Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 13 YEARS AND 1 MONTH.
ON 06/07/2024 MORE THAN 2.101.500
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
05-06-2017
NASA's Juno Spacecraft Just Shattered What We Knew About Jupiter
NASA's Juno Spacecraft Just Shattered What We Knew About Jupiter
The gas giant is getting really weird.
GEMMA CONROY
Just when we thought we had Jupiter all figured out, NASA's Juno spacecraft reveals new results that challenge almost every assumption we've made about the gas giant.
The discoveries were made when the basketball court-sized spacecraft swooped within 5,000 kilometres (3,106 miles) of the cloud tops, and drifted over the planet's poles.
"What we've learned so far is Earth-shattering. Or should I say, Jupiter-shattering," said Juno's principal investigator at the South Research Institute, Scott Bolton. "Discoveries about its composition, magnetosphere, and poles are as stunning as the photographs the mission is generating."
After its arduous five-year journey from Earth, Juno finally locked into Jupiter's orbit in July 2016 to catch a closer glimpse at what lies within the planet's swirling clouds.
The probe captured some mind-blowing first images of Jupiter's giant oval-shaped storms around the north and south poles. It also recorded some eerie sounds when it careened into the planet's enormous magnetosphere, which contracts and expands according to solar wind movements.
But the spacecraft didn't travel 2.8 billion kilometres into space to take pretty picturesand record weird noises. Juno's real mission has been to create a detailed map of the gas giant, which will help scientists learn more about how our Solar System's planets, including Earth, formed around 4.5 billion years ago.
The probe also collected data on Jupiter's inner structure, atmosphere and magnetic field with its eight instruments.
The first study, led by Bolton, describes the massive storms and cyclones clustered around Jupiter's previously unseen poles. The images revealed chaotic oval-shaped features that are completely different from Saturn's polar regions.
When the researchers created a time-lapse of the images, they discovered that these swirling ovals were gigantic cyclones.
Some of these mammoth cyclones reached up to 1,400 kilometres (900 miles) wide - 10 times larger than Earth's biggest cyclones. The storms also reached close to 100 kilometres high - up out of Jupiter's atmosphere.
But the real surprise came from beneath the clouds, when Juno measured the thermal structure of the Jovian atmosphere.
When the probe beamed microwaves into the deep atmosphere, the data showed signs of strange ammonia plumes welling up from the equator, forming giant weather systems that extend well beneath the cloud tops.
"It resembles a deeper, wider version of the air currents that rise from Earth's equator and generate the trade winds," said Bolton.
Things got even weirder in the second study, when Juno took a closer look at Jupiter's magnetic field - the largest object in the Solar System.
While researchers were well aware of the power and enormity of Jupiter's magnetic field, they were surprised to find that it was twice as strong as the models predicted.
Measuring at 7.766 Gauss, the region the spacecraft examined was 10 times more powerful than Earth's magnetic field, which sits at a mere 0.66 Gauss at the South Pole.
The magnetic field is also more dynamic than previously thought, with an uneven, patchy distribution.
Speaking to ScienceAlert, Juno's deputy lead investigator, Jack Connerney, said that the planet's lumpy magnetic field indicates that it may originate from processes close to the planet's surface.
This is vastly different to Earth's magnetic field, which is stemmed from the hot liquid iron core deep below the crust.
"The magnetic field appears to have a much richer spatial variation than what we were expecting based on what previous spacecraft had found," Connerney, who led the second study, told ScienceAlert.
"The most exciting thing about studying Jupiter is that, compared to Earth, we get a more detailed view of how magnetic fields work."
Taking a closer look at the magnetosphere - the space around a planet that is controlled by the magnetic field - revealed yet another surprise.
When Juno passed through the magnetosphere in June 2016, it encountered the planet's bow shock - a shock wave that occurs when the magnetic field begins redirecting the solar winds away.
But the probe only passed through one bow shock compared to the many it encountered on other orbits. Connerney said that this is because Jupiter's magnetosphere was expanding at the time of Juno's approach.
"The bow shock varies in its distance from Jupiter, expanding when the solar wind is weak or slow, and contracting when the solar wind is strong," said Connerney.
Stranger still were Jupiter's stunning violet-blue aurorae, which were detected by Juno when it hovered over the poles.
J.E.P. Connerney et al., Science (2017)
On Earth, the Northern and Southern lights occur when charged particles from the solar wind are funnelled down through the magnetosphere into the polar regions.
Connerney and his colleagues thought Jupiter's light-show was due to a similar downward flow of electrons pouring into the Jovian atmosphere.
But Juno's instruments revealed a whole other story. The Jovian aurorae are powered by the electrons being sucked out of the planet's polar region, which basically means that Jupiter powers its light-show all on its own.
"It's a 180-degree reversal of what we were originally assuming," Connerney told ScienceAlert. "We never expected to see such strong auroral emissions caused by electrons being channelled out of the polar region."
And all of this is just the beginning. Juno has completed 5 out of 33 flyby investigations on its mission to map the giant of the Solar System.
Its next flyby will take a look at the iconic Great Red Spot on July 11, where it will unravel more of the planet's weird wonders.
The two studies were published today in a special edition of Science. You can find them here and here.
Only a little more than 10 light-years away is a glimpse into the past of our solar system. The nearby star system resembles an approximation of what our solar system may have looked like in its early development.
Astronomers are understandably fascinated with the Epsilon Eridani system. For one, this star system is in close proximity to our own, at a distance of about 10.5 light-years from the Solar System. Second, it has been known for some time that it contains two asteroid belts and a large debris disk. And third, astronomers have suspected for many years that this star may also have a system of planets.
On top of all that, a new study by a team of astronomers has indicated that Epsilon Eridani may be what our own Solar System was like during its younger days. Relying on NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) aircraft, the team conducted a detailed analysis of the system that showed how it has an architecture remarkably similar to what astronomer believe the Solar System once looked like.
Led by Kate Su – an Associate Astronomer with the Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona – the team includes researchers and astronomers from the Department of Physics & Astronomy of Iowa State University, the Astrophysical Institute and University Observatory at the University of Jena (Germany), and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Ames Research Center.
Artist’s diagram showing the similar structure of the Epsilon Eridani to the Solar System. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
For the sake of their study – the results of which were published in The Astronomical Journal under the title “The Inner 25 AU Debris Distribution in the Epsilon Eri System” – the team relied on data obtained by a flight of SOFIA in January 2015. Combined with detailed computer modeling and research that went on for years, they were able to make new determinations about the structure of the debris disk.
As already noted, previous studies of Epsilon Eridani indicated that the system is surrounded by rings made up of materials that are basically leftovers from the process of planetary formation. Such rings consist of gas and dust, and are believed to contain many small rocky and icy bodies as well — like the Solar System’s own Kuiper Belt, which orbits our Sun beyond Neptune.
Careful measurements of the disk’s motion has also indicated that a planet with nearly the same mass as Jupiter circles the star at a distance comparable to Jupiter’s distance from the Sun. However, based on prior data obtained by the NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope, scientists were unable to determine the position of warm material within the disk — i.e. the dust and gas — which gave rise to two models.
In one, warm material is concentrated into two narrow rings of debris that orbit the star at distances corresponding respectively to the Main Asteroid Belt and Uranus in our Solar System. According to this model, the largest planet in the system would likely be associated with an adjacent debris belt. In the other, warm material is in a broad disk, is not concentrated into asteroid belt-like rings, and is not associated with any planets in the inner region.
NASA’s SOFIA aircraft before a 2015 flight to observe a nearby star. Credit: Massimo Marengo.
Using the new SOFIA images, Su and her team were able to determine that the warm material around Epsilon Eridani is arranged like the first model suggests. In essence, it is in at least one narrow belt, rather than in a broad continuous disk. As Su explained in a NASA press release:
“The high spatial resolution of SOFIA combined with the unique wavelength coverage and impressive dynamic range of the FORCAST camera allowed us to resolve the warm emission around eps Eri, confirming the model that located the warm material near the Jovian planet’s orbit. Furthermore, a planetary mass object is needed to stop the sheet of dust from the outer zone, similar to Neptune’s role in our solar system. It really is impressive how eps Eri, a much younger version of our solar system, is put together like ours.”
These observations were made possible thanks to SOFIA’s on-board telescopes, which have a greater diameter than Spitzer – 2.5 meters (100 inches) compared to Spitzer’s 0.85 m (33.5 inches). This allowed for far greater resolution, which the team used to discern details within the Epsilon Eridani system that were three times smaller than what had been observed using the Spitzer data.
In addition, the team made use of SOFIA’s powerful mid-infrared camera – the Faint Object infraRed CAmera for the SOFIA Telescope (FORCAST). This instrument allowed the team to study the strongest infrared emissions coming from the warm material around the star which are otherwise undetectable by ground-based observatories – at wavelengths between 25-40 microns.
