it?” This isn’t closure—it’s an invitation. Grab a shovel, a sonar, a star chart. The past is a locked vault, and we’re just now finding the keys. An advanced civilization 10,000 years ago? Not a fairy tale—a riddle begging to be solved. What’s your next clue?
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Top image: Image of the lost city of Atlantis, by artist George Grie.
Het Hall of Records en het Bewijs van Geavanceerde Oude Beschavingen
Het "Hall of Records" en het Bewijs van Geavanceerde Oude Beschavingen
In de zoektocht naar de geschiedenis van de mensheid en de evolutie van beschavingen, stuiten velen op mysterieuze en intrigerende theorieën die de mainstream geschiedenis vaak tegenspreken. Een van de meest fascinerende onderwerpen op dit gebied is het concept van het zogenaamde "Hall of Records" — een vermeende grote archiefkamer die bewijs zou bevatten van oude, geavanceerde beschavingen die duizenden tot honderdduizenden jaren geleden op aarde hebben bestaan. Deze theorieën roepen vragen op over de aard van onze geschiedenis, de technologische ontwikkeling van oude volkeren en zelfs over de mogelijkheid dat buitenaardse beschavingen een rol hebben gespeeld in het vormgeven van onze geschiedenis.
De Sphinx van Egypte EN De Hal van Archieven onder de Sphinx, Egypte?
Wat is het "Hall of Records"?
Het idee van het "Hall of Records" (letterlijk vertaald: hal van de archieven) is gebaseerd op het bestaan van een enorme verzameling van kennis, documenten en artefacten die de geschiedenis van de mensheid en de aarde zelf documenteren. Volgens sommige onderzoekers en spirituele tradities zou deze 'hal' zich bevinden op een geheime locatie, mogelijk onder de piramides van Egypte, onder de Sfinx, of zelfs diep onder de oceaan. Het zou een soort universeel archief bevatten dat informatie bevat over de oorsprong van de mens, de oude beschavingen, technologische kennis, en misschien zelfs over buitenaardse interventies.
Hoewel er geen concreet fysiek bewijs is voor het bestaan van zo’n archief, worden er steeds vaker aanwijzingen en legendes aangehaald die de aanwezigheid ervan suggereren. Bijvoorbeeld, oude teksten, mythes en legendes uit verschillende culturen spreken over geheime locaties vol kennis en wijsheid, die slechts door ingewijden kunnen worden gevonden of geopend. Sommige onderzoekers geloven dat het Hall of Records niet letterlijk een fysieke ruimte is, maar eerder een symbolische representatie van de sluier die onze geschiedenis bedekt.
Bewijs voor geavanceerde oude beschavingen
Het bestaan van een oude, geavanceerde beschaving vóór de bekende beschavingen zoals de Egyptenaren, de Mesopotamiërs en de Indusbeschaving, wordt ondersteund door een groeiend aantal archeologische vondsten en megalithische structuren. Deze structuren, die vaak duizenden jaren ouder blijken te zijn dan de eerste beschavingen die we kennen, suggereren dat de mensheid ooit over een niveau van technologische kennis beschikte dat niet overeenkomt met de primitieve technologieën waarmee we ze doorgaans associëren.
Een bekend voorbeeld hiervan is de piramides van Gizeh in Egypte. Hoewel deze piramides vaak worden beschouwd als symbolen van oude Egyptische beschavingen, wijzen sommige onderzoekers op de technische precisie, de grote schaal en de complexe bouwmethoden die mogelijk wijzen op kennis en technieken die verloren zijn gegaan. De Grote Piramide van Cheops, bijvoorbeeld, is zo nauwkeurig uitgelijnd dat het bijna onmogelijk is te verklaren met de technologie van die tijd, wat leidt tot speculaties dat er nog oudere en meer geavanceerde kennis achter schuilgaat.
Daarnaast zijn er de megalithische structuren zoals de Stonehenge in Engeland, de Nazca-lijnen in Peru, en de megalithische tempels in Malta. Deze structuren vertonen astronomische oriëntaties en precisie in constructie die niet eenvoudig te verklaren zijn met de technologische kennis van de tijd. Sommige onderzoekers geloven dat deze monumenten bewijs zijn van een oude, wereldwijde beschaving die beschikte over geavanceerde technologieën, mogelijk verloren gegaan door de eeuwen heen.
De bouwgeheimen van Göbekli Tepe kunnen verbonden zijn met de sterren.
(Afgeleid) (Brian Weed /Adobe Stock)
De invloed van buitenaardse beschavingen
Een andere aantrekkelijke theorie is dat deze oude beschavingen niet volledig door de mens zelf zijn ontwikkeld, maar dat ze beïnvloed zijn of zelfs geholpen zijn door buitenaardse wezens. Volgens deze visie zouden buitenaardse intelligences, vaak aangeduid als "ancient astronauts" of "oudere hemelreizigers", contact hebben gehad met de oude mensheid en deze hebben geholpen met technologieën en kennis die toen nog niet door de mens konden worden ontwikkeld.
Deze theorie wordt ondersteund door bepaalde oude kunstwerken, mythes en symboliek die mogelijk verwijzen naar buitenaardse wezens en technologieën. Bijvoorbeeld, de beroemde tekeningen en beeldhouwwerken uit het oude Egypte en Mesopotamië bevatten mogelijk afbeeldingen van buitenaardse wezens of technologieën die niet kunnen worden verklaard met de beschikbare kennis uit die tijd. Daarnaast wijst de constructie van de piramides en andere megalithische structuren op een kennis van astronomie en geotechniek die ver boven de capaciteit van de oude volkeren zou uitstijgen.
Montage van representaties van sphinx-wezens.
(CC BY-SA 3.0); (CC BY 2.0); (CC BY-SA 3.0); (CC BY 2.5)
De rol van de "Hall of Records" in het bewijzen van deze theorieën
Volgens sommige onderzoekers en spirituele tradities zou het vinden van het "Hall of Records" de ultieme bevestiging bieden dat oude beschavingen veel geavanceerder waren dan we denken, en dat zij mogelijk kennis bezaten die verloren is gegaan in de loop der eeuwen. Het zou ook kunnen bewijzen dat onze geschiedenis niet lineair is, maar complexer en verweven met buitenaardse invloeden, verloren technologieën en geheime kennis.
Het zoeken naar de "Hall of Records" is dan ook een missie geworden voor vele archeologen, esoterici en avonturiers. Ze geloven dat de sleutel tot het begrijpen van onze ware geschiedenis ligt verborgen in oude teksten, ondergrondse tunnels, verborgen kamers in piramides, of zelfs in de diepe oceanen en bergen. Sommige theorieën suggereren dat de kennis in het "Hall of Records" niet alleen over het verleden gaat, maar ook aanwijzingen bevat over de toekomst en de evolutie van de mensheid.
Yonaguni-monument, Japan.
(nudiblue / Adobe Stock).
Bewijzen en skeptici
Hoewel de theorieën over het "Hall of Records" en oude geavanceerde beschavingen fascinerend en intrigerend zijn, blijven ze controversieel. Tot op heden is er geen onweerlegbaar archeologisch bewijs dat het bestaan van een dergelijk archief bevestigt. Veel mainstream archeologen en wetenschappers beschouwen deze ideeën als speculatief en gebaseerd op interpretaties van oude mythes en symboliek in plaats van op harde feiten.
Desalniettemin blijven de verborgen en mysterieuze kenmerken van oude structuren, samen met de consistentie van bepaalde mythologische verhalen uit verschillende culturen, de nieuwsgierigheid en het onderzoek stimuleren. Het blijft een intrigerend vraagstuk: was onze voorouderlijke geschiedenis veel complexer en technologische vooruitstrevender dan we ons kunnen voorstellen? En bestaat er misschien nog een verborgen reservoir van oude kennis dat ooit gevonden moet worden?
Conclusie
Het idee van het "Hall of Records" en de bewijzen van oude, geavanceerde beschavingen opent een fascinerend venster op de mogelijkheid dat onze geschiedenis niet volledig bekend is. Het roept vragen op over de oorsprong van de mens, de evolutie van technologie en de rol van buitenaardse invloeden in onze ontwikkeling. Hoewel er momenteel geen definitieve bewijzen zijn, blijven onderzoekers, archeologen en enthousiastelingen zoeken naar aanwijzingen die de theorie kunnen bevestigen.
