Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 13 YEARS AND 2 MONTH.
ON 06/08/2024 MORE THAN 2.161.100
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
26-12-2018
Ancient tile pillar found on Mars near Curiosity NASA rover, Dec 2018, Photos, UFO sighting News.
Ancient tile pillar found on Mars near Curiosity NASA rover, Dec 2018, Photos, UFO sighting News.
Today I found a blue tiles on a broken pillar in a Mars gigapan photo. The tiles are very similar to small blue tiles that are seen on bathroom floors, ancient roman walls and such. The pillar itself seems to be made of a cement type of material, with corners and edges broken off, but the rectangle design of the pillar still intact. Near it is a hollow object that looks like an airplane wing, but its probably part of a structure that was once in this location. I also found a few other interesting objects and placed the photos below for you to check out.
This day in UFO history: The 1980 UFO Landings In Rendlesham Forest
This day in UFO history: The 1980 UFO Landings In Rendlesham Forest (25-12-1980)
England holds one of the most compelling UFO landing accounts. In late December 1980, invasion of unidentified flying objects over a period of several nights took place in the joint air bases of Bentwaters and Woodbridge, situated within the vast Rendlesham Forest in late December.
Description of alien beings added to the controversial stories of the twin air bases. The hype took into another level with anomalous radar readings, electromagnetic effects, and surrealistic atmospheric conditions. Professionals, deemed to be credible, have been coming forward revealing their knowledge of the real alien event on the Bentwaters and Woodbridge Air Force Bases.
Uncorrelated object showed on the radar screens at RAF in Norfolk shortly after midnight on December 27, 1980. The thing then suddenly vanished in the area of the Rendlesham Forest in Suffolk. Bentwaters RAF radar also picked up the object.
The bases were allegedly housed a large stockpile of nuclear weapons, and the Woodbridge was the base of the 67th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron.
The radar operator that night, Mal Scurrah, said that they did not have any idea of what they captured on their radar. They checked the air traffic agencies and found out that there should have been nothing in the vicinity at the time. They sent a jet aircraft to investigate, and the pilot reported seeing a dazzling light in the sky in front of them after getting within about a quarter of a mile.
They saw on radar the object was stationary and it moved off in seconds. In just five minutes the UFO reached 90,000 feet and higher, and they had lost it in the radar scope.
The Woodbridge/Bentwaters started their extraordinary events with the sighting of a massive glowing object by three security guards of the twin bases. They followed the lights into the forest with initial thought that it was a commercial or military aircraft that crash landed.
The patrol was stunned to see a saucer-like craft with small beings with large heads suspended by a type of beam from the bottom of the craft. The beings reportedly performing a repair to their craft unaware of the three men watching their activities.
The guards radioed the base headquarters and requested emergency help. Assistance reportedly arrived headed by senior officers of the base. Later, there would be off record reports that they encountered strange anomalies, such as reality-bending, time displacement, and surreal atmospheric conditions.
Some of the senior officers allegedly communicated with the alien beings.
Called out on the second night of the sightings was then the now famous Colonel Halt. The group of Colonel Halt was reportedly one of the groups to chase the glowing UFO in the forest. He made an audio recording of the details of his trek into the woods.
Patrolmen Jim Penniston, John Burroughs, and Larry Warren later co-wrote a book about the incident, titled Left at East Gate.
Other men who were present during the encounter later revealed that there was an underground theater where soldiers were interrogated, sworn to secrecy and threatened. They also revealed that they were shown several films featuring UFO recoveries around the world. It was also reported that an alien being was there in one of the meetings.
Fisherman At Outer Banks Captures Video Of Multiplying Lights Over Atlantic
Fisherman At Outer Banks Captures Video Of Multiplying Lights Over Atlantic
A minute and a half video credited to a night fisher in Outer Banks is making the rounds on social media with wild speculations, including a possible UFO sighting off the coast in North Carolina.
ViralHog posted the clip to YouTube on November 9 and reported that it was made in mid-November at Cape Lookout, situated in the southernmost point of the Core Banks. It has since gained around 100,000 views.
Cape Lookout National Seashore’s National Park Service officials said that they weren’t certain what the set of mysterious lights might be, but considered them to be peculiar.
One Outer Banks resident said the mysterious lights have been making appearances off the cape for over 20 years and they have come to believe these lights are harmless. Derek Maxey said the strange lights are not a concern, but he offered no guess at the source of the lights.
ViralHog did not name the angler who recorded the video, but someone named C.R. Larkin posted a similar video on November 24. Larkin wrote that the clip was recorded on November 13 off Cape Lookout, between 9 pm and 10 pm.
Larkin said in his post with the YouTube video that he rebaited his hooks around 9 pm and cast them out into the surf before he walked back to his chair. When Larkin turned back to the ocean, he spotted a light in the sky. Larkin described it as a very bright light, silent and stationary. After around an hour, Larkin stated that the light faded in and out and several times became multiple lights.
The strange lights disappeared at one point for almost 20 minutes and then reappeared much closer to Larkin’s position, according to the witness report.
Scientists Found a Mysterious 'Boiling' River Straight Out of Amazonian Legend
(Devlin Gandy)
Scientists Found a Mysterious 'Boiling' River Straight Out of Amazonian Legend
FIONA MACDONALD
For centuries, Peruvian locals have talked about a river in the Amazon that burns so hot it can kill.
According to legend, Spanish conquistadors foolishly ventured into the rainforest in search of gold, and the few men that returned told stories of poisoned water, man-eating snakes, and a river that boiled from below.
For Peruvian geoscientist, Andrés Ruzo, the myth had fascinated him since childhood. But it wasn't until he was completing his PhD project on geothermal energy potential in Peru that he began to question whether the river could actually be real.
According to the experts he spoke to, the answer was a unanimous "no" - after all, hot rivers do exist, but they're generally associated with volcanoes, and there are no volcanoes in that part of the country.
But when Ruzo went home over the holidays and asked his family where the myth had come from, his mother told him that the river didn't just exist, she and his aunt had actually swum in it before.
It sounded pretty ridiculous, but in 2011, Ruzo took a chance and hiked into the Amazon rainforest with his aunt, and saw the famed river with his own eyes.
Much to his disbelief, it was steaming hot.
"When I saw this, I immediately grabbed for my thermometer," said Ruzo in a TED talk back in 2014. "The average temperature in the river was 86 degrees Celsius [187 degrees Fahrenheit], not quite boiling but definitely close enough ... It's not a legend."
The most puzzling part was the sheer size of it.
Hot springs aren't uncommon, and thermal pools get to these temperatures in other parts of the world, but nothing even comes close to the scope of the river - it's up to 25 metres (82 feet) wide and 6 metres (19.6 feet) deep, and runs burning hot for an incredible 6.24 km (3.87 miles).
Add that to the fact that the river is around 700 km (435 miles) from the closest volcanic system, and the temperature just didn't make any sense. In fact, it's the only river of its kind anywhere in the world that we know of.
With the permission of the local Shaman, Ruzo has spent recent years studying the river, its surrounding ecosystem, and its water in the lab, in the hopes of figuring out what's going on.
(Devlin Gandy)
To be clear, Ruzo obviously wasn't the first to discover the river, and as suggested by its indigenous name - Shanay-timpishka, which means "boiled with the heat of the Sun" - he also wasn't the first to wonder what made it so hot.