This artist’s conception of the Epsilon Eridani system, the closest star system who’s structure resembles a young Solar System. Credit: NASA/JPL/Caltech
These observations further indicate that the Epsilon Eridani system is much like our own, albeit in younger form. In addition to having asteroid belts and a debris disk that is similar to our Main Belt and Kuiper Belt, it appears that it likely has more planets waiting to be found within the spaces between. As such, the study of this system could help astronomers to learn things about the history of our own Solar System.
Massimo Marengo, one of he co-authors of the study, is an Associate Professor with the Department of Physics & Astronomy at Iowa State University. As he explained in a University of Iowa press release:
“This star hosts a planetary system currently undergoing the same cataclysmic processes that happened to the solar system in its youth, at the time in which the moon gained most of its craters, Earth acquired the water in its oceans, and the conditions favorable for life on our planet were set.”
At the moment, more studies will need to be conducted on this neighboring stars system in order to learn more about its structure and confirm the existence of more planets. And it is expected that the deployment of next-generation instruments – like the James Webb Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in October of 2018 – will be extremely helpful in that regard.
“The prize at the end of this road is to understand the true structure of Epsilon Eridani’s out-of-this-world disk, and its interactions with the cohort of planets likely inhabiting its system,” Marengo wrote in a newsletter about the project. “SOFIA, by its unique ability of capturing infrared light in the dry stratospheric sky, is the closest we have to a time machine, revealing a glimpse of Earth’s ancient past by observing the present of a nearby young sun.”
The Most Interesting Science News Articles of the Week
The Most Interesting Science News Articles of the Week
By Live Science Staff
Each week we uncover the most interesting and informative articles from around the world, here are 10 of the coolest stories in science this week.
Parting with Paris
Withdrawing from the Paris deal could put at least 1.4 extra gigatons of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere each year by 2025.
Credit: Calin Tatu/Shutterstock
President Donald Trump's decision to pull the United States out of the Paris climate agreement could deal a staggering blow to the nascent international cooperation on climate change.
The consequences of the decision aren't fully mapped. But here are five ways that the June 1 choice will likely affect both the climate and the United States' global standing. [Read more about the likely effects.]
Unseen Guests?
NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver and Robert Bigelow, founder of Bigelow Aerospace, talk while standing next to the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module on Jan. 16, 2013, in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Credit: Bill Ingalls/NASA via Getty Images
Aliens are among us. That's the gist of comments made by billionaire space entrepreneur Robert Bigelow on CBS' "60 Minutes" on Sunday. Could intelligent alien life really exist on Earth and we wouldn't know about it?
When asked if he expects to see forms of intelligent life as humans explore the universe, Bigelow replied, "You don't have to go anywhere. … It's just, like, right under people's noses." [Read more about the possible visitors.]
Riches and Drugs
Teens who attend high-achieving schools in well-to-do communities may be more vulnerable to drug and alcohol problems than their less well-off peers, a new study from the Northeast U.S. suggests.
Many people perceive addiction as a problem that affects mostly those in poorer neighborhoods, Luthar said. But this study shows there is a significant risk for substance abuse at the other end of the socioeconomic spectrum, among kids who grow up in wealthy, white collar families, Luthar told Live Science. [Read more about the wealth-addiction connection.]
Surprise Passenger
A great white shark jumped into a boat off the north coast of New South Wales, Australia, on May 27, 2017.
Credit: Lance Fountain/Marine Rescue Evans Head
An Australian man got the surprise of a lifetime when a 9-foot (2.7 meters) great white shark weighing 440 lbs. (200 kilograms) jumped into his boat.
On Nov. 16, 1632, the Protestant Swedish army and Catholic Holy Roman Empire's imperial army clashed during the Battle of Lützen in Germany.
Credit: J. Lipták, O. Schröder
In November of 1632, the townspeople of Lützen, Germany, were stuck with a grim task: They had to bury some 9,000 soldiers who were left dead on a battlefield after a bloody fight during the Thirty Years' War.
Archaeologists located the site of the Battle of Lützen in 2006 after a metal-detector survey turned up about 3,000 projectiles, ammunitions and other objects from the fight. A trench excavated in 2011 then revealed a mass grave. To prevent the burial site from being looted by treasure hunters and eroded by bad weather, the scientists didn't excavate the skeletons on the site. Instead, they lifted the remains out of the ground in a 55-ton block of soil, split into two. [Read more about the mass grave.]
Stratolaunch Aircraft
The Stratolaunch aircraft, which weighs about 500,000 pounds (227,000 kilograms) moved out of the hangar to conduct aircraft fueling tests on May 31, 2017.
Credit: Stratolaunch Systems Corp.
A bizarre, double-bodied airplane with the largest wingspan of any aircraft in the world just rolled out of its hangar for the first time.
The strange dual fuselages of the craft each have a role. The right fuselage is for the flight crew, according to the company, and the left fuselage houses flight data systems. The payload will be carried underneath the conjoined center wing. Six 747 engines will lift the craft off the ground, and 28 wheels will allow for runway-style takeoffs and landings. [Read more about the odd aircraft.]
Gum-chewing for Digestive Health
Among the difficult things a woman has to do after having a C-section — from tending to her stitches to learning to breastfeed — now there's a recommendation that's a little easier: chew gum.
Up to one in five women develop a condition called "postoperative ileus" after a C-section, according to the meta-analysis, published online May 14 in The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. Enter gum chewing. [Read more about strange new advice.]
Gothic Graveyard Find
Archaeologists discovered this ovarian teratoma, or a tumor that had started sprouting teeth, in a burial outside the Church and Convent of Carmo in Lisbon.
Archaeologists excavating a gothic church graveyard in Lisbon, Portugal, made a discovery for the annals of medical history: an ovarian tumor that had started forming teeth.
A teratoma, which essentially translates as "monstrous swelling" from Greek, can occur when cells that should become eggs start multiplying abnormally and form mature tissues like hair, teeth and bones. [Read more about toothy tumor.]
Multi-Purpose Meds
A 1926 bottle of suramin, a medicine once known as "Bayer 205."
Credit: Science Museum of London
A 101-year-old drug that is often used to treat people in Africa with parasitic infections may help ease some of the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children, a new study finds.
The study was well designed, but the findings don't necessarily suggest that suramin works to treat autism, said Dr. Jay Gargus, a director of the Center for Autism Research and Translation at the University of California, Irvine, who was not involved in the study. [Read more about the old drug.]
UFO sightings: Files explain why MoD closed down special desk
UFO sightings: Files explain why MoD closed down special desk
An official MoD statement from the time said the department had “no opinion on the existence or otherwise of extraterrestrial life”.
It went on: “In order to make best use of defence resources, we have decided that from December 1 2009 the dedicated UFO hotline answer-phone service and email address will be withdrawn. [The] MoD will no longer respond to reported UFO sightings or investigate them.”
‘Living with an alien’
Among the 4,400 pages of documents released are:
A letter from a school child in Altrincham, Greater Manchester, to the MoD, dated January 2009, asking if aliens exist after she had seen some strange lights, and including a drawing of an alien in a UFO waving
A report received via the UFO hotline by someone who had been “living with an alien” in Carlisle for some time
A report from a man from Cardiff who claimed a UFO abducted his dog, and took his car and tent, while he was camping with friends in 2007
“Green, red and white lights” reportedly seen over the Houses of Parliament in London in February 2008
“Discoid” shapes in photographs of Stonehenge, in an email dated in January 2009
Photographs taken at Blackpool Pier which show an aircraft that had not been seen at the time the picture was taken in October 2008
The files show the number of UFO sightings reported to the MoD trebled in the year the desk was closed.
The letter from a school child was sent after she saw strange lights
According to a briefing in the files, during the years 2000-07 the ministry received an average of 150 reports per year.
But by November 2009, it had already received 520 reports that year, as well as 97 Freedom of Information requests on UFOs.
Possible reasons for the increase included the rising popularity for releasing Chinese lanterns during celebrations.
Dr David Clarke, author of the book The UFO Files, said the “last pieces of the puzzle” had been revealed with the insight into the final days of the UFO desk.
“The last files from the UFO desk are now all in the public domain. People at home can read them and draw their own conclusions about whether ‘the truth’ is in these files or still out there,” he said.
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The 44 Most Astonishing Archaeological Finds In History - PART I
The 44 Most Astonishing Archaeological Finds In History - PART I
The dream of every archaeologist is to make a find that changes the way we think about history. Something ancient, unexpected and marvelous. While most archaeology isn’t as exciting as it’s portrayed in movies, some of it is. These archaeological discoveries were all truly incredible. Many of them pose mysteries that remain unsolved.