Het verhaal van de oude beschavingen en het vermeende "Hall of Records" blijft een boeiend mysterie dat ons uitdaagt om verder te kijken dan de gevestigde wetenschap en onze eigen geschiedenis opnieuw te onderzoeken. Misschien ligt de sleutel tot het begrijpen van onze ware verleden in het ontrafelen van de geheimen die nog verborgen zijn onder de eeuwenoude stenen en in de legendes die door de eeuwen heen zijn doorgegeven. Het is een zoektocht die de menselijke nieuwsgierigheid en het verlangen naar kennis blijft voeden, en die misschien ooit tot verrassende ontdekkingen zal leiden.
Meet the 'world's cutest sea monster': Scientists discover an adorable snailfish nearly 10,800ft underwater - as amazed viewers compare it to a Pokémon
When you go this deep, you'd expect any sign of life to be pretty terrifying.
So scientists were delighted to discover an adorable new species of snailfish thousands of feet below the ocean's surface.
The large–eyed pink creature was first detected in 2019 by researchers who were exploring the seafloor off California using a remotely operated vehicle at a depth of 3,268m (10,722ft).
They came across this individual, an adult female 9.2cm (3.6 inches) long, happily swimming along amongst the crushing pressure, frigid cold and perpetual darkness.
New analysis now reveals this animal was a species previously unknown to science – and has been named the bumpy snailfish (Careproctus colliculi).
The snailfish family tend to have a large head, a jelly–like body covered in loose skin, and a narrow tail. Many have a disk on their belly that allows them to grip the seafloor or hitchhike on larger animals.
Fans of the snailfish described it as 'adorable' and 'the cutest sea monster' they've ever seen.
Commenting on a YouTube video of the new species, one even compared it to a 'real life Pokémon'.
Analysis now reveals this animal was a species previously unknown to science – and has been named the bumpy snailfish
These creatures tend to have a large head, a jelly–like body covered in loose skin, and a narrow tail
Some fans said the new species looked like a Pokémon. Pictured: Whiscash, a water/ground-type Pokémon
'The deep sea is home to an incredible diversity of organisms and a truly beautiful array of adaptations,' Mackenzie Gerringer, associate professor at the State University of New York at Geneseo said.
'Our discovery…is a reminder of how much we have yet to learn about life on Earth and of the power of curiosity and exploration.'
A team from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) first made the discovery during an expedition to the outer reaches of Monterey Canyon, approximately 100km (62 miles) offshore of Central California.
They collected this individual but noticed it had features unlike other deep–sea snailfishes they had encountered.
Scientists used microscopes, micro–CT scans and careful measurements to determine it was different from any other known species.
They also analysed two other specimens and found they, too, were new to science – the dark snailfish and the sleek snailfish.
The bumpy snailfish has a distinctive pink colour, a round head with large eyes, wide pectoral fins with long uppermost rays, and a bumpy texture.
The dark snailfish has a fully black body with a rounded head and horizontal mouth.
The robotic submersible used in the expedition which first uncovered the new species of bumpy snailfish
Many deep–sea snailfishes are hard to identify from video alone. MBARI researchers have observed a snailfish that appears to be the newly described slender snailfish, but without collecting a specimen for closer analysis, they say they can't be sure
The sleek snailfish is distinguished from other snailfishes by a long, black, laterally compressed body, absence of a suction disk, and prominently angled jaw.
This encounter is the only confirmed observation of the bumpy snailfish, so further detail on their full geographic distribution and depth range are unknown.
Waarom bestaat het universum? De reden ligt in de onvriendelijke relatie tussen materie en antimaterie
Waarom bestaat het universum?De reden ligt in de onvriendelijke relatie tussen materie en antimaterie
Inleiding
De vraag waarom het universum überhaupt bestaat, is een van de meest fundamentele en intrigerende vragen uit de kosmologie en de theoretische fysica. Ondanks onze uitgebreide kennis over de natuurwetten en de kosmische geschiedenis, blijft het bestaan van het universum een mysterie dat ons uitdaagt tot diepgaande reflectie en wetenschappelijke zoektocht. Een van de meest gangbare verklaringen binnen de moderne wetenschap betreft de asymmetrie tussen materie en antimaterie. In dit essay wordt onderzocht waarom het universum bestaat vanuit het perspectief dat materie en antimaterie niet ‘goede vrienden’ zijn, en hoe deze onvriendelijkheid heeft geleid tot het bestaan van de wereld zoals wij die kennen.
Het kosmische web bestaat omdat de hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie oorspronkelijk niet gelijk waren.
(Afbeelding krediet: MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO BIBLIOTHEEK via Getty Images)
1. De fundamenten: Materie en antimaterie
Om te begrijpen waarom het universum bestaat zoals wij dat kennen, is het essentieel om eerst de aard van materie en antimaterie onder de loep te nemen. In de wereld van de kwantumfysica worden alle elementaire deeltjes beschreven door een aantal fundamentele eigenschappen, waaronder massa, elektrische lading en spin. Elke deeltje heeft een antimaterie-tegenhanger, die precies dezelfde massa bezit, maar tegengestelde kwantumgetallen heeft. Een duidelijk voorbeeld hiervan is het elektron en het positron: het elektron heeft een negatieve elektrische lading, terwijl het positron dezelfde massa heeft, maar een positieve lading.
Volgens de theorieën zouden, kort na de oerknal, gelijke hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie ontstaan. Bij contact tussen deze tegengestelde deeltjes zou volledige annihilatie plaatsvinden, waarbij enorme hoeveelheden energie vrijkomen. Deze energie-uitwisseling wordt beschreven door Einstein’s beroemde vergelijking E=mc², die aangeeft dat massa kan worden omgezet in energie. Als materie en antimaterie in gelijke mate zouden bestaan en volledig zouden annihileren, zou dat leiden tot een heel ander soort universum: één dat vrijwel volledig uit straling bestaat, zonder de complexe structuren zoals sterren, planeten en levende wezens.
Het feit dat ons universum niet volledig uit straling bestaat en dat er toch een lichte voorkeur lijkt te zijn voor materie, vormt een van de grootste raadsels in de fysica. Deze zogenaamde materie-antimaterie asymmetrie is de sleutel tot het bestaan van het universum zoals we dat kennen. Het begrijpen van waarom materie de overhand heeft gekregen, motiveert wetenschappers om verder te zoeken naar de fundamentele oorzaken achter deze asymmetrie, en daarmee een dieper inzicht te krijgen in het ontstaan en de evolutie van het heelal. Het is een fascinerend vraagstuk dat ons inzicht in de natuurwetten en de oorsprong van alles wat bestaat, kan veranderen.
De stervormende nevel W51 is een van de grootste 'sterfabrieken' in het Melkweg-stelsel. 'Sterfabrieken' zoals deze kunnen miljoenen jaren operationeel zijn. De grote rode regio aan de rechterkant van W51 is ouder, wat duidelijk te zien is aan de manier waarop deze al is uitgehold door de winden van generaties zware sterren (die minimaal 10 keer de massa van onze Zon hebben). Het stof en gas in de regio worden nog meer in beweging gebracht wanneer die sterren sterven en exploderen als supernova's. Aan de jongere linkerkant van de nevel beginnen veel sterren net het gas en stof op te ruimen.
NASA/JPL-Caltech
2. De asymmetrie: Waarom bestaat er meer materie dan antimaterie?
Een van de meest intrigerende vragen in de kosmologie en de natuurkunde is waarom het universum grotendeels uit materie bestaat, terwijl de theorie ervan uitgaat dat er bij de oerknal gelijke hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie werden gevormd. Dit fenomeen wordt de materie-antimaterie asymmetrie genoemd en vormt een van de grote raadsels die wetenschappers proberen op te lossen. Als de oerknal inderdaad gelijke hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie had geproduceerd, zou je verwachten dat deze zich zouden hebben annihileerd, waardoor het heelal leeg en kaal zou zijn gebleven. Toch is dat niet het geval: er bestaat een overwicht aan materie, wat heeft geleid tot de sterren, planeten en uiteindelijk het leven zoals wij dat kennen.
Wetenschappers vermoeden dat er tijdens de allereerste momenten na de oerknal een kleine asymmetrie moet zijn geweest in de omstandigheden waarin materie en antimaterie werden gevormd. Deze kleine afwijking, die zich heeft uitgedrukt in een lichte voorkeur voor materie, is cruciaal geweest voor de evolutie van het universum. Het fenomeen dat deze asymmetrie mogelijk verklaart, wordt beschreven door de zogenaamde CP-schending (Charge-Parity-schending), een concept uit de deeltjesfysica dat aangeeft dat natuurwetten niet volledig symmetrisch zijn onder bepaalde omkeringen van ladings- en pariteitspectra.