But his research - backed in part by a National Geographic Young Explorers grant - is finally revealing some of its secrets. It turns out, it's not the Sun that boils the water, but fault-fed hot springs.
Imagine Earth is like a human body, with fault lines and cracks running through it like arteries. These 'Earth arteries' are filled with hot water, and when they come to the surface, we see geothermal manifestations - like the boiling river.
Chemical analysis has revealed that the water in the river originally fell as rain.
Ruzo now hypothesises that this happens far upstream - perhaps as far away as in the Andes - and along its journey seeps down into the ground, where it's heated up by Earth's geothermal energy. It eventually emerges in the Amazon, at the bubbling river.
This means the system is part of an enormous hydrothermal system, the likes of which haven't been seen anywhere else on the planet.
Even more exciting, Ruzo has worked with biologists Spencer Wells and Jonathan Eisen to sequence the genomes of the microbes living in and around the river, and discovered brand new species that are able to survive the heat.
Of course, as fascinating as the river is, it can also be deadly. The water gets so hot that Ruzo has regularly seen animals fall in and slowly start boil to death.
Eventually, the animals can no longer swim, and water fills their mouths and lungs, causing them to be cooked from the inside out. Gruesome.
Still, people do actually swim in the river, as his mother claimed, but only after heavy rainfalls when it's diluted with cold water. More often, the water is used to make tea and for cooking.
Ruzo continues to study the river and its source. But his main focus now is how to protect the river and its surrounding land - while his results are ready for publication, he's refusing to release many of them until the Peruvian government will guarantee they'll put appropriate conservation measures in place.
"In the middle of my PhD, I realised, this river is a natural wonder," Ruzo told Maddie Stone over at Gizmodo in 2016. "And it's not going to be around unless we do something about it."
He's released a book called The Boiling River on his adventures, and is hoping that by spreading the news about the unique system, people might take on the cause themselves and decide that the site significant enough to save from loggers and developers.
"I don't like the concept of one person leading this charge - I think it's about building a community on an international scale," said Ruzo. "The planet's gotten small, and natural wonders like this are few and far between."
A version of this article was first published in February 2016.
WE JUST FOUND OUT SOMEONE IS TRYING TO MANIPULATE OUR ATMOSPHERE
WE JUST FOUND OUT SOMEONE IS TRYING TO MANIPULATE OUR ATMOSPHERE
While you were sleeping, drinking coffee, binging on Netflix or otherwise unaware of what was happening in the atmosphere, China and Russia were experimenting with it behind your back.
Nobody knows why scientists from the two countries joined forces to perform those tests. There is speculation that the experiments, which involved heating the ionosphere (the layer of the upper atmosphere with a high concentrations of ionized plasma) had something to do with the military, but the real reason remains unknown. Their results were recently published in Earth and Planetary Physics.
Is it really that easy to keep this kind of operation a secret when you’re using a super-transmitter like Russia’s Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility to pump the ionized plasma into the ionosphere full of radio energy in order to manipulate it? Maybe it is when the real action is going on 310 miles above your head.
After Russia had released enough energy to stimulate the ionosphere, the China Seismographic Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) Zhangheng-1 used its sensors to observe the whole thing from orbit and record what exactly was going on up there. At least most of the tests didn’t set off plasma disturbances — except one.
That problematic test triggered a spike in electricity that was 10 times more loaded with negatively charged ions than the sky surrounding it — never mind that it covered 49,000 square miles.
There was another test that, while not sounding quite as sci-fi-horror as the previous one, still shot the temperature of ionized gas up by 212 degrees Fahrenheit in one area.
What can experiments like this tell us? If you’ve ever seen an aurora, you’ve seen a phenomenon that happens because of charged particles in the ionosphere getting too close to Earth’s magnetic field. More important, the ionosphere bounces radio waves off the surface, and free electrons in this layer of the atmosphere affect many types of communications that are prone to being cut off by space weather like solar storms.
This is where the military speculation comes in. It is highly possible that Russia and China were trying to manipulate the ionosphere to figure out how to prevent their communications getting cut off. Communications can also be blocked by structures that scatter radio waves or an increase in plasma, whether natural or artificial.
Ionospheric research is conducted right here in the US. The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) has been plagued by so many conspiracy theories that there was an open house in 2016 to clear false rumors of everything from weather manipulation to mind control.
If all this is still freaking you out, scientists have also managed to create an aurora in the ionosphere, which is so much cooler than fireworks.
“Wat een cadeautje op kerstochtend”: Nederlanders getrakteerd op prachtig zeldzaam weerfenomeen- HLN.be
“Wat een cadeautje op kerstochtend”: Nederlanders getrakteerd op prachtig zeldzaam weerfenomeen- HLN.be
Sytse Schoustra Twitter
WEERNIEUWS Parelmoerwolken. Wie in het noorden van Nederland naar boven keek, kon deze zeldzame wolken met wonderachtige kleurenpracht aanschouwen. Enkele weerfotografen maakten prachtige beelden van het schouwspel.
Parelmoerwolken ontstaan op 20 tot 30 kilometer hoogte. Het kleine beetje vocht dat hier aanwezig is, condenseert pas bij temperaturen beneden -80 graden Celsius. Als het zo extreem koud is, ontstaan dunne wolkenflarden. Doordat die wolken bestaan uit zeer kleine ijskristallen, wordt het zonlicht sterk gebroken en ontstaat bij de juiste omstandigheden, vooral net na zonsondergang of even voor zonsopgang, een kleurenspel. En dan is het genieten geblazen:
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Testruimteschip van Elon Musk voor missie naar Mars krijgt vorm. Lancering voor maart of april volgend jaar. In 2024 moeten eerste mensen vertrekken - HLN.be
Testruimteschip van Elon Musk voor missie naar Mars krijgt vorm. Lancering voor maart of april volgend jaar. In 2024 moeten eerste mensen vertrekken - HLN.be
WETENSCHAP & PLANEET SpaceX – het ruimtevaartbedrijf van Teslabaas Elon Musk – is volop bezig met de bouw van een testruimteschip voor een missie naar Mars. Dat blijkt uit beelden die afgelopen weekend de ronde deden op sociale media en genomen werden in Boca Chica (Texas), waar SpaceX een lanceringsbasis optrekt. Musk zelf deelde vanmorgen intussen ook beelden vanop de site.
Het testruimteschip is een basisversie van de Big Falcon Rocket (BFR), die 100 passagiers en 150 ton cargo naar Mars zou moeten brengen. Volgens Elon Musk zou het prototype – dat hij de ‘test hopper’ noemt – in maart of april van volgend jaar al gelanceerd kunnen worden.
De tweets kwamen zaterdag in de aanloop naar de lancering van een militaire satelliet door SpaceX. De Falcon 9 met een GPS-satelliet van een half miljard aan boord vertrok zondag - succesvol - vanop de lanceringsbasis Cape Canaveral in Florida.
Musk liet eerder al verstaan dat tests met het prototype - ‘hops’, want het gaat om lanceringen, de raket wordt niet in een baan om de aarde gebracht - een grote stap zijn in de richting van de bouw van de Big Falcon Rocket. Die zal bestaan uit een Starship van 55 meter hoog en 9 meter breed, dat gelanceerd zal worden met de Super Heavy-raketbooster van 67 meter hoog.