For starters, this claw, found in 1986 in a cave on New Zealand’s Mount Owen, was puzzling to people. Was it the discarded claw of some unknown monster? No, it turned out to be a very well-preserved Upland Moa claw. The Upland Moa was an enormous prehistoric bird.
HOBBITS
livescience.com
2003 was one of the most earth-shaking years in the history of anthropology and archaeology. It was the year scientists discovered the remains of a small hominid species that has been colloquially named “Hobbit” on the island of Flores in the Philippines. The Hobbit’s proper name is Homo floresiensis. They stood about three and a half feet tall and, perhaps most remarkably of all, only went extinct 12,000 years ago. Some people speculate that the region’s “Orang Pendek” sightings, the South Asian version of Bigfoot, may indicate relic populations of Hobbits still living today.
Chichen Itza was a large Mayan city that was built well before the arrival of Columbus. The city was built in what is now Yucatán State in Mexico. It boasts a magnificent pyramid, and is one of Mexico’s most-visited tourism sites. Its architecture is surprisingly diverse, probably a reflection of the city boasting the most culturally heterogenous population of the pre-Columbian world.
The Piri Reis Map is a remarkably accurate map of Europe and Northern Africa that was named after the cartographer who assembled it. Reis drew the map using fragments of many other maps as reference. It was drawn sometime in the early part of the 16th century.
DEAD SEA SCROLLS
Faclan
The Dead Sea Scrolls are the most important religious discovery of the 20th Century. The scrolls were written between 408 BC and 318 AD. There are 981 of them, which add a great deal of apocrypha to the Biblical canon.
ROMAN BATHHOUSES
Open Buildings
Archaeologists made a shocking discovery underneath bathhouses of Roman antiquity. They found collections of baby bones in the sewers built beneath them. Killing babies that were seen as unfit was a common practice in Sparta, but not in Rome. The find suggests that the Romans took a grisly note from their Spartan neighbors.
SACSAYHUAMAN
Amusing Planet
The Sacsayhuaman is a walled complex that was built by the Incans outisde of Cusco, Peru. The walls are an engineering marvel. They are constructed from slabs of stone that were so precisely cut that there is zero gap between them.
THE BAGHDAD BATTERY
The Event Chronicle
Like something out of an X-Files episode, archaeologists discovered an artifact of what they believe to be an ancient battery. The so-called “Baghdad Battery” actually probably worked. The vessels were able to produce a low-level electric charge. If enough of them were used together, they could have powered something. But power what?
POMPEII
Biblical Israel Tours
The Roman city of Pompeii was destroyed in 79 AD by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The volcano’s ash blanketed the city, trapping and preserving its residents in the postures they held when they died. A Spanish military engineer named Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre found the remains of the nearby city Herculaneum. Ten years later, Pompeii was found by Giuseppe Fiorelli.
ALTAMARIA
Art Discovery
When you think of cave paintings, you probably picture crude pictograms of stick figures throwing spears at animals that look like they were drawn by someone in kindergarten. But cave paintings found in Altamaria by Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola prove that ancient humans were capable of great works of art. The figures were so sophisticated that many scientists refused to believe that they actually dated to the Paleolithic era. Carbon dating proved them wrong.
KNOSSOS
Life In Crete
Knossos is best known as the location of the Minotaur’s Labyrinth. The city was discovered in 1878 by Arthur Evans and Minos Kalokairinos. Buildings at the city’s entrance bore images of a bull, leading researchers to believe that Knossos is the location where the Minotaur legend originated.
THE PILATE STONE
The Pilate Stone
This find seems to corroborate the story of Pontius Pilate as a real, living person. The Pilate Stone was discovered in Judea, in the Caesarea region. The stone, which was likely used as a staircase in an Ancient Roman theater, bears an inscription that roughly translates as“To the Divine Augusti [this] Tiberieum … Pontius Pilate … prefect of Judea … has dedicated [this].”
THE OLDUVAI GORGE
Evolved Safaris
Tanzania’s Olduvai Gorge is one of the largest archaeological sites on the planet. The gorge runs for about thirty miles through deep ravines, which bear the markings and artifacts of ancient hominid occupants. The gorge has produced multiple animal bones with hominid tooth marks on them, as well as multiple samples of rock art.
HAGAR QIM
Famous Wonders
The Hagar Qim is a group of freestanding structures that was built about a thousand years before the Egyptian pyramids. They also predate Stonehenge. Hagar Qim was found in the early 1800’s.
ROMAN DODECAHEDRONS
The Apricity Forum
The Romans were fond of metal “dodecahedron” sculptures, and nobody knows why. The sculptures, all twelve sided and hexagonal, are found throughout the ancient Roman empire. It is totally unclear what their purpose was. Some think they were used to measure distance, others think they were candle holders or simply decorative.
AFRICAN SPEARHEADS
Pinterest
Finding spearheads isn’t anything particularly remarkable in the world of archaeology. But these spearheads, found in South Africa, were. They date to around 200,000 years ago, and prove that humans used tools much earlier in our history than previously supposed.
GALILEE BOAT
Live Science
This boat was found in the Sea of Galilee by two brothers, Moshe and Yuval Lufan, during a drought that dropped water levels. The boat was dated back to the first century AD, and would have been typical of the kind of boat used during the time of Jesus.
The boat was 27 feet long and 7.5 feet long. Researchers kept it in a chemical bath for seven years to mitigate any further decomposition. It’s now displayed at the Yigal Allon Museum in Kibbutz Ginosar.
MARCAHUASI
Our Ancient World
Marcahuasi is a controversial archaeological find. Depending on who you ask, it’s either a series of stone carvings meant to look like human faces, or it’s a series of rocks that have eroded naturally and our brains interpret incorrectly as artifice. The figures were discovered in 1952 by Daniel Ruzo, who made various specious claims about how the site was selected by ancient peoples as a place to preserve human knowledge through cycles of extinction.
ANDREWSARCHUS
AMNH
During an archaeological excursion into Mongolia in 1923 and 1924, the naturalist Roy Chapman Andrews discovered an enormous skull of a previously unknown animal. The animal would be later named Adrewsarchus, in his honor. It was a large prehistoric mammal, that probably weighed between two and four thousand pounds. It is believed to have had the strongest jaws of any mammal in history, but not much is known about its habits.
Workers on a railroad in Dorset discovered this mass grave of ancient Viking warriors. The Vikings were all beheaded. Researchers at first thought that the grave was the result of a raid, but the beheadings were too clean to have been weathered in combat, and were done from the front, which was atypical. We still don’t know what happened.
Isla del Caño in Costa Rica is the site of an alien-seeming architectural mystery. In the Diquís Delta, there is a collection of large, perfectly spherical volcanic stones. Nobody has any idea how or why they were made. Some speculate that the Chibchan people may have used them to adorn the homes of chieftains. The stones were designated a World Heritage Site in 2014.
This puzzling artifact was found in 1901, by a team of archaeologists who recovered it from a Greek shipwreck. The Mechanism is roughly two thousand years old, and features elaborate gearworks that bear strange inscriptions. Researchers believe it may have been used as an astrological timepiece. It was an extraordinarily sophisticated piece of engineering for the time period when it was made.
THE TERRACOTTA ARMY
Flickr
The terracotta army of China was discovered completely by accident. Farmers in the Shaanxi province just happened to stumble upon the archaeological marvel. The army’s soldiers are life sized, meant to guard the emperor after his death.
Stonehenge is one of the most famous archaeological sites on the planet. Aided, perhaps, by its association with Spinal Tap. The henge was constructed by Druids on a Wiltshire, England moor. Radiocarbon dating has determined the henge to have been constructed sometime around 3,000 BC.
STONE ANIMAL TRAPS
theamusingplanet.com
If you saw this from the air, it would be easy to leap to the conclusion that it was made by aliens. Well, maybe not easy, but the thought would certainly cross your mind. Rock formations like this one are found across deserts in the Middle East, especially in Jordan, Egypt and Israel. They were constructed by ancient peoples to trap large game animals.
THE NAZCA LINES
ancientsummit.com
Long claimed as evidence for Earthside visitations from aliens, the Nazca lines are, regardless of their origins, beautiful. They are found in southern Peru, and depict animals, people and plants. The area’s red topsoil, when stripped away, reveals a lighter sediment below. Their intended purpose is unknown, but may have had something to do with cross-tribal communication.
THE PYRAMIDS
bmktcn.com
While pyramids have been built by ancient peoples in multiple parts of the world, the Egyptian pyramids are by far the most famous. There are 138 pyramids in Egypt, but the ones most familiar to us are in Cairo. They are also the largest. The pyramids were built as tombs for the pharaohs, and have inspired a long history of myth that often overshadows the structures themselves.