De CP-schending betekent dat de natuur op subtiele manieren verschillen laat zien tussen materie en antimaterie. In theorie zouden de natuurwetten hetzelfde moeten zijn voor deeltjes en hun antimaterie-tegenhangers, maar experimenten tonen aan dat dit niet altijd het geval is. Deze afwijkingen, hoe klein ook, kunnen een grote impact hebben gehad tijdens de eerste momenten van het universum, waardoor een lichte overproductie van materie ten opzichte van antimaterie ontstond. Het is deze kleine, maar belangrijke, asymmetrie die zich heeft uitgebreid en uiteindelijk heeft geleid tot het materie-overschot dat wij vandaag de dag waarnemen.
De theoretische modellen die proberen deze asymmetrie te verklaren, zijn onder andere ontwikkeld door de Russische natuurkundige Andrei Sakharov in 1967. Hij formuleerde drie essentiële voorwaarden waaraan voldaan moet zijn om de materie-antimaterie asymmetrie te kunnen verklaren. Ten eerste moet er sprake zijn van CP-schending: natuurwetten moeten onder bepaalde omstandigheden symmetriebreuk vertonen. Zonder deze breuk zou er geen voorkeur ontstaan voor materie of antimaterie. Ten tweede moeten er grote kwantumfluctuaties plaatsvinden, die leiden tot kleine voorkeuren voor materie in het proces van de vroege evolutie van het universum. En ten slotte moet de asymmetrie ontstaan tijdens niet-thermische processen, zoals tijdens de oerknal, wanneer het universum niet in evenwicht was en de normale regels van thermodynamica niet volledig golden.
Dus de theoretische modellen, ontwikkeld door Andrei Sakharov, geven drie voorwaarden voor het ontstaan van deze asymmetrie:
Bovengenoemde CP-schending: Natuurwetten moeten symmetriebreuk vertonen bij het ontstaan van materie.
Uitgebreide kwantumfluctuaties: Er moeten processen zijn die leiden tot een kleine voorkeur voor materie.
Niet-thermische processen: De asymmetrie moet ontstaan tijdens niet-evenwicht situaties, zoals tijdens de oerknal.
Dit waar-kleurbeeld toont Noord- en Zuid-Amerika zoals ze eruit zouden zien vanuit de ruimte op 22.000 mijl (35.000 km) boven de aarde. Het beeld is een combinatie van gegevens van twee satellieten. Het Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aan boord van NASA's Terra-satelliet verzamelde de landoppervlaktegegevens gedurende 16 dagen, terwijl NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) een momentopname van de aardse wolken en de maan produceerde.
Reto Stöckli, Nazmi El Saleous en Marit Jentoft-Nilsen, NASA GSFC.
Hoewel experimenten in de deeltjesfysica, zoals in de Large Hadron Collider, aanwijzingen hebben gevonden voor CP-schending, is de mate waarin dit fenomeen plaatsvindt nog niet genoeg om volledig de materie-antimaterie asymmetrie te verklaren. De waargenomen effecten zijn te klein en er blijven vragen over waarom de asymmetrie zo subtiel is, maar toch voldoende om het materie-overschot te creëren dat wij vandaag de dag zien. Onderzoekers blijven daarom actief zoeken naar nieuwe deeltjes en processen die meer inzicht kunnen geven in deze fundamentele kwestie.
Kortom, de materie-antimaterie asymmetrie is een complex en fascinerend vraagstuk dat onze kennis over de fundamentele natuurwetten uitdaagt. Het begrijpen van waarom er meer materie bestaat dan antimaterie, kan niet alleen ons inzicht in het ontstaan van het universum verdiepen, maar ook leiden tot nieuwe ontdekkingen in de fysica en kosmologie. Ondanks de vooruitgang blijven er nog veel vragen openstaan, en het onderzoek hiernaar is een van de grootste uitdagingen van de moderne wetenschap.
3. Waarom is deze asymmetrie cruciaal voor het bestaan van het universum?
De asymmetrie die we in het universum waarnemen, is van fundamenteel belang voor het bestaan en de structuur ervan. Zonder deze kleine maar cruciale asymmetrie zou het universum er heel anders uitzien en zou het leven zoals wij dat kennen, niet mogelijk zijn. Om dit beter te begrijpen, moeten we teruggaan naar de oorsprong van het heelal en de processen die hebben geleid tot de vorming van materie en structuur.
In de eerste momenten na de oerknal was er een bijna perfecte gelijkheid tussen materie en antimaterie. Deze twee vormen van deeltjes zijn elkaars spiegelbeeld en zouden, als ze bij elkaar komen, volledig kunnen vernietigen. Als er geen asymmetrie was geweest, zouden materie en antimaterie in gelijke mate aanwezig zijn geweest, wat zou hebben geleid tot een universeel veld van straling zonder enige materiële structuur. In dat scenario zou er geen vorming van sterren, planeten of leven mogelijk zijn. De universele materie zou simpelweg zijn verdwenen in een gigantische explosie van energie en straling, waardoor een leeg en uniform heelal overbleef.
De kleine asymmetrie die daadwerkelijk heeft bestaan, gaf echter een kleine overtolligheid aan materie ten opzichte van antimaterie. Deze afwijking mag dan klein lijken, maar het was voldoende om het verschil te maken. Door deze ongelijkheid konden de meeste antimateriedeeltjes worden vernietigd, terwijl de materie overbleef en zich begon te clusteren. Deze overgebleven materie vormde uiteindelijk de eerste atomen, die later samensmolten tot sterren, melkwegstelsels en planeten. Zonder deze asymmetrie zou het heelal dus niet de complexe en gevarieerde structuur hebben ontwikkeld die wij nu zien.
Het is alsof een klein verschil in de beginvoorwaarden een kettingreactie heeft veroorzaakt die zich heeft uitgebreid tot het hele universum. Deze kleine asymmetrie fungeert als de katalysator voor alles wat wij ervaren: de sterrenhemel, de aarde en zelfs het bestaan van leven zelf. Het benadrukt ook hoe kwetsbaar en gevoelig het ontstaan van het universum was voor kleine veranderingen, die uiteindelijk grote gevolgen hadden. Zonder deze asymmetrie zou ons heelal niet de rijkdom en complexiteit bezitten die wij nu kennen. Het is dus van onschatbare waarde dat de eerste momenten van het universum niet perfect symmetrisch waren, omdat deze asymmetrie de fundamenten heeft gelegd voor alles wat wij kennen en ervaren.
In deze grafiek wordt een antimaterie-uitbarsting die door een onweersbui in de atmosfeer van de aarde is vrijgegeven, gedetecteerd door een NASA-ruimtevaartuig.
(Afbeelding krediet: NASA)
4. Het belang van de ‘onvriendelijkheid’: materie en antimaterie als slechte vrienden
De metafoor dat materie en antimaterie ‘niet goede vrienden’ zijn, biedt een krachtige en visueel aansprekende manier om hun fundamentele interactie te begrijpen. In werkelijkheid zijn materie en antimaterie elkaars ‘tegenpolen’, die, wanneer ze elkaar ontmoeten, onmiddellijk een vernietigende reactie veroorzaken. Deze reactie resulteert in de volledige annihilatie van beide deeltjes, waarbij enorme hoeveelheden energie vrijkomen in de vorm van gammastraling. Het is deze destructieve kracht die een centrale rol speelt in de evolutie van het universum en die de basis vormt voor veel van de fundamentele processen in de kosmos.
Deze ‘onvriendelijkheid’ tussen materie en antimaterie is niet zomaar een willekeurig conflict, maar een essentieel kenmerk dat diep verweven is met de oorsprong van alles wat bestaat. Tijdens de oerknal, ongeveer 13,8 miljard jaar geleden, ontstonden gelijktijdig grote hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie. Volgens de theorieën over de vroege kosmologie was er aanvankelijk ongeveer evenveel materie als antimaterie. Echter, door een kleine asymmetrie – een minuscule onevenwichtigheid – bleef er na de annihilatie een kleine overschot aan materie over. Die overgebleven materie vormde de basis voor alle sterren, planeten, en uiteindelijk ook voor leven. Het feit dat materie en antimaterie zo ‘slechte vrienden’ waren, zorgde dus indirect voor de structuur en complexiteit van het universum zoals wij dat kennen.
Het is fascinerend om te bedenken dat deze ‘slechte relatie’ tussen materie en antimaterie essentieel was voor het ontstaan van alles. Had de natuur niet zo’n conflict tussen deze deeltjes gekend, dan had er mogelijk geen overlevende materie overgebleven na de grote vernietigingsreacties. Het zou kunnen dat het universum dan een lege, stralingsrijke ruimte was geweest zonder de complexe structuren die wij nu kennen. Deze gedachte onderstreept dat conflicten en tegenstelling niet altijd negatief hoeven te zijn; soms zijn ze juist de drijvende kracht achter ontwikkeling en evolutie.