SpaceX
SpaceX
“Ik zal een volledige technische presentatie geven van Starship als het testruimteschip dat we bouwen in Texas succesvol gelanceerd is, hopelijk in maart/april”, tweette Musk zaterdag. “De ‘test hopper’ heeft dezelfde breedte als het Starship, maar is alleen niet zo hoog.” De Super Heavy zal meteen gebouwd worden zoals die er in de definitieve versie moet uitzien.
In Boca Chica werden foto’s genomen en gedeeld op sociale media van wat eruit ziet als onderdelen van de ‘test hopper’ die aankomen op de site en geassembleerd worden. Een Twitteraar maakte zelfs een simulatie van waar de onderdelen in de raket moeten komen.
Musk gaf daarop uitleg over het materiaal waaruit het ruimteschip is opgebouwd, materiaal dat moet weerstaan aan extreme druk- en temperatuurverschillen en trillingen. Het ruimteschip moet namelijk verder dan ooit een mens geweest is: naar Mars en terug.
Het is de vraag of SpaceX de timing zal halen voor de testraket. In november verklaarde Musk nog dat er radicale wijzigingen aangebracht zouden worden in het design van het ruimteschip en deze maand kwam het nieuws dat SpaceX samenwerkte met de Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie NASA voor de bouw van een nieuw type hitteschild voor het Starship.
Mensen
Musk blijkt er duidelijk in geloven. Meer nog. Op 31 oktober kondigde hij aan dat de eerste mensen naar Mars zouden moeten kunnen vertrekken over 6 jaar. “We mikken nog altijd op 2024”, vertelde hij tijdens een interview voor de podcast Recode Decode.
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25-12-2018
MYSTERIOUS TRIANGULAR OBJECT FLOATS PAST SPACEX DRAGON CAPSULE
MYSTERIOUS TRIANGULAR OBJECT FLOATS PAST SPACEX DRAGON CAPSULE
During a livestreamed rendezvous between SpaceX’s Dragon cargo capsule and the ISS, viewers spotted a glowing, triangular object appearing to float by, before the camera feed switched to display another angle. Many were quick to point out similarities in its appearance to the alleged TR-3B “black triangle” UFO – a type of reverse-engineered alien technologybelieved to be secretly possessed by the government.
Skeptics say the alleged UFO is actually just the lights from a city on Earth as the camera footage comes from the ISS looking down toward the Dragon coming to meet it. Though others say this doesn’t explain the second pass-by of the same triangular shape just three minutes later.
Others said the distinct, linear shape as well as reflection of light on the object as it bounces off the Dragon’s solar panels provide evidence that there was something physically flying past the Dragon capsule (scrub to 00:54 seconds in the below video to see the reflection in question).
No comments have been made to question or dispel speculation on the mysterious object from either Elon Musk or SpaceX, despite the multitude of comments on the official YouTube video and Musk’s propensity for tweeting often.
Of course, conspiracies from every angle have been proposed – some serious and others not so much.
Others claimed the triangular object was proof that the entire mission was being faked and the product of a complex studio production.
But the majority of comments focused on the possibility the lights were in fact the aforementioned TR-3B technology of ufological legend. This mysterious craft has allegedly been observed at clandestine military bases and hovering in the skies across a number of countries.
Once believed to be merely conspiracy, a patent for the TR-3B recently appeared on Google Patents before being virally spread across the internet. The invention was credited to a mysterious John St. Clair, of whom little is known.
About five years ago, a strange, blurry video showed two of these craft airborne, conducting peculiar maneuvers, through what is allegedly anti-gravity technology. According to reports, the TR-3B uses highly pressurized mercury to produce a plasma that creates a field of anti-gravity around the ship.
Mysterieus driehoekig object gezien bij Dragon-capsule. Was het de TR-3B?
Mysterieus driehoekig object gezien bij Dragon-capsule. Was het de TR-3B?
Op het moment dat een SpaceX Dragon-bevoorradingscapsule aanmeerde bij het internationale ruimtestation ISS, zagen mensen die naar de livestream keken een vreemd, driehoekig object in beeld verschijnen.
Al snel draaide de camera en was het object niet meer te zien.
Sommigen wezen op overeenkomsten tussen de TR-3B en het mysterieuze object. Sceptici zeiden dat het ging om lichten van een stad op aarde die werden gereflecteerd.
Opnieuw
Anderen zeiden dat dit niet kan verklaren waarom het driehoekige object zo’n drie minuten later opnieuw in beeld verscheen.
Geclaimd wordt dat het object zelf ook licht reflecteerde en dat er dus iets fysieks langs de Dragon-capsule is gevlogen.
Ondanks vele reacties onder de video die op het officiële YouTube-kanaal werd geplaatst, hebben Elon Musk en SpaceX zich nog niet uitgelaten over de speculaties rond het mysterieuze object.
Antizwaartekrachtveld
De TR-3B zou onder meer zijn gezien bij verschillende legerbases en in de lucht boven een aantal landen.
Een patent voor de TR-3B verscheen recentelijk op Google Patents. De uitvinding staat op naam van ene John St. Clair, waar verder weinig over bekend is.
Volgens bronnen maakt de TR-3B gebruik van samengeperst kwik zodat er een plasma ontstaat dat een antizwaartekrachtveld rond het schip genereert.
Located atop Mount Padang in West Java, the structure is topped by an archaeological site that holds rows of ancient stone pillars.
Credit: Danny Hilman Natawidjaja.
WASHINGTON — An enormous pyramid-like structure in Indonesia that may represent the remains of anancient templehid underground for thousands of years.
Scientists presented evidence of the remarkable construction Dec. 12 here at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU).
Located atop Mount Padang in West Java, the structure is topped by an archaeological site that was discovered in the early 19th century and holds rows of ancient stone pillars. But the sloping "hill" underneath isn't part of the natural, rocky landscape; it was crafted by human hands, scientists discovered. [The 25 Most Mysterious Archaeological Finds on Earth]
"What is previously seen as just surface building, it's going down — and it's a huge structure," said Andang Bachtiar, an independent geologist from Indonesia who supervised core drilling and soil analysis for the project.
The pyramid-like structure remained hidden for so long because it has been obscured by foliage and so looks like a hill (red circle), with a megalith exposed at the top (yellow circle).
Credit: Danny Hilman Natawidjaja
Though the buried structure may superficially resemble a pyramid, it differs from similar pyramids built by the Mayans, Danny Hilman Natawidjaja, lead project researcher and a senior scientist with the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, told Live Science. While Mayan pyramidstend to be symmetrical, this structure is elongated, with what appears to be a half-circle in the front.
"It's a unique temple," Natawidjaja said.
He and his colleagues suspected that the exposed megalith might be more than it appeared, because some partly exposed features in the existing archaeological site didn't quite match the standing stones. The "peculiar" shape of the hill also stood out from the landscape, he said.
"It's not like the surrounding topography, which is very much eroded. This looks very young. It looked artificial to us," Natawidjaja explained.
Using an array of techniques to peer underground — including ground-penetrating radar surveys, X-ray tomography, 2D and 3D imaging, core drilling, and excavations — the researchers gradually uncovered several layers of a sizable structure. It spread over an area of around 15 hectares (150,000 square meters) and had been built up over millennia, with layers representing different periods.
Using various techniques to peer underground, the researchers found several layers of the pyramid-like structure, with each layer representing a different period of time.
Credit: Danny Hilman Natawidjaja.