THE SHROUD OF TURIN
churchmilitant.com
The Shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth that appears to bear the likeness of Jesus Christ. Many people believe it to have been Christ’s burial garment. Radiocarbon dating conducted on the shroud in the 1980’s placed its creation to sometime during the Middle Ages, well after an historical Christ would have lived. The Shroud continues to be controversial – the Catholic Church has neither endorsed nor condemned it as a genuine religious artifact.
Gobekli Tepe is a temple found in Turkey’s Southern Anatolia region. It was found, incredibly, in 1996, by a team of German archaeologists. They originally thought that it was a collection of neolithic sanctuaries, but nobody has offered a conclusive theory about what its original purpose was. The site is 11,000 years old, making the architecture on display remarkably advanced.
THE COPPER SCROLL
cocsermons.net
Of all the Dead Sea Scrolls uncovered, the copper scroll is perhaps the most impressive. It is also like an artifact out of a kids’ action-adventure movie. The scroll describes a huge stockpile of gold and silver, but doesn’t give any clues as to where it can be found. Archaeologists generally agree that the scroll was made around 70 AD.
KING TUT
New York Daily News
King Tut’s tomb was found by a British archaeologist in 1922. It was a huge story at the time, which captivated the attention of people across the world. The tomb was full of riches, as well as Tut himself, sealed in an ornate sarcophagus. Amazingly, forensic examination of Tut’s remains show that at some point, his body was on fire. Researchers speculate that his embalming may not have gone entirely according to plan.
The Voynich Manuscript is one of the most bizarre books ever authored. It was written sometime in the early 15th Century, possibly in northern Italy during the Renaissance. It is named after Wilfrid Voynich, a Polish book vendor who purchased it in 1912. The Manuscript’s 240 surviving pages display fantastical illustrations and text written in a totally unknown, totally indecipherable (as of yet) language. Cryptographers have been banging their heads against it for over a hundred years now and nobody has ever decoded it.
THE ROSETTA STONE
BBC
The Rosetta Stone was one of the most important archaeological finds ever made. A French soldier came across it in Egypt in 1799. The stone tablet displayed three blocks of text, a decree of King Ptolmey V issued around 200 BC, translated into Egyptian hieroglyphics, Ancient Greek and Demotic Script. It was the key that allowed us to decipher hieroglyphics.
The 44 Most Astonishing Archaeological Finds In History - PART II
The 44 Most Astonishing Archaeological Finds In History - PART II
The dream of every archaeologist is to make a find that changes the way we think about history. Something ancient, unexpected and marvelous. While most archaeology isn’t as exciting as it’s portrayed in movies, some of it is. These archaeological discoveries were all truly incredible. Many of them pose mysteries that remain unsolved.
For starters, this claw, found in 1986 in a cave on New Zealand’s Mount Owen, was puzzling to people. Was it the discarded claw of some unknown monster? No, it turned out to be a very well-preserved Upland Moa claw. The Upland Moa was an enormous prehistoric bird.
SANXINGDUI
ancientorigins.com
Around the world, there are certain archaeological sites that yield a disproportionately large amount of finds for their size. The ancient city of Sanxingdui in Sichuan, China is one such place. The city was occupied around the 12th Century BC, and contains a huge amount of Bronze Age artifacts. It was first discovered in 1929. It was shaped like a trapezoid and was surrounded by broad canals that doubled as both irrigation and defense.
The Easter Islands are best known for the enormous human stone figures that decorate them. It is still unknown how the island’s residents could have constructed such enormous statues, or why.
KHATT SHEBIB
Daily Mail
Khatt Shebib is an ancient wall that was built in Jordan. When it was first constructed, the wall was only 3 feet and change high. People are still speculating about what purpose the wall could possibly have served. It is now in very poor condition. Pottery found at the wall dates back to 312 BC.
MYSTERIOUS STONE CIRCLES
jordantours.com
Unlike the stone arrangements that were built to trap game animals, researchers are still in the dark over what these stone circles in Jordan and Syria were meant for. There are eleven circles in total, averaging about 1,300 feet in diameter.
Glasgow, Scotland is home to an archaeological oddity called the Cochno Stone. The Stone is 43 feet by 26 feet, and is about 5,000 years old. Its surface was marked with swirls, called ‘cups and ring marks,’ that have been found at various archaeological sites around the world. The Cochno Stone was discovered in 1887.
STONE PITS
history.com
In 2015, during a radar sweep of the area surrounding Stonehenge, scientists made a remarkable discovery. They found deep pits that likely once held up huge wooden posts. The posts may have formed an arena.
UNDERWATER MOUND IN THE SEA OF GALILEE
ancientorigins.com
In a truly puzzling find, researchers discovered a huge stone structure underneath the Sea of Galilee in 2003. The structure, 32 feet high and 230 feet across, is most likely composed of stacked rocks.
THE ROMAN JAR
lifescience.com
This somewhat inauspicious-looking jar, found in a Museum of Ontario storage facility, is actually quite remarkable. The jar, which dates to Roman times, was probably used as a lamp, or as a cage for a small animal. It is totally unique in the archaeological record – there are no other jars like it from ancient Rome.
ORICHALCUM INGOTS
horsemoonpost.com
The ancient Greeks claimed that Atlanteans used a rare metal called orichalcum. Which made a 1988 shipwreck find of orichalcum ingots exciting. The ingots were found off the coast of Sicily. Orichalcum is a brass alloy.
MYSTERIOUS SWORD
ancientorigins.edu
This medieval sword was fished out of the River Witham in 1825. It bears a mysterious inscription that has, to this day, defied decryption. The British Library has appealed to the public for help in solving the mystery. The sword would have been used by a knight, and was likely made in Germany.
RUSSIAN MYSTERY DISCS
tatsrevolution.com
Russia’s Volgograd region has produced a truly weird find. Enormous discs, over twelve of them, have been found there, and nobody knows where they came from or what they were made for.
Don’t Panic, but Physicists in Australia Just Proved Reality Doesn’t Exist
Don’t Panic, but Physicists in Australia Just Proved Reality Doesn’t Exist
Get ready to have your mind blown. According to an experiment led by two physicists in Australia, reality doesn’t exist. Turn on, tune in, and drop out man, because the world as you know it is all kinds of weird, at least on a quantum level.
Andrew Truscott and Roman Khakimov of The Australian National University used atoms to put a John Wheeler delayed-choice thought experiment to practical use. The Wheeler thought experiments ask, in theory, at what point does an object decide to act like one thing or another.
Truscott and Khakimov’s team used what is assumed to be extremely expensive and complex scientific equipment to trap a single helium atom and then drop it through a pair of laser beams that formed a scattered grating pattern.
Another set of lasers was then added at random intervals to recombine the beams, which, on a quantum level, made it seem like the single atom had traveled two different paths along the beams. When the second set of lasers was taken away, the atom seemed as if it only chose to go on one beam.
Are you still with us? Does your head hurt? Quantum physics is known to do that.
According to Truscott, “If one chooses to believe that the atom really did take a particular path or paths, then one has to accept that a future measurement is affecting the atom’s past. The atoms did not travel from A to B. It was only when they were measured at the end of the journey that their wave-like or particle-like behavior was brought into existence.”
Instead of the common sense argument that the atom either went down one path or the other regardless of where it ended up, the quantum physics explanation says otherwise.
Whether you observed the atom going down one path or two only depends on how it was measured at the end of its micro-sized and kind of improbable journey, which in a sense means reality itself doesn’t exist unless you’re observing it.
If it makes you feel any better, this particular experiment is only feasible at the quantum level, and would be nearly impossible to apply to everyday life. But it also shows that fabric of space/time is absolutely nuts and hardly makes any sense. But don’t worry, reality doesn’t exist anyway.
NASA forced to respond after footage of ‘several UFOs’ behind astronaut on ISS emerges
NASA forced to respond after footage of ‘several UFOs’ behind astronaut on ISS emerges
US SPACE agency NASA has been forced from its usually tight-lipped stance on alien visitations after video allegedly showing several UFOs passing a window behind an astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS) emerged.
UFO hunters claimed the footage caught by cameras on board the ISS and released online by NASA was conclusive proof aliens exits.The video, uploaded to several UFO websites, shows Samantha Cristoforetti, an Italian European Space Agency astronaut, demonstrating how to operate window shutters at the ISS.But as she talks to the camera, several white objects appear to come shooting into view.Tyler Glockner posted the footage, uploaded on March 18, 2017, to his UFO sightings YouTube channel Secure Team.He described one of the unknown objects seen hurtling past the ISS as a “smoking gun UFO”.Secureteam10 describes itself as an “underground” research team that exposes the truth about extraterrestrial and UFO coverups.