Kortom, de ‘onvriendelijkheid’ tussen materie en antimaterie is een fundamenteel gegeven dat ons inzicht geeft in de oorsprong van het universum. Het conflict, dat op het eerste gezicht negatief lijkt, heeft juist geleid tot de schepping van alle materiële structuren en het bestaan van het heelal zoals wij dat kennen. Deze metafoor helpt ons niet alleen om de complexe fysische processen beter te begrijpen, maar benadrukt ook dat in de natuur conflicten vaak de motor zijn van verandering en groei. Zonder deze ‘slechte vriendschap’ zou er geen rijk universum zijn, geen sterrenstelsels, geen planeten en geen leven. Het is een mooi voorbeeld van hoe schijnbare tegenstellingen kunnen leiden tot het ontstaan van iets moois en waardevols.
5. De rol van de oerknal en de evolutie van het universum
De rol van de oerknal en de evolutie van het universum is essentieel om te begrijpen hoe alles begon en zich vervolgens heeft ontwikkeld tot de complexe kosmos die wij vandaag de dag waarnemen. De oerknal wordt algemeen erkend als het beginpunt van ons universum, ongeveer 13,8 miljard jaar geleden. Dit betekent dat alles wat we kennen – sterren, planeten, melkwegstelsels, en zelfs de ruimte en tijd zelf – uit deze ene gebeurtenis is voortgekomen. Het is een fascinerende en complexe theorie die onze kijk op het bestaan ingrijpend heeft veranderd.
In de allereerste fractie van een seconde na de oerknal ontstonden de eerste fundamentele deeltjes. Tijdens deze extreem korte periode, bekend als de Plancktijd, waren de omstandigheden onvoorstelbaar heet en dicht. De eerste deeltjes die gevormd werden, waren onder andere quarks en elektronen. Bovendien ontstonden antimaterie deeltjes, zoals antiprotons en positronen. Het ontstaan van antimaterie was cruciaal omdat het de basis vormde voor de latere interacties in het universum. Echter, de relatie tussen materie en antimaterie bleek niet symmetrisch. Toen de eerste deeltjes en antideeltjes elkaar ontmoetten, leidde dat tot annihilatie, waarbij enorme hoeveelheden energie vrijkwamen.
Wat deze gebeurtenissen bijzonder maakt, is dat er een kleine asymmetrie ontwikkelde tussen materie en antimaterie. Deze asymmetrie, ook wel bekend als baryon-asymmetrie, betekent dat er uiteindelijk meer materie overbleef dan antimaterie. Deze kleine maar belangrijke onevenwichtigheid was de katalysator voor de vorming van de structuren die we nu kennen. Zonder deze asymmetrie zou het universum mogelijk volledig uitgestorven zijn van materie, en zou er geen sterren, planeten of leven bestaan.
Door de tijd heen evolueerde het universum enorm. Tijdens de eerste honderden miljoenen jaren na de oerknal was het heelal nog zeer heet en dicht. Materie klonterde samen onder invloed van de zwaartekracht, waardoor er eerst gaswolken ontstonden. Deze gaswolken vormden de basis voor de eerste sterren en sterrenstelsels. Naarmate de tijd verstreek, groeiden deze structuren uit tot enorme melkwegstelsels, met daarin miljarden sterren. De complexe processen van nucleosynthese binnen sterren leidden tot de vorming van zwaardere elementen, essentieel voor de opbouw van planeten en leven.
Kortom, de oerknal en de daaropvolgende evolutie van het universum vormen de kern van onze kosmologische kennis. De asymmetrie tussen materie en antimaterie was niet zomaar een toevalligheid, maar een essentiële factor die de weg vrijmaakte voor het bestaan van alles wat we kennen. De voortdurende studie naar deze gebeurtenissen helpt ons niet alleen om onze oorsprong te begrijpen, maar ook om onze plek in het heelal beter te plaatsen. Het is een fascinerend verhaal van chaos, creatie en ontwikkeling, dat nog steeds volop in onderzoek en debat is.
Uit praktische overwegingen categoriseren mensen groepen materie op basis van hun eigenschappen. Galaxieën, sterrenclusters, planeten, dwergplaneten, rogue-planeten, manen, ringen, ringetjes, kometen, meteorieten, wasberen - het zijn allemaal verzamelingen van materie die verschillende kenmerken vertonen, maar zich aan dezelfde natuurlijke wetten houden.
6. Conclusie: het universum als resultaat van conflict en asymmetrie
De conclusie dat het universum ontstaat uit conflict en asymmetrie is zowel fascinerend als diepgaand. Het lijkt misschien tegenintuïtief dat de schepping van alles wat bestaat voortkomt uit een soort kosmisch conflict tussen deeltjes, maar deze gedachte wordt ondersteund door de fundamentele natuurwetten en observaties. De aanwezigheid van een kleine maar belangrijke overmaat aan materie ten opzichte van antimaterie vormt namelijk de kern van ons bestaan.
In de eerste instantie waren er gelijke hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie in het vroege universum. Volgens de theorieën over de oerknal en de daaropvolgende evolutie van het heelal, zouden deze deeltjes elkaar moeten hebben vernietigd bij contact, waarbij enorme hoeveelheden energie vrijkwamen in de vorm van straling. Maar waarom bleef er dan toch een klein overschot aan materie over? Waarom was het universum niet volledig uitgewist door de antimaterie? Het antwoord ligt in een subtiele asymmetrie tussen deeltjes en antipartikels, een kleine afwijking in de symmetrie die de loop van de kosmische geschiedenis heeft veranderd.
Deze asymmetrie, ook wel bekend als CP-schending (Charge-Parity schending), betekent dat materie en antimaterie niet precies spiegelbeelden van elkaar zijn. Hierdoor ontstond er een kleine voorkeur voor materie, wat op zijn beurt leidde tot het overgrote deel van materie dat wij nu waarnemen. Zonder deze asymmetrie zou het universum er heel anders uitzien, mogelijk volledig leeg en ongeschikt voor het ontstaan van sterren en planeten.
Het conflict tussen materie en antimaterie kan dus worden gezien als een soort kosmische strijd, waarbij de onvriendelijkheid tussen deeltjes leidde tot vernietiging, maar tegelijkertijd ook tot de schepping van een complex en rijk universum. Deze strijd en asymmetrie vormden de noodzakelijke condities voor het ontstaan van de structuur van het heelal. Zonder dit conflict zou er geen sterrenstelsels, geen planeten en geen leven kunnen bestaan.
Kortom, de universele werkelijkheid is niet slechts het resultaat van een evenwichtige en harmonieuze werking van natuurwetten, maar eerder van een fundamenteel conflict en asymmetrie. Het universum zoals wij dat kennen, is ontstaan uit een delicate balans tussen vernietiging en creatie, tussen strijd en schepping. Het is juist door de onvriendelijkheid en de strijd tussen materie en antimaterie dat het mogelijk werd om een rijk en gevarieerd heelal te vormen, waarin alles bestaat. Deze inzichten maken duidelijk dat conflict en asymmetrie niet altijd negatief hoeven te zijn; ze kunnen juist de drijfveer zijn achter grote kosmische en natuurlijke ontwikkelingen.
Met behulp van de Event Horizon Telescope hebben wetenschappers een afbeelding verkregen van het zwarte gat in het centrum van de melkweg M87. Samenwerking van de Event Horizon Telescope et al.
Eindwoord
Het begrijpen waarom het universum bestaat, blijft een fascinerende zoektocht. De rol van materie en antimaterie als onvrienden die niet goed met elkaar kunnen opschieten, blijkt cruciaal te zijn voor het ontstaan van alles. Deze onvriendelijkheid, die leidt tot vernietiging in plaats van harmonie, was daarom de ultieme voorwaarde voor ons bestaan. Het is een herinnering dat conflicten en asymmetrie in de natuur soms de voorwaarden scheppen voor complexiteit en emergentie, en dat de kosmische geschiedenis wordt geschreven door de interactie van tegengestelde krachten.
Bronnen
Sakharov, A. D. (1967). Violation of CP invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe. Soviet Physics Uspekhi.
Riess, A. G., et al. (1998). Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant. The Astronomical Journal.
GDW. (2020). Materie en antimaterie: De strijd tussen deeltjes. Fysica in Perspectief.
Koupelis, T., & Kuhn, F. (2014). Inleiding tot de fysica.
Literatuur en verdere lezing
Carroll, S. M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity.
Steinhardt, P. J., & Turok, N. (2007). The Cyclic Universe: An Informal Introduction. Scientific American.