At the very top were pillars of basalt rocks framing step terraces, with other arrangements of rock columns "forming walls, paths and spaces," the scientists reported at AGU. They estimated this layer to be about 3,000 to 3,500 years old.
Underneath the surface, to a depth of about 10 feet (3 m), was a second layer of similar rock columns, thought to be 7,500 to 8,300 years old. And a third layer, extending 49 feet (15 m) below the surface, is more than 9,000 years old; it could even date to 28,000 years ago, according to the researchers. Their surveys also detected multiple chambers underground, Natawidjaja added.
Today, local people still use the exposed site at the top of the structure as a sacred destination for prayer and meditation, and this could also be how it was used thousands of years ago, Natawidjaja said.
Nieuw bewijs voor lang verborgen piramide in Indonesië. Dit troffen wetenschappers diep onder de grond aan
Nieuw bewijs voor lang verborgen piramide in Indonesië. Dit troffen wetenschappers diep onder de grond aan
Een enorm piramidevormig bouwwerk op het Indonesische eiland Java blijkt door mensen te zijn gemaakt.
Boormonsters hebben bewijs geleverd voor een verborgen, ondergrondse tempel onder vele lagen van vegetatie en bodemmateriaal.
Het bouwwerk is mogelijk duizenden jaren ouder dan het oudste megalithische monument op aarde, Göbekli Tepe.
Verloren beschaving
Bij de lokale bevolking staat de piramide al enige tijd bekend als Gunung Padang. De archeologische gemeenschap spreekt van een ‘mogelijke oude tempel’.
De piramide bevindt zich bovenop een berg in West-Java en is in de loop der tijd bedekt geraakt onder een dikke laag vegetatie.
Geoloog Danny Natawidjaja van het Indonesische Instituut van Wetenschappen doet al jaren onderzoek naar de piramide en denkt dat het bouwwerk is achtergelaten door een verloren beschaving.
Rotskolommen
Naast boormonsters werd gebruikgemaakt van bodemradar en tomografie om de piramide te dateren, zo liet Natawidjaja aan website Live Science weten.
“Op een diepte van ongeveer drie meter vonden we een tweede laag rotskolommen, die vermoedelijk 7500 tot 8300 jaar oud zijn,” zei hij.
Meerdere kamers
En een derde laag, 15 meter onder het oppervlak, is volgens de onderzoekers mogelijk zelfs 28.000 jaar oud.
Het onderzoek onthulde daarnaast meerdere kamers onder de grond.
De studie is te lezen op de preprint-server ESSOAr.
NASA VERKENNER KRIJGT MYSTERIEUZE ONTMOETING IN DE RUIMTE ( VIDEO )
Op 1 januari vindt er iets bijzonders plaats in de ruimte, want dan zal de NASA ruimteverkenner New Horizons vlak langs een object in de Kuipergordel vliegen.
Een object dat formeel een asteroïde schijnt te zijn, maar zich allesbehalve gedraagt zoals een asteroïde dat zou moeten doen.
Aangezien het soms moeilijk is voor te stellen waar zich de planeten precies bevinden in ons zonnestelsel, hierna een afbeelding waarop je kunt zien waar zich (formeel) wat bevindt.
Zoals je kunt zien bevindt de dwergplaneet Pluto zich aan de rand van ons zonnestelsel en wanneer je nog verder gaat, dan kom je terecht in de zogenaamde Kuipergordel.
De Kuipergordel is een gordel van vele miljarden komeetachtige, uit steen en ijs bestaande objecten, transneptunische objecten genoemd, voorbij de baan van de achtste planeet van ons zonnestelsel, Neptunus. De gordel bevindt zich op 30 tot 50 AE van de zon.
New Horizons is de eerste missie van een ruimtesonde naar de dwergplaneet Pluto. NASA lanceerde deze onbemande missie met een Atlas V-raket. De lancering vond plaats op 19 januari 2006. Doel van New Horizons was het onderzoeken van het uitzicht, de samenstelling en de atmosfeer van de dwergplaneet Pluto met zijn manen en andere Kuipergordelobjecten (waar Pluto en zijn manen deel van uitmaken). Dit laatste gebeurde na een ontmoeting met, en onderzoek van, Pluto.
Na het bezoek aan Pluto is de sonde verder gegaan en staat nu op het punt om kennis te maken met een object uit de Kuipergordel, genaamd Ultima Thule.
Op 1 januari a.s. om precies 18.33 uur Nederlandse tijd – schrijf ‘t in je agenda! – zal de Amerikaanse ruimteverkenner New Horizons met een snelheid van 50.700 km/uur (14 km/s) op een afstand van 3500 km langs het Kuipergordelobject Ultima Thule vliegen. Dat object is pakweg 30 km groot, dus in een paar tellen is ‘ie er langs gevlogen. Maar nu al zijn de verwachtingen erg hoog, zeker nu bekend is dat er iets eigenaardigs aan de hand is met Ultima Thule. Gebleken is namelijk dat Ultima Thule, die we eerder kenden onder de naam KBO 2014 MU69, geen periodieke helderheidsverschillen vertoont. Met New Horizons zijn al vele foto’s van Ultima Thule gemaakt, maar uit geen ervan blijkt een variatie in de helderheid.
En dat is vreemd, heel vreemd, want dat is iets dat een onregelmatig gevormd object zoals een asteroïde wel zou moeten doen door de weerkaatsing van het zonlicht.
In plaats daarvan lijkt het alsof het object zelf een lichtbron is, in plaats van dat het zonlicht weerkaatst, hetgeen dan natuurlijk weer de vraag oproept wat voor object dit eigenlijk is.
Er werden al eerder vreemde objecten bekend die niet waren wat ze leken zoals Oumuamua en komeet P67.
Een asteroïde die zich niet gedraagt als een asteroïde is het meest verre object ooit in ons zonnestelsel dat nu door NASA onderzocht zal worden. Uiteraard zal het formeel op toeval berusten dat ze een object aan de rand van het zonnestelsel hebben uitgekozen om aan een nader onderzoek te onderwerpen dat zich niet gedraagt zoals het zou moeten doen.
“It’s up to the investigative organs to judge when that hole was made.”
That would sound like a standard police statement if made by a department spokesperson when discussing an orifice made by a bullet in a wall or a corpse, but it takes on an eerie and mysterious aura when referring to a mysterious hole in the International Space Station that was found months ago but whose cause has yet to be identified … at least officially. Cosmonaut Sergei Valeriyevich Prokopyev, who returned to Earth this week with fellow crew members Serena Aunon-Chancellor of NASA and Alexander Gerst of the European Space Agency,said in an interviewthat tiny opening he eyeballed himself from both inside and outside the docked Soyuz capsule they returned in – minus the part where the hole was – appeared to have been drilled from the inside. He’s the best eyewitness yet he can’t answer the question … who was behind this inside job?
“You shouldn’t think so badly of our crew.”
That’s what Prokopyev said this week and months ago when the hole was first discovered and Roscosmos chief Dmitry Rogozin speculated that it could have been drilled by a homesick crew member looking to create a reason for an early return. Rogozin backed off on that but kept open the possibility that the hole could have been made during the Soyuz manufacturing process as an accident which was hastily plugged to pass inspection or as an act of deliberate sabotage. Prokopyev’s eyewitness assessment that it was made in space shakes things up considerably.