It has been criticised by debunkers for knowing misrepresenting anomalies in videos, something it denies.
The UFOs (circled) which passed during the NASA ISS video.It is the latest in a string of claims by alien chasers that UFOs have been caught in the background of the ISS livestream cameras, but there is a major cover-up by NASA underway, with it often cutting off the cameras once one come into view.NASA, which says it has found no evidence yet of alien life during any of its missions, usually does not respond to such claims. This is possibly because so many are made.But, following the latest claims, the agency issued a statement.It said: “No unidentified objects in the popular sense have been seen from the International Space Station.“Reflections from station windows, the spacecraft structure itself or lights from Earth commonly appear as artifacts in photos and videos from the orbiting laboratory.”Last year veteran American astronaut Tom Jones also dispelled the myth.There were claims last year that an astronaut tried to block out a passing UFO with his hand.
He said: “Astronauts have not seen any evidence of alien life.
“Reports of unidentified flying objects in images returned from the shuttle or [space] station have turned out to be ice crystals, drifting orbital debris, lightning flashes, or meteors streaking through the dark atmosphere below.
“So far, our search for extraterrestrial life ― and other civilizations in space ― has turned up no proof of alien civilizations.”
Conspiracy theorists like Scott C Waring, who runs website ufosightingsdaily.com, claim that NASA and Mr Jones are just part of the “cover-up” and he dismisses their explanations, convinced that every bright light or blurred object seen on camera in the distance from the ISS is an alien space craft.
But, Scott Brando, who forenisically examines alleged UFO pictures and videos, before releasing debunking articles on his website ufoofinterest.org is more level headed.
He told Express.co.uk that the UFOs caught on camera were either lens reflections or ice particles.
In the case of the latest footage, he said they were ice particles.
He tweeted: “According to SecureTeam10 this object is a #UFO outside #ISS window.
“Watch how many small ice debris cross the camera in other videos.”
Footage appears to capture two UFO’s meeting below NASA’s ISS
If Aliens Visit, Don't Expect a Hollywood Ending, Ridley Scott Warns
If Aliens Visit, Don't Expect a Hollywood Ending, Ridley Scott Warns
By Mindy Weisberger, Live Science Senior Writer
Ridley Scott directs a scene from his new film, "Alien: Covenant," opening in the U.S. on May 19.
Credit: 20th Century Fox
Film director Ridley Scott, who delights in terrifying moviegoers with his cinematic blend of horror and science fiction, suggested in a recent interview that the scary prospect of belligerent invading aliens might transcend the realm of sci-fi. According to Scott, hundreds of alien species are "out there" on distant worlds, and Earth's inhabitants should prepare for the worst if they ever decide to visit our planet.
One scientist, though, says that Scott's information about such hostile, and abundant, aliens is off-base and unsupported.
Scott told Agence France-Presse (AFP) about his belief in "superior beings," while fielding questions about his latest movie, "Alien: Covenant," opening in theaters in the U.S. on May 19. He warned that any extraterrestrial travelers who are technologically advanced enough to show up on our doorstep would likely be very intelligent and very hostile. And unlike the scenarios that dominate movies — if we go toe-to-toe with these invaders, we probably won't be the victors, he said.
In the interview, Scott explained that "the experts" estimate there are "between 100 and 200 entities" on other planets, following what could be a similar evolutionary path to ours. And if they get here first, our best bet would be to "run for it," AFP reported.
The possibility of intelligent, technologically adept alien life has intrigued science-fiction writers and readers since the French writer Voltaire published his short story "Micromégas" in 1752, describing two extraterrestrial visitors to Earth — one from the planet Saturn and one from a planet orbiting the star Sirius.
Scott has made his own contributions to the genre, most notably with his string of "Alien" movies, which imagine a highly adaptable and morphologically flexible alien species. The so-called xenomorphs breed quickly and are ruthlessly efficient at overpowering humans, either swiftly dismembering them or cultivating them as hosts for their young — luckily, in isolated locations that are far from our home planet.
But though Scott is a skilled sci-fi yarn-spinner, his assessment of real-world alien threats could use a script doctor, according to Seth Shostak, senior astronomer with the SETI Institute, a research institution dedicated to the search for communication signals produced by intelligent extraterrestrial life.
To begin with, Scott's "expert" estimate of 100 to 200 "entities" is entirely unsubstantiated, Shostak told Live Science.
"We have absolutely no data that would tell you what that number might be," he said.
In fact, estimates based on data about known planets and galaxies suggest that the actual number of intelligent extraterrestrial life forms could, in fact, be significantly higher. With approximately 1 trillion planets in our galaxy alone, and about 2 trillion more galaxies, that adds up to…well, it's a lot of planets, Shostak said. [Why Do We Imagine Aliens as 'Little Green Men'?]
To narrow the search a bit, scientists could start by just looking at the trillion planets in our own galaxy, he said. Only a fraction of those planets might be capable of supporting life — perhaps 1 in 10. And maybe only 1 in 1,000 could produce and support life more complex than bacteria, he said.
That gives us about a billion planets in our galaxy that might harbor some type of intelligent life. But over time, life on many of those planets could have already waxed and waned — self-destructed or been wiped out. Perhaps only one planet in a million of those intelligent-life-harboring worlds still support life capable of contacting humans. That adds up to about 1,000 planets that could potentially hold intelligent, extraterrestrial species, Shostak told Live Science.
However, if a planet is more than 70 light-years from Earth, it hasn't yet received any radio signals from us. Its residents, no matter how technologically adept, wouldn't know humans exist yet. Even if long-distance observations of Earth told them we had oxygen in our atmosphere — and thereby some form of life — they'd be very unlikely to travel all this way to look at what might amount to just a lot of bacteria, Shostak added.
Neither would extraterrestrials be likely to invade our solar system merely to steal our resources, he said. If a civilization is advanced enough that they've exhausted all the resources of their entire star system — every planet, moon and asteroid — and are all out of natural materials, they're probably at a stage where they could create what they needed from simpler materials in their own backyard, rather than traveling across the galaxy for a very limited supply, Shostak said.
It's equally unlikely they'd be showing up because they thought humans would make an excellent addition to their diet, he said.
"To do that, they would have to know that we had something interesting within our bodies that they could metabolize, and their body chemistry would probably be very different from ours," Shostak said.
But Scott did get one thing right: If extraterrestrials are capable of building spacecraft that can transport them to our planet, they certainly would be technologically "superior" to people, Shostak said. And if he saw a spaceship suddenly appear, Shostak admitted that he'd probably do as Scott suggested — and just "run for it."
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NASA Don't Know What This Hole On Mars Is
NASA Don't Know What This Hole On Mars Is
A SOUTH POLAR PIT OR AN IMPACT CRATER?
NASA / JPL-CALLTECH / UNIVERS. OF ARIZONA
Is this an entrance to a Sarlacc pit? Most likely not. Nevertheless, this image of the Martian surface reveals some fascinating things about the geology and topography of Mars.
The newly released image was taken by the HiRISE camera onboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter above the southern hemisphere of Mars. This region of Mars is an icy terrain, caked in carbon dioxide ice that's marked with these pits and craters, known as Swiss cheese features, that can be over 100 meters (330 feet) wide.
The image was captured during Mars’ late summer, when the Sun is low in the sky and there is good lighting to capture images of this kind of topography. The defining feature of the image – the gaping hole near the top right – is causing scientists at NASA to scratch their heads.
“We see many shallow pits in the bright residual cap of carbon dioxide ice (also called "Swiss cheese terrain"). There is also a deeper, circular formation that penetrates through the ice and dust,” NASA explain. “This might be an impact crater or it could be a collapse pit.”
Hibernating Aliens May Explain Why We Haven't Found Any Other Life Yet
Hibernating Aliens May Explain Why We Haven't Found Any Other Life Yet
FRED MANTEL / SHUTTERSTOCK
Scientists have proposed a rather interesting reason for why we haven’t found aliens yet, a problem known as the Fermi Paradox (if life is so abundant, where is everyone?). They propose intelligent aliens could be in a state of hibernation, waiting for the universe to get colder so they can be more productive.
This idea was proposed in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, with a pre-print available on arXiv. The paper was written by Anders Sandberg, Stuart Armstrong, and Milan Cirkovic of the Future of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, and picked up recently by Gizmodo.
Some people think that a civilization much more advanced than our own might become a digital race. That is to say, they’ll live as artificial intelligence inside computers, doing away with more limiting fleshy bodies. Experts including Elon Musk have suggested this is a logical progression in the far future.
If we are not alone in the universe (which we have no evidence for yet), one could therefore further propose that an advanced alien race might have gone down this route. But in order to make the most of their new digital bodies, they might not like the universe at the moment.