Twee beelden van Hubble van de enorme sterrenstelselcluster Cl 0024+17 (ZwCl 0024+1652) worden getoond. Links is het zicht in zichtbaar licht met vreemde blauwe bogen die verschijnen tussen de geelachtige sterrenstelsels. Dit zijn de vergrote en vervormde beelden van sterrenstelsels die ver achter de cluster liggen. Hun licht wordt gebogen en versterkt door de immense zwaartekracht van de cluster in een proces dat gravitatiekracht lensing wordt genoemd. Rechts is er een blauwe schaduw toegevoegd om de locatie aan te geven van onzichtbaar materiaal dat donkere materie wordt genoemd, wat wiskundig vereist is om rekening te houden met de aard en plaatsing van de gravitatief gelensde sterrenstelsels die te zien zijn.
NASA, ESA, M.J. Jee en H. Ford (Johns Hopkins University)
The "potentially hazardous" asteroid 2025 FA22 will fly close past Earth at more than 24,000 mph on Thursday (Sept. 18). The space rock was previously predicted to have a slim chance of impacting our planet in 2089, temporarily earning it the top spot on a major risk list.
A giant asteroid first spotted earlier this year will make its closest approach to Earth on Sept. 18.
(Image credit: Getty Images)
A skyscraper-size, "potentially hazardous" asteroid is set to make a close approach to Earth this week — and you can see it zoom past for yourself, either by using a backyard telescope or via a free online livestream.
The asteroid, which was discovered earlier this year, was initially predicted to have a slim chance of hitting our planet in 2089 — temporarily earning it a spot at the top of the European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) impact risk list. But, following new observations, it is no longer considered an imminent threat.
The space rock, dubbed 2025 FA22, is somewhere between 427 and 951 feet (130 and 290 meters) across, making it large enough to wipe out a major city were it to collide with Earth. It will reach its minimum distance to us in the early hours of Thursday (Sept. 18), coming within 520,000 miles (835,000 kilometers) of our planet — just over twice as far away from us as the moon — and will be traveling at around 24,000 mph (38,600 km/h).
2025 FA22 was initially discovered in March by the Pan-STARRS 2 telescope in Hawaii. The asteroid quickly made headlines when it was revealed that it has a 0.01% chance of hitting Earth when it returns for another close flyby on Sept. 23, 2089. (This story was somewhat overshadowed by fellow asteroid 2024 YR4, which was briefly predicted to have a much higher chance of impacting our planet in 2032 at around the same time 2025 FA22 was first spotted.)
Despite the low odds of a collision, space agencies took the threat of 2025 FA22 seriously, and the asteroid was briefly bumped to the top spot on ESA’s Risk List, which monitors all near-Earth objects predicted to have a non-zero chance of impacting our planet.
"However, high-priority follow-up observations soon allowed astronomers to refine the asteroid’s trajectory and rule out any impact risk," according to a new ESA statement. Asteroid 2025 FA22 was removed from ESA's Risk List entirely in May.
Asteroid 2025 FA22 will return for similar close approaches in 2089 and 2173. (Image credit: NASA/JPL)
The now totally safe flyby of 2025 FA22 will be shared on a free livestream by the Virtual Telescope Project, which will track the object using a telescope in Manciano, Italy. The livestream will begin at around 23:00 p.m. EDT on Wednesday (Sept. 17).
During its close approach, the asteroid could reach an apparent magnitude of 13, which will make it just bright enough to spot with a decent backyard telescope or a pair of stargazing binoculars, according to IFLScience. You can find where it is in the night sky using TheSkyLive.com.
Researchers will be keeping a close eye on the asteroid from observatories across the globe, including NASA's Goldstone radar telescope in Barstow, California, which has the capability to reveal more about the space rock's true size and shape.
ESA released new information on 2025 FA22 in preparation for the upcoming flyby. (Image credit: ESA)
The International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) is also taking 2025 FA22's flyby as an opportunity to practise its emergency protocols by running a practice scenario under the pretence that the asteroid will still impact us in 2089. This mock test, named the 2025 FA22 IAWN Campaign, will involve measuring as many of the asteroids' characteristics as accurately as possible, in preparation for a hypothetical mission to deflect the space rock in the future.
"While 2025 FA22 poses no danger, practicing our ability to measure these properties is important, as they influence how an asteroid will react to any attempt to deflect it off of a collision course with Earth," ESA representatives wrote about the campaign.
In reality, 2025 FA22 will not get very close to us in 2089. The latest calculations from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory suggest that it will only come within 3.7 million miles (6 million km) of Earth, more than seven times further away than its current flyby.
However, the asteroid will return for a super close approach in 2173, when it will reach a minimum distance of around 200,000 miles (320,000 km), bringing it closer to us than the moon.
Image of asteroid Donaldjohanson with features marked. Credit - NASA Goddard/SwRI/Johns Hopkins APL
When considering the unnamed major features of all the moons, asteroids, and comets in our solar system there are still a lot of places out there that need proper names. That means the International Astronomical Union (IAU), the non-governmental body responsible for naming astronomical objects, has its work cut out for them. Recently they tackled a relatively easy challenge by approving a series of names on the asteroid Donaldjohnson, the first and only target of NASA’s Lucy mission in the main asteroid belt. With those names come a whole new way to talk about one of the asteroids that humanity has studied most closely thus far.
Lucy the mission was named after Lucy the fossil, one of the most important paleoanthropological finds in history. Dated to 3.2 million years ago, the Lucy skeleton is part of a species we now call Australopithecus afarensis, one of the forebearers of modern day Homo sapiens. With this discovery in the Afar region of Ethiopia in 1974, American paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson cemented his legacy in the annals of scientific history.
The IAU also allowed him to be etched into the history books of astronomy as well, when it agreed to name the asteroid in the main belt that the Lucy mission would pass on its way to its main mission in the Trojan asteroid belt after him. Asteroid Donaldjohanson measures about 8 km long by 3.5 km wide, and weighs about 8x1013 kg. Its shape provides some very unique places to name, and Lucy’s team tried to take full advantage of that in the names they submitted to the IAU.
Fraser discusses one of Lucy's first major discvoeries
All of the names deal somehow with paleoarchaeological history, though only some are directed related to Donald Johanson himself. The two main “lobes” of the asteroid are named Afar, after the region in Ethiopia where the Lucy fossil was discovered, and Olduvai, a river gorge in Tanzania where there were plenty of other discoveries of early humans.
Joining the two lobes is Windover Collum, named after an archeological site near Cape Canaveral Florida, where Lucy was launched, and which provide insight into the lives of humans living there over 7,000 years ago. Two flat surfaces on the collum, which can be thought of as the asteroid’s “neck”, are called Hadar, after the specific site Lucy was found in, and Minatogawa, the site of the oldest hominid remains found in Japan. While JAXA, Japan’s space agency, didn’t help with this mission in particular, they’ve been a major collaborator of NASA for decades.
Major boulders and craters received names as well. Mungo, named after the Lake Mungo archaeological site in New South Wales Australia, is a crater near the end of the Olduvai lobe. Boxgrove is a boulder nearby named after an almost 500,000 fossil from England. Narmada is another crater named after archaic remains from India, and it is near boulders named Cashel, after a 4,000 year old discovery in Ireland, and Kennewick, an 8,500 year old skeleton from Washington state near the Columbia River in the US. ALl of those are also on the Olduvai lobe, which is the larger of the two.
Another feature on the Windover section is another ridge named after Luzia, a 11,500 year old skeleton from Brazil. There are undoubtedly features on the other side of the asteroid, but unfortunately Lucy only performed a brief flyby and couldn’t capture it in its entirety.
However, that was because it's on its way to its main mission, which is to visit eight Trojan asteroids. That will give the mission team plenty more naming opportunities. We’ll see what they come up with - and what the IAU will approve - beginning in 2027 when its mission truly starts.
An artist's impression of an asteroid. Astronomers have discovered another member of the Arjuna asteroid group, Near-Earth Objects that follow Earth-like orbits. Image Credit: ESA
Whenever astronomers detect something new moving through our region of space, like an interstellar object or an unusual asteroid, somebody somewhere claims it could be an alien interstellar space probe. It's like one of those laws about human behaviour—Godwin's Law for example—that should probably have its own name.
This applies to the detection of 1991 VG, an asteroid with an Earth-like orbit discovered by the Spacewatch Project in 1991. Astronomers now know that it's just an asteroid, and they've also found others like it. Together, they're called the Arjuna asteroids and they're Near-Earth Objects (NEO). There's more than 100 of them and they constitute the so-called Arjuna secondary asteroid belt.