Unfortunately, the ‘CSI: Space’ team is missing a key component that would help in their investigation … the crime scene itself. NASA, Roscosmos and the crew were not concerned for their safety on the ISS nor on their trip home because the tiny hole was patchable and in a part of the Soyuz capsule that would be jettisoned before they reached the re-entry stage where it could put them in real danger. All that the “investigative organs” have to work with are the statements of the crew, the photos and videos taken by Prokopyev both from inside and on his spacewalk outside, and the mysterious yellow gunk that was scraped off from the outer hull. Sabotage on the ground might be the explanation if the hole were drilled from the outside, but Prokopyev’s statement puts the cause back inside the station.
“Russian cosmonauts Sergey Prokopyev and Oleg Artemyev will be questioned by the investigators as witnesses in the probe into a microfracture which was found on the body of the Soyuz MS-09 spacecraft, while it was docked to the International Space Station (ISS).”
Sputnik News reports that Prokopyev and cosmonaut Oleg Artemyev, who was on the ISS when the hole was discovered and returned to Earth in October, will be questioned by Russian investigators as they attempt to find the cause of the hole and why Prokopyev believes it was an inside job yet defends his crew. This raises more unanswered questions. Is he just referring to his fellow cosmonauts? There is no report of there being any NASA representatives on the investigative team. Can the results be trusted without NASA participation? We haven’t heard anything from the NASA or ESA crew members. Why not?
While ‘CSI: Space’ might be an entertaining TV show, the real thing is sadly still showing signs that this could be the first real crime in space. TV criminal mysteries are resolved in an hour. Will this one ever be?
.Wherever there is ample jungle and large swaths of uncharted wilderness we tend to get the occasional accounts of what can only be described as living dinosaurs, still existing beyond civilization as they have for millions of years. Of course the most famous place for such accounts are the jungles of Africa, as I have written of here recently, but such creatures also pop up in South America, the United States, and others. Joining the ranks of supposed real life Jurassic Parks are the wildernesses of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, which have long had their own reports of dinosaurs lurking in the wilds
From within the uncharted interior jungles of the Indonesian island of Nusakambangan come reports of some sort of bipedal dinosaurian monstrosity known locally as the Kawuk. The habitat itself is incredibly isolated, sparsely populated and choked with tangles of impenetrable jungle, and among the thrumming myriad wildlife to be found here is something quite strange indeed. The Kawuk is said to be a giant lizard, around 5 feet in height when standing and similar in appearance to a massive monitor lizard or Komodo dragon, with the difference being that this creature travels about on two legs. The mostly nocturnal creatures are said by locals to favor raiding fresh graves, feasting upon the corpses before scurrying back into the wilderness, and they are renowned as being very aggressive, quick to attack even unprovoked.
Although sightings of these mysterious denizens of the jungles have been going on for ages, they were pushed into prominence in 2014 with a sighting made by a fisherman guide on the island. The guide, known only as Heri, ws out with a group of friends when they purportedly saw a pack of the creatures circling the corpse of a recently deceased friend. There were allegedly around ten of the creatures moving in, which prompted Heri and company to have the corpse moved so that it wouldn’t be devoured. Some of the theories as to what the Kawuk could be include that it is some very large undiscovered monitor lizard or even a remnant population of some sort of theropod dinosaur such as the velociraptor. The problem with this explanation is that it has been surmised that these types of dinosaurs were probably feathered, whereas the Kawuk are never mentioned as having feathers. Is this just legend and lore or something else? Who knows?
Another possible living dinosaur of Indonesia is what is called the Orang Bati, a flying creature said to inhabit the wilds of the island of Seram. Frightened locals here have long told of winged beasts often described as looking sort of like apes with wings. The creatures are said to spew forth from their volcanic cliff lairs at night to descend upon the land and carry off infants, small children and livestock. The creatures reportedly have black, leathery wings and glowing eyes, and have been seen cruising the skies by outsiders as well, with missionaries to these jungles reporting them since the 15th century.
One famous modern eyewitness account was made in 1987 by English missionary Tyson Hughes, who at the time was living amongst the local Moluccan tribe and claimed to have seen one of the fierce creatures himself. It has been speculated that these are nothing more than large flying foxes, which the island teems with, but the tribes-people say the bats are different than the Orang Bati, and that they are not the same. One theory is that they could be some sort of remnant population of flying dinosaurs such as Pterosaurs, but the area is so remote and so secluded from civilization that it is difficult to really get access to new sightings and expeditions into the region are rare.
Another island area with its share of supposed living dinosaur reports is Papua New Guinea, also a primordial land of unexplored forests and thick wilderness. Apparently the region called West New Britain has long had some sort of mysterious semi-aquatic dinosaur creature prowling its jungles and waterways, called the Kaiaimunu. There have supposedly been some rather recent sightings of the beast, such as the 2005 account from a witness called Robert, who said it had a long neck and tail, a turtle-like head, and as being around 40 to 50 feet in total length, with smooth brown skin and walking on two legs. The creature was observed to be eating vegetation and when it was finished it entered the water and swam away. The witness would later be shown a book of dinosaurs and point out the picture of a “Therizinosaurus” as most resembling what he saw, although he said the head looked different.
Also in 2005 was a sighting made by a couple named Margaret and Simon Patolkit as they were visiting on the beach at the uninhabited Dililo Island when they spotted a reptilian creature estimated as being around 65 feet long and having a long neck and a head “like a dinosaur with an oval face.” The creature’s skin was described as being reminiscent of that of a crocodile, and it possessed some sort of dermal frill down its length, as well as something “protruding from the back of the creature’s head.” The monster was seen briefly before retreating into the water and sinking down into the depths. The Kaiaimunu has been by other witnesses as well, including on one occasion swimming between Ambungi Island and Alage Island with its head above the water, and on another lounging about on some rocks near the water. Is this some sort of surviving sauropod dinosaur?
Therizinosaurus
Also from British New Guinea is a curious account from explorer C. A. W. Monckton, who in 1910 saw something rather bizarre as he was ascending the remote Mount Albert Edward. As he travelled his perilous route he purportedly came across humongous tracks from what appeared to be an enormous reptilian creature of some kind, which he would call the Gazeka. He would later allegedly come across a village of pygmies under attack by some sort of monstrous beast, which spurred him into action, firing upon it. One newspaper account of the encounter reads:
The huge Gazeka at once turned upon him. As it reared upon its hind legs and pawed the air it looked to the hunter as big as a house, standing fully 25 feet high. Two of Monckton’s bullets seemed to take effect, as a stream of blood flowed freely from the animal’s shoulder, but before Monckton was able to reload the animal turned and fled. By that time it was too dark to follow him, and Monckton never had another opportunity to renew his pursuit.
Interestingly this spectacular account does not appear to be mentioned in any of Monckton’s own journal entries, leading one to suspect that the newspaper report was perhaps being a bit creative on a slow news day. In all of these cases we are left with really no evidence to go on, and it merely further propels cases of living dinosaurs into the realm f speculation. Can any of these be real? Is it at all possible that dinosaurs could still exist in the most remote realms of our planet? Whatever one may think, the reports come in, and leave us scratching our heads.
Drone captures Flying Humanoid above Browns Bay, Auckland, New Zealand
Drone captures Flying Humanoid above Browns Bay, Auckland, New Zealand
Jeff Lyons wonders whether the object captured by his drone could be a UFO, Jet Suit, Balloon or another drone.