The temperature of the universe right now is 3 degrees Kelvin above absolute zero. That’s rather chilly, but that temperature will continue to drop as the universe expands. Sandberg and his colleagues argue that the temperature in the future could allow for 1030 more computational processes than are currently possible.
“We hence suggest the 'aestivation hypothesis',” the researchers write in their paper, adding that “the reason we are not observing manifestations of alien civilizations is that they are currently (mostly) inactive, patiently waiting for future cosmic eras.” Aestivation is basically hibernation to avoid hotter temperatures, not cooler ones.
Our universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center
An advanced digital alien race might get to the point where they have fully explored a section of the universe. Finding no need to continue existence with a relatively limited processing power (processing becomes 10 times more efficient if your computer is 10 times colder), they may therefore choose to wait for a cooler age in the universe.
The authors do not necessarily think this theory is correct, not least because we have no evidence we are not alone yet. But they argue that if it turns out there is other life out there, then the theory is at least a possibility.
“[We] personally think the likeliest reason we are not seeing aliens is not that they are aestivating, but just that they do not exist or are very far away,” Sandberg wrote in a blog post. “If that hypothesis [life is rare] is not true, then aestivation is a pretty plausible answer in my personal opinion.”
What’s more, they propose a way to find aestivating aliens. If we can see unusual phenomena in the universe, such as stars failing to collapse into black holes, this might be evidence of aliens using up the energy. And if there are aliens monitoring our particular corner of the universe, then any attempts by us to travel outwards may be met with hostile resistance.
This theory will not be without its detractors. Science fiction author David Brin, for one, suggested to Gizmodo that it made little sense for a race to go into hibernation and waste processing time. The authors countered that any race would want to make the most of available energy, and thus wait for optimal conditions.
There’s no shortage of speculation these days about the Fermi Paradox, and the possibility of alien life. The fact remains though that – to paraphrase Arthur C. Clarke – we are either alone or not, and both answers are equally terrifying. Maybe, if we’re not, then there just might be sleeping aliens waiting for things to get a bit cooler.
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Marsmeer bestond uit verschillende zuurstoflagen
Marsmeer bestond uit verschillende zuurstoflagen
Tim Kraaijvanger
Meer dan drie miljard jaar geleden stond er water in de Gale-krater op Mars. Wetenschappers beweren dat het meer verschillende leefmilieus kende.
Uit een analyse van NASA’s Curiosity-rover blijkt dat het ondiepe water rijker was aan oxidanten dan het diepere water. “Op bepaalde momenten was een deel van het water zuurstofrijker dan op andere momenten”, zegt wetenschapper Roger Wiens, co-auteur van het paper in het wetenschappelijke vakblad Science. “Dit is belangrijk, want het bepaalt welke mineralen er zijn afgezet op de bodem en omdat zuurstof nodig is voor leven. Toch is het goed om te weten dat toen er meren op Mars waren, dat fotosynthese nog niet was ‘uitgevonden’ op aarde, dus er werd nog weinig met zuurstof gedaan.”
“Er waren allerlei verschillende leefmilieus in hetzelfde Martiaanse meer”, vertelt onderzoeker Joel Hurowitz van de Stony Brook universiteit. “Dit zien we ook in meren op aarde. Diversiteit is belangrijk, want hierdoor zijn er meerdere mogelijkheden voor verschillende microben om te overleven.” Zo leven in aardse meren microben die beter gedijen in een oxidantenrijke omgeving, terwijl andere micro-organismen liever kiezen voor een oxidantenarme omgeving.
Het is onbekend of er ooit leven was op Mars. Het is daarom belangrijk dat wetenschappers eerst reconstrueren hoe de situatie miljarden jaren geleden op de rode planeet was. Wat was de samenstelling van meren en oceanen? Hoe zag de atmosfeer er precies uit? Zo kan – op basis van een model – uiteindelijk bepaald worden hoe groot de kans is dat er ooit leven was op Mars en waar we wellicht sporen van leven kunnen terugvinden. Als er überhaupt nog sporen zijn, natuurlijk.
Als de Atlantische warmtepomp stokt: komt er een ijstijd aan?
Als de Atlantische warmtepomp stokt: komt er een ijstijd aan?
Niels Waarlo
Een warme zeestroom die in elkaar stort, met als gevolg een nieuwe ijstijd. Het idee spreekt tot de verbeelding. Maar of het kan?
Kan Nederland afkoelen door opwarming van de aarde? Ja. Sterker nog, waarschijnlijk zou het niet de eerste keer zijn. Het is mogelijk als de warmtepomp van de Atlantische Oceaan vertraagt of zelfs stilvalt, een veelbesproken scenario dat vooral bekend werd dankzij de film The Day After Tomorrow. Het mag duidelijk zijn dat die film, waarin binnen een aantal dagen een ijstijd invalt, pure fictie is. Maar toch: moeten we extra truien aanschaffen of op termijn beducht zijn voor een nieuwe ijstijd?
Lopende band van zeewater Wie dat wil begrijpen, moet weten hoe de Atlantische Oceaan de temperatuur in West-Europa beïnvloedt. Aan de oppervlakte van de Atlantische Oceaan stroomt warm water van de evenaar naar het noorden. Dit water koelt onderweg af. Daarnaast verdampt meer water dan dat zoet water wordt toegevoegd, waardoor het water richting het noorden steeds zouter wordt. Hoe zouter en kouder het water, hoe hoger de dichtheid ervan. Om die reden zinkt het in het hoge noorden naar de diepte, waarna het terug naar het zuiden vloeit. Doordat dit systeem wordt aangedreven door temperaturen en zout, heet het ‘thermohaliene circulatie’, waarbij thermo refereert aan temperatuur en halien aan zout. Hierdoor ontstaat een lopende band van zeewater die warmte naar het noorden transporteert en ons klimaat verwarmt. Die lopende band heet de ‘Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation’, afgekort AMOC.
Een versimpeld overzicht van de wereldwijde thermohaliene circulatie. De AMOC bevindt zich in de Atlantische Oceaan.
Bron: naar Talley (2013).
Smeltende ijskappen Om deze lopende band aan de gang te houden, is het belangrijk dat de dichtheid van water in het noorden hoog genoeg is om naar de bodem te zakken. Maar als de oceaan minder afkoelt door een warmere atmosfeer, neemt de dichtheid van het water af. Als daarnaast de ijskappen rond de Noordpool afsmelten en de hoeveelheid regen door klimaatverandering toeneemt, wordt de noordelijke oceaan zoeter. Zoet water heeft een lagere dichtheid dan zout water, waardoor het water nog langzamer zinkt. Door dit alles vertraagt de lopende band en vermindert het warmtetransport naar het noorden.
“BIJ DE LAATSTE IPCC-MODELLEN TONEN ALLE MODELLEN EEN VERZWAKKING VAN DE AMOC. DAT IS TAMELIJK ROBUUST, WE ZIJN 95 TOT 99 PROCENT ZEKER”
Klimaatmodellen Een mooi verhaal, maar gaat dit ook gebeuren? Vermoedelijk wel. Het Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), de VN-organisatie die onze wetenschappelijke klimaatkennis evalueert, noemt het ‘erg waarschijnlijk’ dat de AMOC deze eeuw verzwakt. Daarbij baseert het IPCC zich vooral op computermodellen. Er zitten verschillen in hun exacte voorspellingen, maar over algemeen tonen deze modellen een duidelijke vertraging van de oceaanstroming. Prof. Dr. Sybren Drijfhout, fysisch oceanograaf aan de Universiteit Utrecht, werkt aan computermodellen van oceaan en klimaat. Hij vertelt ons over de krachten en zwaktes ervan. “Bij de laatste IPCC-modellen tonen alle modellen een verzwakking van de AMOC. Dat is tamelijk robuust, we zijn 95 tot 99 procent zeker. Bovendien komt het overeen met ons fundamentele begrip van natuurkunde.”
EN DE GOLFSTROOM DAN?
Veel mensen noemen de ons verwarmende zeestroming die stil kan vallen de ‘Golfstroom’. Dat is niet helemaal correct. De Golfstroom begint in de Golf van Mexico en stroomt langs de oostkust van Noord-Amerika. Hij is weliswaar onderdeel van de thermohaliene circulatie, maar wordt daarnaast aangedreven door winden en de draaiing van de aarde. Hierdoor zal hij niet stilvallen. Het grootschalige Atlantische circulatiesysteem waarvan de Golfstroom een onderdeel is, heet de Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, kortweg AMOC. Hierover gaat dit artikel. De Noord-Atlantische drift is het noordelijke onderdeel van de AMOC dat daadwerkelijk warmte naar Europa transporteert.