Now the Arjuna group has one more member: Arjuna 2025 PN7. It's discovery is presented in a new research note in Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society titled "Meet Arjuna 2025 PN7, the Newest Quasi-satellite of Earth." The authors are Carlos de la Fuente Marcos and Raúl de la Fuente Marcos, both from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria.
When 1991 VG was discovered, it followed a path very similar to Earth's and remained close to it. That's what led to the 'alien space probe' thinking. But it was really just the first member of a newly discovered class of objects. That only became apparent when more were discovered, and now the natural explanation has eliminated the speculation.
The Arjuna asteroids are known as quasi-satellites. That's because while they move in resonance with Earth, they're not gravitationally bound. Sometimes one of the Arjuna asteroids is captured by the Earth for a brief period of time and becomes a mini-Moon. "The Arjunas with the most Earth-like orbits can experience temporary captures as mini-moons of our planet," the authors write. That happened with the Arjuna asteroid 2024 PT5, which was captured by Earth and posed a small threat of impact for a while.
"Quasi-satellites are in a resonant orbit but are not gravitationally bound to Earth, allowing for more sustained, though unbound, proximity; while mini-moons are characterized by temporary gravitational captures by Earth, meaning they are gravitationally bound, albeit for a limited time," the authors explain in their research note.
Other current quasi-satellites include 164207 Cardea (2004 GU9), 469219 Kamo‘oalewa (2016 HO3), 277810 (2006 FV35), 2013 LX28, 2014 OL339, and 2023 FW13. 2025 PN7 is now the newest member of that group.
This figure shows the known quasi-satellites within the dynamic context of the Arjuna asteroid belt: Cardea (gold point), Kamo‘oalewa (red), 277810 (orange), 2013 LX28 (yellow), 2014 OL339 (violet), 2023 FW13 (pink), and 2025 PN7 (lime). The two red dashed vertical lines show the Hill radius, the region around Earth where Earth's gravity dominates over the Sun's gravitational influence.
Image Credit: Carlos de la Fuente Marcos and Raúl de la Fuente Marcos 2025 RNAAS
2025 PN7 is also an Apollo asteroid, a larger group of asteroids of which the Arjuna's are a small subclass. A critical distinction between them is that Arjunas don't have Earth-crossing orbits while the Apollos do.
The researchers say that 2025 PN7 won't be a quasi-satellite for very long. "The available data indicate that 2025 PN7 is a relatively short-lived quasi-satellite of Earth," they write.
It'll only be a quasi-satellite for about 128 years. Eventually, subtle changes in orbital elements will mean it leaves its resonance with Earth and will like follow a Trojan orbit or horseshoe orbit.
This photo of comet C/2020 F3 NEOWISE was taken in July 2020. There's no doubt that comets have struck Earth in the past, and some have exploded in the air above the surface. One of these exploding comets could've triggered the Younger Dryas, bringing and end to the Clovis culture and wiping out megafauna. Image Credit: By Dbot3000 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92032148
We don't realize it, but Earth is subjected to a constant cosmic rain of material. The vast majority of it is tiny micrometeors that burn up in the atmosphere, up to 100 tons per day by some estimates. But sometimes, much larger objects strike Earth. The most notable is probably the Chicxulub impactor that wiped out the dinosaurs and left a massive crater, now buried.
There are many other large potential impactors that explode above the surface, called touchdown airbursts, and their effect on Earth is much harder to quantify. New research suggests that a swarm of debris from an exploding comet left its mark by triggering the Younger Dryas, a period of abrupt cooling around 12,000 years ago. The researchers say that the touchdown airburst and the resulting Younger Dryas led to the extinction of megafauna, and the disappearance of the Clovis culture.
Their findings support the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH) which states that the impact of a disintegrating asteroid or comet is responsible for abruptly cooling the Earth. The YDIH isn't widely accepted in the science community. Critics tout the lack of an impact crater as evidence against the YDIH. They also say that other evidence supporting it can best be explained by other causes.
New research found evidence of comet debris impact at sites of the Clovis culture, a culture that came to an end at the same time as the Younger Dryas. Will this new research lead to wider acceptance of the YDIH?
The research is based on the discovery of shocked quartz at three well-known Clovis sites: Murray Springs in Arizona, Blackwater Draw in New Mexico and Arlington Canyon in California's Channel Islands.
Researchers found shocked quartz from the Younger Dryas at three Clovis sites in the USA.
Image Credit: USGS. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0).
"These three sites were classic sites in the discovery and the documentation of the megafaunal extinctions in North America and the disappearance of the Clovis culture," lead author Kennett said in a press release.
Shocked quartz is grains of sand deformed by extreme pressure and heat. It was first discovered after underground nuclear weapons were tested. It's also found inside impact craters, and lightning is known to create it.
"When cosmic airbursts detonate with enough energy and at sufficiently low altitude, the resultant relatively small, high-velocity fragments may strike Earth’s surface with high enough pressures to generate thermal and mechanical shock that can fracture quartz grains and introduce molten silica into the fractures," the authors write in their research. "Here, we report the discovery of shocked quartz grains in a layer dating to the Younger Dryas (YD) onset (12.8 ka) in three classic archaeological sequences in the Southwestern United States."
The researchers used 10 different analytical techniques, including electron microscopy, and found grains with glass-filled fractures that are very similar to the type created by nuclear explosions and found in 27 different impact craters. They were also produced in 11 laboratory shock experiments. "All research, including this study, has found that non-shocked quartz fractures without glass filling are very common in non-impact layers, but quartz fractures filled with melted silica have only been reported in impact layers," the researchers write.
"These shocked grains co-occur with previously reported peak concentrations in platinum, meltglass, soot, and nanodiamonds, along with microspherules, similar to those found in ~28 microspherule layers that are accepted as evidence for cosmic impact events, even in the absence of a known crater," the researchers explain.
This figure shows the calibrated ages of the YDB layer at the three sites. "All dates for the three sites overlap the predicted age range, supporting a synchronous YDB age within radiocarbon uncertainties of 68.3% and 95.4% Confidence Interval (CI)," the authors write.
Image Credit: Kennett et al. 2025. PLOS One
The YDIH states that the exploding comet also created widespread fires and choked the sky with ash, leading to the abrupt cooling that defines the Younger Dryas. In these harsh conditions, the Clovis culture collapsed and megafauna like woolly mammoths went extinct.
"In other words, all hell broke loose," Kennett said.
The YDIH has many proponents, and over the course of the last couple of decades, they've unearthed evidence in support of it. One piece of evidence is the "black mat" layer found in sediments at different locations, predominantly in the northern hemisphere. YDIH proponents say this indicates the mass burning triggered by the airburst. Other evidence includes microspherules, nanodiamonds, and platinum.
This figure summarizes the stratigraphic context and proxy evidence for a potential Younger Dryas impact event near Arlington Canyon, a well-dated coastal site on Santa Rosa Island. The yellow arrows in C show the Younger Dryas Boundary. The researchers found the shock-fractured quartz, and previous research found the other evidence. The Kennett and his co-authors point out that the abundances of all the evidence are significantly higher than background sources.
Image Credit: Kennett et al. 2025. PLOS One
"The YDB layer at the three sites was previously interpreted as resulting from multiple airbursts/impacts from large comet fragments based on peak abundances of inferred airburst/impact-related proxies," the authors write.
Impact craters are slam-dunk evidence of deadly impacts. But in their absence, according to the researchers, shocked quartz with glass-filled fractures is the next best thing. When combined with other evidence, their presence adds to the weight of the YDIH.
The YDIH has faced and continues to face strong headwinds. Other researchers say there are other explanations for the evidence supporting the hypothesis. They also point out that there have been many episodes like the Younger Dryas and that no exploding comet is needed to explain any of them. But the authors say that their new findings "provide strong support for the hypothesis," while also acknowledging that "this interpretation has faced challenges."
"By connecting the physical evidence of an impact event with well-established archaeological and paleontological records, our findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of this critical period in Earth’s recent history," the researchers write. "This research sheds light on past events and provides insights into the potential global effects of cosmic impacts on climate, ecosystems, and human societies," they conclude.
UFO over Clinton, Utah Aug 31, 2025, UAP sighting news. 📰 or possible TR-3B in the USAF?
UFO over Clinton, Utah Aug 31, 2025, UAP sighting news. 📰 or possible TR-3B in the USAF?