But could it be that it is something extraordinary, a flying humanoid attached to a device suitable for flying through the skies?
Although there is much controversy about the existence of these mysterious flying human-like beings, they are often described as being black humanoid figures that are capable of flight without visible wings or riding in strange vehicles like the being in the video below.
These flying humanoids are extraterrestrial or interdimensional travelers? We don’t know but it is a fact that they are sighted worldwide and often by multiple people at a time.
Jeff: I saw this over Browns Bay, Auckland, New Zealand on 6 December 2018. It was traveling about 5 to 10,000 feet up, moving across the sky from the east, in a northerly direction.
I lowered the camera for about 3 seconds while keeping my eye on the object. Before I could raise the camera again, the object disappeared.
I have included slow motion, close-up views of the object in the video at 200 percent and 400 percent magnification.
Here is a cool sighting just in. The eyewitness was taking some photos and when looking them over at home realised there was a flying saucer in one of them. This happens more than you might think. The digital eye is perfect and will not miss any detail, where the human eye is flawed and can only focus on a small area in front of us. This is a lucky catch. The UFO probably came from an underwater base nearby. It must have been traveling pretty fast for it to have not been seen by the eyewitness.
Scott C. Waring
News states:
Former Sydney resident Andrew Isaacson was visiting his mother on Australia’s Kangaroo Island when he inadvertently captured an unidentified flying object on camera while taking a scenic photograph near Cape Willoughby Lighthouse at 4:25 p.m. on Wednesday, December 5th. Isaacson told The Islander that he noticed something out of the corner of his eye just after taking the picture.
“Just when I stopped taking photos and moved the camera down, I saw something out of the corner of my eye,” he said. “Whatever it was moved silently and exceptionally quickly.” However, it wasn't until Isaacson viewed his photos from that day that he realized he had captured something unusual. Isaacson suspected the object might be some sort of unmanned drone based on its movements, which did not match that of a plane or helicopter. Furthermore, he estimated the object was approximately a "football field" in distance from the shoreline below the lighthouse. “I’d be interested to know if anyone else reported a sighting that day,” he said.
‘Not of this earth’ Did ALIENS make daggers found in Tutankhamun’s tomb?
‘Not of this earth’ Did ALIENS make daggers found in Tutankhamun’s tomb?
IRON daggers found in the tomb of ancient Egyptian Pharoah Tutankhaman which have baffled scientists for generations are made from metal “not from this earth” – sparking suggestions they could have been made using alien technology.
A documentary aired on Quest TV focuses on a pair of knives found by Howard Carter when he discovered the tomb of the famous “boy king” in 1922. The documentary, featuring interviews with a range of experts, examines the possibility that the daggers were gifts by the Mittani, a people allied with the ancient Egyptians who were based at a site now know as Tell el Hameh, and who were renowned metalworkers. It refers to satellite photography which appears to show an ancient smelting works dating back to a time when most of mankind could not work the metal.
However, the documentary concludes the timeline does not match, with them only becoming proficient in the smelting techniques required to produce iron in 1000BC, too late to have supplied the knives to Tutankhamun.
Archaeologist Dr Mark Altaweel asked: “How did King Tutankhamun obtain iron when iron basically did not exist?
“The quality of this dagger is fantastic.
“It’s pure, almost, made using the kind of technology that would happen only centuries later, when people became experts in creating iron.”
Were Tutankhamun's daggers made by aliens
(Image: GETTY)
In all likelihood this metal is not from earth
Dr Hendrik van Gijseghem
Dr Jassel Majevadia, a material scientist, adds: “This particular dagger does not rust and that’s what makes it special.
Archaeologist Dr Hendrik van Gijseghem says: “No-one in the world is capable of producing that kind of metal in pre-modern times.
“This iron was not mined by man.
“There’s a high content of nickel and traces of cobalt which indicates in all likelihood that this metal is not from earth."
Dr Henrik van Gijseghem said the metal is "not from this Earth"
(Image: Quest TV)
The ancient Egyptians were fascinated by the stars, and the film postulates that an iron-rich meteor may have crashed to Earth which could be the source of the unusually pure metal.
However, even though one such site is uncovered in the region, investigations have ruled it out as the source, further deepening the mystery of where the metal came from.
Dr Aidan Dodson pointed to ancient hieroglyphs suggesting iron was the “bones of the gods”, suggesting any metal which fell from the stars was likely to have been regarded as a “gift”.
And some following the documentary went one step further, suggesting the artefacts really could be the product of alien contact.
Dr Mark Altaweel described the quality of the dagger as "fantastic"
(Image: GETTY)
Several commenting on the documentary made references to “alien technology”, while another said: “This is from the Nephilim”.
The Nephilim were the supposed offspring of the “sons of God” and the “daughters of men” referred to in the book of Genesis.
Some have postulated the Nephilim were actually spacefaring aliens who made contact with ancient civilisations thousands of years ago.
There has also been speculation that ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs show contact with aliens.
EN IMAGES. Cratère et spirales de glace, canyon long de 4 000 km... Sept photos à couper le souffle de la planète rouge capturées par la sonde Mars Express
EN IMAGES. Cratère et spirales de glace, canyon long de 4 000 km... Sept photos à couper le souffle de la planète rouge capturées par la sonde Mars Express
L'Agence spatiale européenne a fait sensation en publiant, le 21 décembre, des clichés d'un lac de glace à la surface d'un cratère de la planète Mars. Mais d'autres clichés de la sonde Mars Express valent le coup d'œil.
Le canyon d’Hebes Chasma sur Mars.
(ESA / DLE / FU BERLIN)
Il y a surMarsdes robots de la Nasa. Mais la planète rouge est aussi étudiée de près par l'Agence spatiale européenne (ESA). Cette dernière a publié, le 21 décembre,l'étonnant clichéd'un cratère recouvert de glace. Cette photo a été prise par la sonde Mars Express. L'occasion de revenir sur sept paysages immortalisés par cette mission en service depuis 2003.
1. Korolev : un cratère de glace
Ce cratère se nomme Korolev, du nom de Sergueï Korolev, le père de la technologie spatiale soviétique. Il mesure 82 kilomètres de diamètre, soit environ la distance entre Paris et Dreux. Il s'agit d'un exemple particulièrement bien préservé de cratère martien. Son centre abrite une couche de glace de 1,8 km d'épaisseur toute l'année.
Photo du cratère martien Korolev prise par la sonde Mars Express de l'Agence spatiale européenne. (ESA)
Photo du cratère martien Korolev prise par la sonde Mars Express de l'Agence spatiale européenne. (ESA / DLE / FU BERLIN)
2. Nili Fossae : des failles gigantesques
Nili Fossae est un "vaste système de failles à la surface de la planète Mars dans le quadrangle de Syrtis Major, s'étendant sur 667 km", décrit Sciences et avenir. Ces failles sont profondes de 500 mètres par endroit, précise le Centre national des études spatiales (CNES). Il s'agit d'"amorce de failles tectoniques", rappelle sur son blog Pierre Brisson, président de la Mars Society Switzerland.
Le système de failles de Nili Fossae, à la surface de la planète Mars. (ESA / DLE / FU BERLIN).