Het theoretische ‘tipping point’ Vertragen is één ding, maar kan deze oceaanstroom ook abrupt stilvallen, zoals in The Day After Tomorrow op overdreven wijze gebeurt? Het is in elk geval mogelijk. In theorie zijn er twee ‘modussen’ waarin de AMOC zich kan bevinden: een modus met een snelle stroming en een modus met een zeer trage stroming. Op dit moment bevindt de AMOC zich in de snelle modus. Als de temperatuur en de hoeveelheid neerslag op de polen hoog genoeg worden, is deze modus niet meer stabiel en schiet de AMOC abrupt van de ene in de andere modus. We overschrijden dan een ‘tipping point’. De cruciale vraag is of we dit tipping point door klimaatverandering gaan bereiken.
Hebben de modellen een afwijking? In het verleden vond zo’n stop vaker plaats, denken wetenschappers. Bijvoorbeeld tijdens het invallen van de koude Jonge Dryas in West-Europa, zo’n 13.000 jaar geleden. Desondanks noemt de IPCC het ‘erg onwaarschijnlijk’ dat de AMOC deze eeuw abrupt stilvalt. Dat baseert de organisatie wederom op de huidige klimaat- en oceaanmodellen. Maar daar heeft Drijfhout wel een kanttekening bij. “Men denkt dat het in deze eeuw niet waarschijnlijk is. Maar, en hier is discussie over, dat is gebaseerd op klimaatmodellen. En die hebben een afwijking. We weten dat de AMOC in de modellen stabieler is dan in werkelijkheid.”
De zoutbalans Een belangrijke factor voor die afwijking is het zouttransport, vertelt Drijfhout. Als het oppervlaktewater dat naar het noorden stroomt zouter is dan het diepere water dat naar het zuiden stroomt, importeert de AMOC zout naar het noorden. Hij brengt immers meer zout naar het noorden dan hij er weghaalt. In de omgekeerde situatie exporteert de stroming juist zout. Het is van belang om te weten welke van deze situaties de juiste is. “Stel, het systeem raakt verstoord door extra smeltwater. Dan verzwakt de stroming. Als die stroming zout importeert, vertraagt deze import ook en wordt het water nog minder zout. Hierdoor verzwakt de stroming nog verder: een positieve terugkoppeling. Maar als de stroming zout exporteert, is het andersom. Dan is de AMOC juist stabieler.” Uit waarnemingen blijkt dat de stroming netto zout naar het noorden transporteert, maar veel modellen tonen het omgekeerde. Het gevolg is dat modellen een stabielere AMOC aangeven dan in werkelijkheid het geval is. Het lijkt erop dat modellen de balans tussen zouter water uit de Indische Oceaan en zoeter Antarctisch water niet goed weergeven. Dat komt weer doordat modellen de enorme resolutie missen die nodig is om alle processen tot in detail weer te geven.
Stroomsnelheden aan de oceaanoppervlakte zoals berekend door een oceaanmodel. Hoe lichter de kleur, hoe hoger de snelheid. Bron: Andrew Coward
(National Oceanography Centre Southampton).
Wat zijn de gevolgen? Het is al met al ingewikkeld om de toekomst van de oceaanstromingen te voorspellen, om het voorzichtig uit te drukken. Dat er íets staat te gebeuren met de AMOC en dus de Noord-Atlantische stroom lijkt echter zeker. En dan gaat het bij ons afkoelen. Toch? “Ja en nee,” nuanceert Drijfhout. “Dat geldt alleen als de stroming vertraagt zonder dat de aarde verder opwarmt. Hij moet echt behoorlijk snel ineen storten wil het afkoelingseffect sterker zijn dan de opwarming van de aarde.” Waarschijnlijk heeft een vertraging van de Noord-Atlantische stroom bij ons dus vooral een dempend effect op de opwarming. “Dat zien we nu al. Als je de opwarming van de afgelopen 150 jaar van verschillende locaties afzet tegen het gemiddelde op aarde, zie je wat ik het ‘warming hole’ noem. Ten oosten van Engeland is die opwarming heel zwak.”
Niet desastreus De gevolgen zijn waarschijnlijk dus niet desastreus voor Europa. Alleen in het meest extreme geval koelt het voor een periode van tientallen jaren af, wordt het droger en nemen de stormen toe. Daarna stijgt de temperatuur weer. Het Arctische zee-ijs verdwijnt hierdoor minder snel en “dat kun je gunstig noemen,” zegt Drijfhout. Maar er zullen ook gevolgen buiten Europa zijn. De warmte die niet meer naar ons komt, blijft hangen in het zuiden. “Daar vindt een versterking van de opwarming plaats. Afhankelijk van allerlei details kan dat betekenen dat de Antarctische ijskap sneller afsmelt, waardoor de zeespiegel harder stijgt. Maar de modellen zijn nog niet goed genoeg om daar harde uitspraken over te doen.”
De AMOC toont nog maar eens aan waarom het lastig is om exacte voorspellingen te doen over het klimaat. Terugkoppelingen die we niet helemaal begrijpen kunnen processen versnellen of juist afremmen. Dat de stroming op zijn minst vertraagt, lijkt echter zeker. Mogelijk smelten de ijskappen van Antarctica daardoor sneller af, met als gevolg een sterkere zeespiegelstijging. Maar of jij binnenkort extra truien moet aanschaffen? Dat waarschijnlijk niet. En die nieuwe ijstijd? Die laat nog even op zich wachten.
Niels Waarlo (1994) is masterstudent Aardwetenschappen aan de Universiteit Utrecht. Daar houdt hij zich bezig met klimaatreconstructie en sedimentaire geologie. Daarnaast is hij actief in de wetenschapscommunicatie en –educatie. Op dit moment loopt hij stage bij de wetenschapsredactie van de Volkskrant. Eerder werkte hij bij de afdeling educatieve ontwikkeling van Naturalis en schreef hij voor verschillende websites als muziekjournalist.
Will truth about aliens soon be known? UFO sightings TRIPLE in just 16 years
Will truth about aliens soon be known? UFO sightings TRIPLE in just 16 years
THE number of reported UFO sightings across the United States has more than tripled since 2001, it has emerged.
The statistics are compiled in a new book written using the databases of two of the world’s biggest organisations dedicated to logging UFO and alien reportings and encounters across the globe.
“UFO Sightings Desk Reference,” written by Cheryl Costa, 65, and wife, Linda Miller Costa, 62, from Syracuse, New York, used 121,036 eyewitness accounts across the states recorded separately by the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) and the National UFO Reporting Center (NUFORC) between 2001 and 2015 to chart the increase.
The book looks at the timing and location of incidents and types of UFOs seen which include flying circles, spheres, triangles, discs, ovals, and cigars.
According to Cheryl, a former military technician and aerospace analyst, and Linda, a librarian at Le Moyne College and a former librarian at the National Academy of Sciences, NASA and the Environmental Protection Agency, MUFON and NUFORC decided most sightings were explainable, but a small amount can still not be explained.
The key findings from the book were that overall numbers of UFO sightings more than tripled by 2015, from their average levels in 2001.
The book shows that US sightings grew from 3,479 reports in 2001 to 11,868 in 2015.
MUFON and NUFORC say just a fraction of all sightings make their way to them – so there are significantly more.
There is a growing “disclosure” movement in the US that believes that intelligent aliens visit Earth, and the government is not only aware of this, but covers it up.
Disclosure activists, such as Steve Bassett, who runs the Paradigm Research Group (PRG) campaign for an end to this so-called truth embargo.
Mr Bassett believes the fact there are so many more sightings now means the truth will soon come out as the White House will no longer be able to keep a lid on it.
He said: “With this compendium, Cheryl and Linda Costa have reminded the public and the media the extraterrestrial phenomenon continues unabated.”
Cheryl said the pair write the book because: “We wanted to do our bit for disclosure
“It’s something the government should have been doing.
“We’re doing scientific research. What’s crazy is not being willing to look at research.”
Their research found July is the busiest month for UFO sightings, but possibly because more people are outside.
There was a strange spike in sightings in Texas in 2008, and another in New Mexico in September 2015.
So what are their conclusions?
The pair say they have seen UFOs themselves, but draw no firm conclusions from studying the data.
Linda said: “We don’t know, but all these people are seeing these things.”
Sceptics argue that the rise in phone and digital cameras, is responsible for more alleged UFO pictures and videos emerging, and that sharing on social media, makes the subject more well known.
The rise in the use of drones of an array of shapes and sizes, is another explanation offered for the perceived rise in UFO activity.
Could Vladimir Putin reveal aliens exist? Kremlin chief asked to lift ‘truth embargo’
Could Vladimir Putin reveal aliens exist? Kremlin chief asked to lift ‘truth embargo’
RUSSIAN President Vladimir Putin could be the man to make world history by announcing intelligent aliens exist and have visited Earth, a “truth” campaigner believes.