Date of sighting: Aug 31, 2025
Location of sighting: Clinton, Utah, USA
Source: NUFORC site
Now check this out. This is an ultra rare catch in the fact that it's a super close up of a triangle UFO, and no, not all triangle UFOs are military TR-3B or the evolution of that craft. The Utah desert, which I live in currently has numerous sightings of unexplained Aerial phenomenon that just go beyond our wildest dreams. Here is proof of that. This craft was close and I mean about 100-150 meters away and probably seen on a hillside or area thats hard to reach at night. What not go chasing after it? No...not in Utah, you see there are numerous types of rattle snakes in the area and I myself see one diamondback every three hikes I take, and going off trail to catch a UFO recording is almost worth it, but I say no. So it's great he got as close as he could while staying safe. Clinton is town of about 20,000 people and this thing shows up on the edge of it. This looks to be a 100% real in my opinion, nothing but alien tech there. The USAF TR-3B has three glowing lights but they are white, not purple so no it's not military.
Scott C. Waring - UFO Sightings Daily
Location details: looking west by north west from Clinton, Ut
Shape: Sphere Color: white and blue
Estimated Size: best guess 10 ft wide each
Viewed From: Land
Direction from Viewer: SW 240
Angle of Elevation: 45
Closest Distance: I don't know... maybe 1 mile
Estimated Speed: varied from standing still to lightning fast
Characteristics: Lights on object, Aura or haze around object, Emitted other objects, Changed Color
Eyewitness states:
I first spotted one sphere shape uap, then two more joined in a triangular formation. I first spotted one, then they split to 3 separate balls of white and blue light. First the top one began to shift in shape. I appeared to rotate with 3 ball shaped lights near the top of it. After some time one of the other sphere's appeared to rotate also. I went inside and got my wife and daughter who also witnessed the UAPs.
Cigar UFO With Window Facing Eyewitness Over Santa Rosa, California Aug 31, 2025, UAP Sighting News.
Cigar UFO With Window Facing Eyewitness Over Santa Rosa, California Aug 31, 2025, UAP Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Aug 31, 2025
Location of sighting: Santa Rosa, California, USA
Source: NUFORC #192162
Now this is very interesting. A silver cigar UFO was seen over California two weeks ago and just reported this week. The UFO has a bright white area...thats the window. Often a UFO will have a bright area that looks like a light, but it's a window to allow the occupants of the craft to personally observe the people and activity below. Yes, they like to see things first hand rather than stare at computer screens. Sound familiar? But it's the window that nails this object and tells me it's 100% a real alien craft.
Scott C. Waring - UFO Sightings Daily
Eyewitness states:
Shape: Cigar
Color: Silver metal
Estimated Size: 2 cars
Viewed From: Land
Direction from Viewer: Above and to left
Angle of Elevation: 39
Long silver object above me. I was stopped at a red light when I saw a sparkle of the scar, which I thought was balloons at first, and then, as I was looking at it, I noticed it wasn't balloons and it was moving weird side to side, and then the truck in front of me pointed at it as well, like, Hey do. You see this, and I was like, yeah, I see it too, and we both pulled. Into the parking lot nearby, but by the time we pulled the parking lot, it took off, it was a long metallic object with no wings and no visible propellers, or anything moving to side to side and then took off very quickly.
UFO reveals when I summon it, military radar sees it and sends Blackhawk, UAP sighting news.
UFO reveals when I summon it, military radar sees it and sends Blackhawk, UAP sighting news.
Date of sighting: Sept 15, 2025
Location of sighting: Bountiful, Utah, USA
Source: Scott C. Waring
Now I'm kinda good at summoning UFO orbs, but most often I get these cloaked UFOs disguised as clouds appearing when I meditate outside, calling them to me telepathically. Thats fine, some are shy and on a rare occurrence one might be bold like in my past. This UFO I summoned over my backyard had to have shown up on military radar because a Blackhawk was sent within 2-3 minutes to investigate the unknown craft in the clouds. The UAP in the clouds disappeared within 1 minute after recording it and the Blackhawk seemed to be searching for it, moving very slowly and very low...about 35 meters over my yard. It literally was right over me! You can say coincidence all you want...but it not really a coincidence if I'm involve is it? Military helicopters are required by law to fly 1,000 feet over the public homes (333 meters up) and yet they were flying at 35 meters up! Sure what I saw was 100% a UFO cloaked in clouds, I called it, I should know. However UFOs can make them selves visible and invisible to radar...so I wonder...why it allowed the helicopter to see them on radar? Unless of course...the UFO was curious about the solderers reactions...listening to their thoughts...just like how I used my thoughts to summon it.
Independent researcher Ben van Kerkwyk was a recent guest on the Joe Rogan Experience, where he discussed a discovery off the coast of Spain that could be the mythical city.
'There's a guy named Michael Donnellan...And he thinks he's found, at least, if not Atlantis, a part of Atlantis off the coast of Spain. And they 100 percent found some s*** in the waters,' van Kerkwyk said.
Rogan, looking stunned, could only respond with 'Wow,' mentioning Donnellan's upcoming documentary 'Atlantica' that reveals massive linear structures and enormous concentric circular walls littering the seafloor.
Donnellan, an independent archaeologist, told the Daily Mail that descriptions in Plato's writings, which perfectly match their findings of ruins, prehistoric settlements and ancient mines in the region of Gades, are the strongest evidence for an Atlantic civilization.
These discoveries, including underwater structures and sediment-covered sites indicating sudden destruction, align with Plato’s accounts of climate, societal structures, and ancient mythologies, providing a comprehensive context for their claims.
'All those details align perfectly with the region we’re studying, as our investigations reflect Plato’s texts with extraordinary precision, truly to a perfect degree,' Donnellan said.
For centuries, the mystery of Atlantis has captivated explorers and scholars alike, but one archaeologist now believes the legendary city may have once stood along Spain's southern coast in the city of Cádiz (pictured)
Massive structures were found around 65ft below the surface. The team also identified 'long, linear structures' etched across the ocean floor
Donnellan found the submerged ruins along the coast around Cádiz, a city in Andalusia.
'When you read Plato's texts, the Timaeus and Critias, he's got all these incredible details of what the place was like, where it was, that you could plant all year long, that it was in the region of Gades in the Atlantic,' he said
Donnellan spent eight years investigating the coast of Cadiz using an advanced sonar system used for high-resolution seafloor mapping, creating detailed 3D images of the underwater environment.
Van Kerkwyk noted that Donnellan used Merlin Burrows' satellite investigation techniques and aerial photography to uncover the hidden structures.
'It's fascinating, they 100 percent found something that is manmade,' said van Kerkwyk.
The technology revealed long linear structures etched across the ocean floor, which formed a series of enormous concentric circular walls, each standing more than 20 feet tall and arranged in an organized pattern.
'The team brings together a wide array of specialists and technologies, from the dive team to the scanning experts and the academics who have contributed to this project,' said Donnellan.
'I want to take a moment to thank the extended team for all their hard work and dedication.'
Joe Rogan was left speechless when his guest revealed new 'evidence' about the location of Atlantis, a city mentioned in Plato's writings
The underwater ruins were found off the coast of Spain, near ancient fishing corrals (pictured)
The outermost wall showed the most damage, as if it had been pummeled by a massive tsunami racing in from the sea.
The second and third walls, he said, were 'completely displaced,' with scans showing them split into two.
Between the walls sat intricately carved canals, and at the center was a rectangular ruin that, according to Donnellan, echoes Plato's description of Poseidon's temple, forming what he believes is the capital city of Atlantis.
Donnellan is among the many scholars who believe in a cataclysmic event around 12,000 years ago that wiped out an advanced civilization.
The controversial Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH) suggests Earth passed through debris from a disintegrating comet.
The resulting impacts and shockwaves destabilized massive ice sheets, causing massive flooding that disrupted crucial ocean currents and triggered rapid climate cooling. However, the theory is not widely accepted by mainstream scholars.
Michael Donnellan, archaeologist and filmmaker, has spent eight years investigating what he believes is the city of Atlantis off the coast of Spain
'Plato tells you about the animals that helped out with the daily activities, the horse, the bull and the elephant,' he said.
Donnellan explained that the original horse in this area is believed to be the oldest breed in the world, along with the fighting bull from Andalusia, which traces back thousands of years.
He added there was also a prehistoric ivory trade through this part of Spain, noting that three types of elephants were there, including Asian elephants, which suggested there was international commerce between this region and Asia.
'All of those details coincide perfectly with where we're studying,' Donnellan said.
New geological evidence unearthed in the US suggests that a catastrophic cosmic event may have wiped out a once-thriving culture more than 12,800 years ago.
Researchers analyzing sediment samples inCalifornia, Arizona and New Mexico discovered shocked quartz, tiny mineral grains deformed under extreme pressure, dating back to around 10,800 BC.
Shocked quartz forms when minerals are subjected to sudden, intense pressures such as those generated by a meteorite impact or large-scale atmospheric explosion.
The presence of this material at the sites indicates that an airburst or impact event likely devastated large portions of the continent, igniting wildfires, destabilizing the climate and wiping out many of the massive Ice Age animals that roamed the region.