3. Pô. e Nord : des spirales de glace
Cette image a été composée à partir des nombreux survols réalisés par la sonde Mars Express et des données altimétriques laser de la mission Mars Global Surveyor de la Nasa. Les dépôts de neige du pôle Nord martien "sont les plus grands réservoirs d'eau présents à la surface de Mars. Leur volume total représente 2 à 3 millions de km3", remarquait le CNRS en 2009. La forme en spirale de la calotte glaciaire est causée par le vent, indique Futura Sciences.
De la neige au pôle Nord de Mars. (ESA / DLE / FU BERLIN)
4. Mawrth Vallis : une vallée fluviale
Cette vallée fait plus de 600 km de long et 2 km de profondeur. Elle est composée de nombreux cratères. Agé de quatre milliards d'années, le ravin pourrait avoir abrité un cours d'eau. Cette vallée est particulièrement étudiée par les agences spatiales occidentales.
5. Aurorae Chaos : un canyon haut comme le mont Blanc
Ce canyon mesure environ 710 km de large et fait environ 4,8 km de haut, l'altitude du mont Blanc. L'Agence spatiale européenne explique(en anglais) qu'en des temps très anciens de l'eau y coulait.
Le canyon Aurorae Chaos, sur Mars. (ESA / DLE / FU BERLIN)
Le canyon Aurorae Chaos vue par la sonde Mars Express. (ESA / DLE / FU BERLIN)
6. Hebes Chasma : un canyon presque aussi haut que l'Everest
Il fait quelque 8 000 mètres de haut (l'Everest culmine à 8 840 m), 315 km de long et 125 km de large. Il se situe près de l'équateur martien. Le site spécialisé Futura-Sciences attire l'attention sur "la longue coulée de matériaux sombres terminée, en contre-bas, par une étrange flaque d'encre noire". Et de relever : "Il n'est pas exclu qu'une fonte brutale de glace ou l'épanchement de réservoirs souterrains en soient à l'origine."
Le canyon d’Hebes Chasma sur Mars. (ESA / DLE / FU BERLIN)
Le canyon d’Hebes Chasma sur Mars. (ESA / DLE / FU BERLIN)
7. Valles Marineris : un canyon long de 4 000 km
Il est quatre fois plus long et profond que le Grand Canyon américain : 4 000 km de long, c'est la distance entre Paris et Ouagadougou, la capitale du Burkina Faso, ou deux fois celle entre Paris et Kiev, la capitale de l'Ukraine. Valles Marineris est un centre d'intérêt majeur. En 2015, lorsque Space X a dévoilé trois posters touristiques de la planète Mars, Valles Marineris était mis à l'honneur.
Valles Marineris, sur Mars. (ESA / DLE / FU BERLIN)
Technosignatures and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
Technosignatures and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
A rendering of a potential Dyson sphere, named after Freeman A. Dyson. As proposed by the physicist and astromomer decades ago, they would collect solar energy on a solar system wide scale for highly advanced civilizations. IMAGE CREDIT: SENTIENTDEVELOPMENTS.COM.
The word “SETI” pretty much brings to mind the search for radio signals come from distant planets, the movie “Contact,” Jill Tarter, Frank Drake and perhaps the SETI Institute, where the effort lives and breathes.
But there was a time when SETI — the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence — was a significantly broader concept, that brought in other ways to look for intelligent life beyond Earth.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s — a time of great interest in UFOs, flying saucers and the like — scientists not only came up with the idea of searching for distant intelligent life via unnatural radio signals, but also by looking for signs of unexpectedly elevated heat signatures and for optical anomalies in the night sky.
The history of this search has seen many sharp turns, with radio SETI at one time embraced by NASA, subsequently de-funded because of congressional opposition, and then developed into a privately and philanthropically funded project of rigor and breadth at the SETI Institute. The other modes of SETI went pretty much underground and SETI became synonymous with radio searches for ET life.
But this history may be about to take another sharp turn as some in Congress and NASA have become increasingly interested in what are now called “technosignatures,” potentially detectable signatures and signals of the presence of distant advanced civilizations. Technosignatures are a subset of the larger and far more mature search for biosignatures — evidence of microbial or other primitive life that might exist on some of the billions of exoplanets we now know exist.
And as a sign of this renewed interest, a technosignatures conference was scheduled by NASA at the request of Congress (and especially retiring Republican Rep. Lamar Smith of Texas.) The conference took place in Houston late last month, and it was most interesting in terms of the new and increasingly sophisticated ideas being explored by scientists involved with broad-based SETI.
“There has been no SETI conference this big and this good in a very long time,” said Jason Wright, an astrophysicist and professor at Pennsylvania State University and chair of the conference’s science organizing committee. “We’re trying to rebuild the larger SETI community, and this was a good start.”
At this point, the search for technosignatures is often likened to that looking for a needle in a haystack. But what scientists are trying to do is define their haystack, determine its essential characteristics, and learn how to best explore it. IMAGE CREDIT: WIKI COMMONS.
During the three day meeting in Houston, scientists and interested private and philanthropic reps. heard talks that ranged from the trials and possibilities of traditional radio SETI to quasi philosophical discussions about what potentially detectable planetary transformations and by-products might be signs of an advanced civilization. (An agenda and videos of the talks are here.)
The subjects ranged from surveying the sky for potential millisecond infrared emissions from distant planets that could be purposeful signals, to how the presence of certain unnatural, pollutant chemicals in an exoplanet atmosphere that could be a sign of civilization. From the search for thermal signatures coming from megacities or other by-products of technological activity, to the possible presence of “megastructures” built to collect a star’s energy by highly evolved beings.
All but the near infrared SETI are for the distant future — or perhaps are on the science fiction side — but astronomy and the search for distant life do tend to move forward slowly. Theory and inference most often coming well before observation and detection.
So thinking about the basic questions about what scientists might be looking for, Wright said, is an essential part of the process.
Indeed, it is precisely what Michael New, Deputy Associate Administrator for Research within NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, told the conference.
He said that he, NASA and Congress wanted the broad sweep of ideas and research out there regarding technosignatures, from the current state of the field to potential near-term findings, and known limitations and possibilities.
“The time is really ripe scientifically for revisiting the ideas of technosignatures and how to search for them,” he said.
He offered the promise of NASA help (admittedly depending to some extent on what Congress and the administration decide) for research into new surveys, new technologies, data-mining algorithms, theories and modelling to advance the hunt for technosignatures.
Crew members aboard the International Space Station took this nighttime photograph of much of the Atlantic coast of the United States. IMAGE CREDIT: NASA.
Among the several dozen scientists who discussed potential signals to search for were the astronomer Jill Tarter, former director of the Center for SETI Research, Planetary Science Institute astrobiologist David Grinspoon and University of Rochester astrophysicist Adam Frank. They all looked at the big picture, what artifacts in atmospheres, on surfaces and perhaps in space that advanced civilizations would likely produce by dint of their being “advanced.”
All spoke of the harvesting of energy to perform work as a defining feature of a technological planet, with that “work” describing transportation, construction, manufacturing and more.
Beings that have reached the high level of, in Frank’s words, exo-civilization produce heat, pollutants, changes to their planets and surroundings in the process of doing that work. And so a detection of highly unusual atmospheric, thermal, surface and orbital conditions could be a signal.
One example mentioned by several speakers is the family of chemical chloroflourohydrocarbons (CFCs,) which are used as commercial refrigerants, propellants and solvents.
MeerKAT, originally the Karoo Array Telescope, is a radio telescope consisting of 64 antennas now being tested and verified in the Northern Cape of South Africa. IMAGE CREDIT: SOUTH AFRICAN RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY.