US citizen, Stephen Bassett, executive director of the Paridigm Research Group International (PRG), has spent a week in Russia trying to convince Mr Putin of the importance of lifting an alleged “truth embargo” that stops world leaders telling the public the truth about aliens.
Mr Bassett, who is the only registered lobbyist in the US on the subject of alien disclosure, believes a conspiracy theory that the truth of aliens has been withheld due to the fear of the impact on religion and the rule of law if we all knew.
He believes the conspiracy has been in place since at least 1947 when a flying saucer allegedly crash landed at Roswell, New Mexico.
Mr Bassett was interviewed for a Russian documentary during his visit.
A PRG statement said: “During the interview, which will be broadcast in Russian in August, Bassett discussed various considerations that might prompt Russian President Vladimir Putin to make the first formal acknowledgment by a head of state regarding an extraterrestrial presence engaging the human race.
“PRG believes this may be the first time anyone has made this argument on Russian media inside or outside Russia.”
He also met former Soviet and Russian military and agency officials, who are now involved in the disclosure movement.
Mr Basset said: “Since 1945 the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia have spent in excess of $40trillion contesting over political and economic ideologies, fighting proxy wars around the world and building the most dangerous threat to the human race ever conceived.
“The Cold War has never really ended with gaming, brinksmanship and destructive policies continuing from both sides.
“While humans have continued to destroy each other and the biosphere in which they live, there is a galaxy full of life waiting to be engaged.
“The extraterrestrial reality transcends politics, religion, race, and war. The embargo on this truth has accomplished nothing but delay the advancement of human civilisation.
“Any number of heads of state could end this embargo at any time, and it can’t come soon enough.
“What the keepers of the truth embargo either fail or refuse to realise is a post-disclosure world could be the bridge between the US, China and Russia that would permit the necessary geopolitical realignments setting a new course away from the seemingly permanent war economies wasting vital resources and keeping the world always on the brink.”
Have you ever dreamt about seeing a UFO or being aboard one? What do these types of dreams mean?
Many people will live their entire lives without ever seeing a UFO. My first UFO sighting occurred in 1978. A group of friends and I decided to have a keg party “On Top of the World”, which is a mountaintop in the Catskill Mountains in upstate New York. It was early evening and we were waiting for the person to arrive who had the tap for the keg, so all of us were sober. At that point, a group of 3 UFO’s flew over the adjacent hill, Franklin Mountain… hovered for a few seconds, then flew away at a speed unfathomable. At the time, there was probably 6 or 7 of us there to witness it, but that was my first of many UFO sightings.
My late sister, Lola, had an abduction scenario where she was with her boyfriend and another friend, Patty F.. They were driving toward East Sidney Dam when the next thing they knew, their car was on the side of the road and it was 4 hours later.
Since buying a pair of ATN Night Vision Goggles, I have seen more UFO’s than ever. You can’t go 10 minutes without seeing one!
Many of us have experienced UFO sightings in real life, but what do they mean when we see them in our dreams?
To see a spaceship in your dream symbolizes your creative mind. It denotes a spiritual journey into the unknown and signals self-development and self-awareness. Alternatively, the dream suggests that you need to take on a different perspective, no matter how bizarre or unusual it may be.
Suggests a change in yourself, or personal growth; becoming aware of something new, or some new aspect of yourself, one that you are not familiar with, and so seems strange or alien. For instance a change might be occurring in the way you relate to people or events.
Our mind has the ability to view our experience as a whole, rather than in parts. What we sense unconsciously in this way is presented to the conscious mind as images such as UFO’s or circles of light. Another way of explaining this is to realize that our conscious self is only a tiny part of the whole process of life active in us. There are amazing potentials in each of us that might only be glimpsed in stress situations. Occasionally this more powerful or bigger side of ourselves breaks through and is experienced as an alien, or great being. Because of the hallucinatory aspect of the dream process, and the fact that in dreaming we see exterior imagery as real, when this breaks through while we are awake, it is difficult to accept the source of it as our own unconscious. See: altered states of consciousness; space; spaceship.
A few weeks ago, I had a dream where I was “back home” with my daughter. I was looking out of my parent’s bay window when I saw dozens of UFOs in the sky along with a huge mothership which came down to my parent’s house, hovering about 30 above the ground. It was so close, I could see the beings inside, who looked like regular people. I called for my daughter while taking out my smartphone to get a video of everything. As I looked through my cellphone, my screen was showing me everything that was beyond the 3rd dimension. It was exciting and exhilarating. I felt no fear.
In another dream, I was once again “back home” at the college, which was about 2 blocks from my parent’s home. There were many spaceships in the air but one had landed at the college. There were many people there who were boarding the ship. I was one of them waiting to go aboard. I woke up before I actually boarded the craft.
In the previous article, Do You Dream About Flying Or Going Home?, I mentioned a dream where I was aboard a huge spaceship:
I was in a very large round room and there were small groups of people all around me. We all looked like we were in our 20’s or so. I was in a group of about 8-10 people and our thoughts were instantly interactive through telepathy. Each group was creating and manifesting something, but I don’t specifically remember what it was. What I do remember is that is was a group manifestation and we were all on the same page. For example, someone would think of a contribution to the group and another would add to it. Each additional thought made the manifestation even more amazing. If someone joined the group, they would instantly know everything we manifested before they joined us and would immediately be able to interact with the group. If you wanted to take a break, you could leave any time. I chose to leave and went “back home”. I was in my old neighborhood, playing guitar on a futuristic amplifier that was no bigger than a pack of cigarettes and did not require electricity. In this dream, I knew every possible scale on guitar and could play amazingly well. Two friends joined me… one to listen and another to play along. I knew at any time, I could go back to the ship.
What this dream showed me is that if we somehow go into a dimensional shift would want to blow up the world with their thoughts. It’s not even a remote possibility. It’s as if you are one cell in a body and you’re harmoniously interacting with all of the cells around you, instantaneously. Your soul is completely transparent and there is nothing in your past to be embarrassed or ashamed about.
Your dreams and the removal of fear
Your dreams are metaphors being played out from events that occurred earlier in that particular day. If you had a disturbing dream, then look back at what might have triggered those particular metaphors or symbols and try to resolve that issue.
Once you remove any fear from your mind, you’ll find that your dreams become more futuristic and prophetic. I’d be willing to guess that many people who have done their inner work within this genre have either seen UFOs in real life and/or have experienced UFO dreams.
Have you dreamt about UFOs or going aboard a UFO? If so, comment below!
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
STRANGE WEATHER ANOMALIES ARE SWEEPING ACROSS THE WORLD
STRANGE WEATHER ANOMALIES ARE SWEEPING ACROSS THE WORLD
In the last week, there have been reports of an increase in extreme weather conditions such as tidal waves, sandstorms, incredible winds and storms and tornadoes in various locations across the world. They have been swift and intense, often endangering lives
The go-to explanation for these weather events is climate change due to global warming. Others may deem the changing climate to be a result of the polar axis shift, an occurrence that is neither unusual or unprecedented. Earth's history is marked with many differing climatic changes without the aid of global warming or human presence.
According to a Harvard University report in July 2013, climate scientists admitted that when the focus of the public is on the weather, regardless of whether or not there is any connection between events, there is a call for more research.
It referenced a recent hurricane that may not have anything to do with climate change, but many were still making that connection themselves. One scientist, Daniel Schrag, Harvard University Center for Environment director, declared amazement at what he called public's ability to determine the angle scientific research will take.
However as the public are influenced by official government channels, the real "steering" is performed by the agenda of these agencies. The climate scientists described earth as a "complex system" and difficult to predict, with much more research needing to be done on how and why these weather events occur.
Brian Farrell, professor of meteorology, made a point that climate scientists prefer not be vocal about particular occurrences as there isn't enough evidence to determine a specific cause. Schrag goes on to remark that hardly any research has been done on tornadoes and climate change. Thunderstorms are also lacking in study in regards to the same.
While official channels are quick to blame global warming for extreme weather events, the truth remains that climate scientists themselves admit to limited connections.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
Art Discovery
who had the tap for the keg, so all of us were sober. At that point, a group of 3 UFO’s flew over the adjacent hill, Franklin Mountain… hovered for a few seconds, then flew away at a speed unfathomable. At the time, there was probably 6 or 7 of us there to witness it, but that was my first of many UFO sightings.
I have seen more UFO’s than ever. You can’t go 10 minutes without seeing one!
As I looked through my cellphone, my screen was showing me everything that was beyond the 3rd dimension. It was exciting and exhilarating. I felt no fear.