The dating of the shocked quartz coincided with the rapid disappearance of the Clovis people, a technologically advanced hunter-gatherer culture that had dominated much of North America for centuries.
Archaeological evidence has shown that their distinctive stone tools vanish abruptly from the record shortly after this period.
This timing also marked the beginning of the Younger Dryas, a sudden and dramatic cooling event that lasted about 1,200 years.
Some researchers, including well-known author Graham Hancock, have long proposed that a giant 'Doomsday comet' passed through Earth's atmosphere, which blocked sunlight, disrupted ocean currents and abruptly plunged the Northern Hemisphere into a sudden, century-long cooling.
The evidence of the cosmic collision was found in California, Arizona and New Mexico
The team identified shocked quartz (pictured) in the samples, which forms when minerals are subjected to sudden, intense pressures such as those generated by a meteorite impact or large-scale atmospheric explosion
Shocked quartz forms when the crystal lattice of minerals is irreversibly deformed under extreme pressures, often millions of times greater than normal atmospheric pressure.
In the new study, the grains were carefully extracted from sediment layers precisely dated to the onset of the Younger Dryas.
'The onset of the Younger Dryas (YD closely coincided with two significant events: the sudden extinction of >70% of North American megafauna (35 genera), including mammoths, camels, horses, and saber-toothed cats and the collapse of the Clovis technocomplex,' reads the study published in PLOS ONE.
The team collected sediment samples from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico, Murray Springs, Arizona and Arlington Canyon on Santa Rosa Island, California.
Blackwater Draw is a Clovis-type site where the first Clovis artifacts were found just below a 12,800-year-old black mat, marking the onset of the Younger Dryas and the end of the Clovis technocomplex.
Evidence from the site, including a nearby Clovis-butchered mammoth, suggests a major environmental disruption coinciding with megafaunal extinctions and a significant human population decline.
Murray Springs preserves terminal Clovis artifacts and extinct megafauna remains.
Those are also under a black mat, which contained a butchered mammoth and hundreds of footprints rapidly buried after the proposed Younger Dryas event.
Some researchers, including well-known author Graham Hancock, have long proposed that a giant 'Doomsday comet' passed through Earth's atmosphere, which blocked sunlight, disrupted ocean currents and abruptly plunged the Northern Hemisphere into a sudden, century-long cooling (stock)
Archaeological data indicate a post-Clovis human hiatus of several hundred years, supporting theories of population decline and abrupt cultural and ecological changes at the YD onset.
Arlington Canyon yielded Clovis-era human remains beneath a black mat, showing a 600- to 800-year gap before subsequent human occupation, highlighting a post-Clovis hiatus even in potential refuges.
The site also records the extinction of pygmy mammoths around 12,800, making it a key location for studying the impact of environmental disruptions during the Younger Dryas.
The team used 10 different lab techniques to identify glass-filled cracks in quartz and then ran computer simulations to determine the pressures and speeds needed to produce such shocks.
They found that the shocked quartz taken from the southwest US resembled samples found at nuclear airburst sites, Meteor Crater, and other YD sites in Syria, the eastern USA, the Netherlands and Venezuela.
Blackwater Draw is a Clovis-type site where the first Clovis artifacts were found just below a 12,800-year-old black mat, marking the onset of the Younger Dryas and the end of the Clovis technocomplex
Murray Springs preserves terminal Clovis artifacts and extinct megafauna remains. Those are also under a black mat, which contained a butchered mammoth and hundreds of footprints rapidly buried after the proposed Younger Dryas event
Arlington Canyon yielded Clovis-era human remains beneath a black mat, showing a 600- to 800-year gap before subsequent human occupation, highlighting a post-Clovis hiatus even in potential refuges
Many of these quartz grains showed signs of exposure to extremely high temperatures, above the melting point of quartz, which is 3,123 °F.
Some parts of the grains remain amorphous, and others have recrystallized.
Previous research has shown that melted silica within shock fractures indicates airburst- or impact-related shock, meaning these YD grains can be classified as 'thermally and mechanically shocked quartz.'
'These sites are among the best-documented in North America, each providing crucial evidence of an interrelationship between the collapse of the Clovis technocomplex and the extinction of the megafauna,' the team shared.
'The presence of airburst/impact-related materials at these key locations strengthens the temporal and spatial link between the proposed cosmic event and major ecological and cultural changes
Newly released records have revealed never-before-seen footage of unidentified objects invading an Ohiomilitary base connected to one of the most infamous UFO encounters in history.
Thanks to a Freedom of Information Act request (FOIA), the US military has just been compelled to release documents and video of two incidentsover Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in December 2024.
According to Air Force personnel and other witnesses in the area, the UFOs may have been part of the same drone swarms that both captivated and terrified the nation late last year.
While the vast majority of those reports came from New Jersey and other East Coast locations, the newly declassified files show that on December 13 and December 16 personnel at Wright-Patterson tracked and recorded the objects hovering over the secure facility.
The files on the incident revealed that the Air Force considered the invasion serious enough to stop flight operations around the base, call local law enforcement, and have security use thermal imaging cameras to find the intruders.
However, the case has remained unsolved as the military has not found out who or what sent the drones, the declassified documents stated.
The mystery of the 2024 drone swarms has become even more compelling because of the secretive work that has taken place at Wright-Patterson.
UFO researchers and government whistleblowers have said on multiple occasions that the Ohio compound has a direct tie to the 1947 UFO crash in Roswell, New Mexico.
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio has been linked to UFO activity since the 1940s
Newly released video by the military shows unknown drones swarming over the base in December 2024
The Air Force documented revealed that on December 13, 2024, security forces around the base spotted several unmanned vehicles in the sky over Wright-Patterson around 10pm ET.
Patrols reported seeing at least one small drone that was about six inches in length and had four propellers hovering over the facility.
Another guard station stated that 'four quad-copter drones with red and green lights in a tight diamond formation' were swarming the base, but they 'gained altitude and flew away at a rapid speed' after the soldiers shined their car's spotlight on them.
The base's air traffic control tower issued a full shutdown of Wright-Patterson's airspace during the incident, but airmen never found the drones or anyone in the area who may have sent them.
On December 16, a civilian walking his dog near the base perimeter spotted another cluster of drones and reported it to base personnel near the gate around 9:30pm.
According to the witness's account, the drones 'were slowly moving in different directions.'
'The objects appeared to be lights moving as a group, but too high up to get an accurate assessment of what they looked like,' one officer at Wright-Patterson reported.
At 11:43 pm, another officer spotted an unknown aircraft descending towards the base, getting within 500 feet of landing before it suddenly ascended and disappeared.
Documents obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request revealed that the Air Force does not know who or what sent the drones
Drones swarmed over Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (pictured) on both December 13 and December 16, 2024
A second patrol confirmed the startling report, saying the 'unidentified flying object' just vanished after approaching the base's runaway.
The FOIA release included multiple video clips taken by witnesses tracking the drones at various security checkpoints.
Although President Trump has said the mysterious swarms were 'not the enemy' and had been authorized to conduct 'research,' the new documents revealed that federal officials have a much different story behind closed doors.
The declassified report showed that both air traffic control and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) were contacted by officials at Wright-Patterson on December 13 and December 16.
Both agencies told the Air Force there were 'no authorized aircraft operating in WPAFB airspace' on those nights.
The FOIA request by The Black Vault, a website dedicated to sharing declassified government documents, has thrown Wright-Patterson back into the spotlight, as UFO conspiracy theorists have been focused on this facility for decades.
During a congressional hearing in May, Dr Eric Davis, a physicist who has been a consultant for the Pentagon's UFO program since 2007, revealed that debris from the Roswell incident was allegedly flown to Wright-Patterson after the crash in 1947.
The Air Force base has also been connected to the secret government group known as the Majestic 12 (MJ-12), a committee of high-ranking military, scientific, and intelligence officials assembled after the Roswell crash.
UFO researchers have said that the 1947 UFO crash in Roswell, New Mexico 'was the real deal' and that debris from the ship was taken to Wright-Patterson for analysis
For over two decades, these experts were allegedly tasked with managing investigations into UFOs and extraterrestrial contact.
Recently unearthed CIA files stated that MJ-12 oversaw four specific projects charged with communicating with aliens, researching UFOs, recovering crashed alien ships, and testing out whatever advanced technology they could find.
That research and development program was based at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, according to an alleged government whistleblower in 1984.
The base was also the headquarters for Project Blue Book, the Air Force's official UFO investigation program from 1947 to 1969. It investigated 12,618 sightings, with 701 remaining 'unidentified,' according to declassified records in the National Archives.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.