These CFCs are a hazardous and unnatural pollutant on Earth because they destroy the ozone layer, and they could be doing something similar on an exoplanet. And as described in the conference, the James Webb Space Telescope — once it’s launch and working — could most likely detect such an atmospheric compound if it’s in high concentration and the project was given sufficient telescope time.
A similar single finding described by Tarter that could be revolutionary is the radioactive isotope tritium, which is a by-product of the nuclear fusion process. It has a short half-life and so any distant discovery would point to a recent use of nuclear energy (as long as it’s not associated with a recent supernova event, which can also produce tritium.)
But there many other less precise ideas put forward.
Glints on the surface of planets could be the product of technology, as might be weather on an exoplanet that has been extremely well stabilized, modified planetary orbits and chemical disequilibriums in the atmosphere based on the by-products of life and work. (These disequilibriums are a well-established feature of biosignature research, but Frank presented the idea of a technosphere which would process energy and create by-products at a greater level than its supporting biosphere.)
Another unlikely but most interesting example of a possible technosignature put forward by Tarter and Grinspoon involved the seven planets of the Trappist-1 solar system, all tidally locked and so lit on only one side. She said that they could potentially be found to be remarkably similar in their basic structure, alignment and dynamics. As Tarter suggested, this could be a sign of highly advanced solar engineering.
This is exciting – the next phase Square kilometer Array (SKA2) will be able to detect Earth-level radio leakage from nearby stars. IMAGE CREDIT: SOUTH AFRICAN RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY. Grinspoon seconded that notion about Trappist-1, but in a somewhat different context.
He has worked a great deal on the question of today’s anthroprocene era — when humans actively change the planet — and he expanded on his thinking about Earth into the galaxies.
Grinspoon said that he had just come back from Japan, where he had visited Hiroshima and its atomic bomb sites, and came away with doubts that we were the “intelligent” civilization we often describe ourselves in SETI terms. A civilization that may well self destruct — a fate he sees as potentially common throughout the cosmos — might be considered “proto-intelligent,” but not smart enough to keep the civilization going over a long time.
Projecting that into the cosmos, Grinspoon argued that there may well be many such doomed civilizations, and then perhaps a far smaller number of those civilizations that make it through the biological-technological bottleneck that we seem to be facing in the centuries ahead.
These civilizations, which he calls semi-immortal, would develop inherently sustainable methods of continuing, including modifying major climate cycles, developing highly sophisticated radars and other tools for mitigating risks, terraforming nearby planets, and even finding ways to evolve the planet as its place in the habitable zone of its host star becomes threatened by the brightening or dulling of that star.
The trick to trying to find such truly evolved civilizations, he said, would be to look for technosignatures that reflect anomalous stability and not rampant growth. In the larger sense, these civilizations would have integrated themselves into the functioning of the planet, just as oxygen, first primitive and then complex life integrated themselves into the essential systems of Earth.
And returning to the technological civilizations that don’t survive, they could produce physical artifacts that now permeate the galaxy.
The NIROSETI team with their new infrared detector inside the dome at Lick Observatory. Left to right: Remington Stone, Dan Wertheimer, Jérome Maire, Shelley Wright, Patrick Dorval and Richard Treffers. IMAGE CREDIT: LAURIE HATCH.
While the conference focused on technosignature theory, models, and distant possibilities, news was also shared about two concrete developments involving research today.
The first involved the radio telescope array in South Africa now called MeerKAT, a prototype of sorts that will eventually become the gigantic Square Kilometer Array.
Breakthrough Listen, the global initiative to seek signs of intelligent life in the universe, would soon announce the commencement of a major new program with the MeerKAT telescope, in partnership with the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO).
Breakthrough Listen’s MeerKAT survey will examine a million individual stars – 1,000 times the number of targets in any previous search – in the quietest part of the radio spectrum, monitoring for signs of extraterrestrial technology. With the addition of MeerKAT’s observations to its existing surveys, Listen will operate 24 hours a day, seven days a week, in parallel with other surveys.
This clearly has the possibility of greatly expanded the amount of SETI listening being done. The SETI Institute, with its radio astronomy array in northern California and various partners, have been listening for almost 60 years, without detecting a signal from our galaxy.
That might seem like a disappointing intimation that nothing or nobody else is out there, but not if you listen to Tarter explain how much listening has actually been done. Almost ten years ago, she calculated that if the Milky Way galaxy and everything in it was an ocean, then SETI would have listened to a cup full of water from that ocean. Jason Wright and his students did an updated calculation recently, and now the radio listening amounts to a small swimming pool within that enormous ocean.
Participants in the technosignatures conference in Houston last month, the largest SETI gathering in years. And this one was sponsored by NASA and put together by the NExSS for Exoplanet Systems Science (NExSS,) an interdisciplinary agency initiative. IMAGE CREDIT: DELIA ENRIQUEZ.
The other news came from Shelley Wright of the University of California, San Diego, who has been working on an optical SETI instrument for the Lick Observatory.
The Near-Infrared Optical SETI (NIROSETI) instrument she and her colleagues have developed is the first instrument of its kind designed to search for signals from extraterrestrials at near-Infrared wavelengths. The near-infrared regime is an excellenr spectral region to search for signals from extraterrestrials, since it offers a unique window for interstellar communication.
The NIROSETI instrument utilizes two near-infrared photodiodes to be able to detect artificial, very fast (nanosecond) pulses of infrared radiation.
The NIROSETI instrument, which is mounted on the Nickel telescope at Lick Observatory, splits the incoming near-infrared light onto two channels, and then checks for coincident events, which indicate signals that are identified by both detectors simultaneously.
Wright of Penn State was especially impressed by the project, which he said can look at much of the sky at once and was put together with on very limited budget.
Wright, who teaches a course on SETI at Penn State and is a co-author of a recent paper trying to formalize SETI terminology, said his own take-away from the conference is that it may well represent an important and positive moment in the history of technosignatures.
“Without NASA support, the whole field has lacked the normal structure by which astronomy advances,” he said. “No teaching of the subject, no standard terms, no textbook to formalize findings and understandings.
“The Seti Institiute carried us through the dark times, and they did that outside of normal, formal structures. The Institute remains essential, but hopefully that reflex identification will start to change.”
Un tunnelier nucléaire pour chercher la vie sur Europe, lune de Jupiter
Un tunnelier nucléaire pour chercher la vie sur Europe, lune de Jupiter
Céline Deluzarche
Journaliste
Avec son océan souterrain, Europe serait la candidate idéale pour accueillir la vie extraterrestre. Des chercheurs américains ont imaginé un tunnelier géant pour percer sa croûte de glace et explorer ses profondeurs à la recherche de traces de vie.
Selon les différentes mission d'observations menées autour d'Europe, la quatrième plus grosse lune de Jupiter, celle-ci possèderait un océan liquide sous sa croûte de glace. Europe est donc la candidate idéale, susceptible d'accueillir une vie microbienne, espèrent les scientifiques. « Malheureusement, la banquise, d'une épaisseur comprise entre 2 et 30 kilomètres, constitue une barrière majeure pour toute sonde voulant accéder aux zones dont nous pensons qu'elles pourraient contenir des biosignatures», explique Andrew Dombard, professeur associé des sciences de la Terre et de l'environnement à l'université de l'Illinois de Chicago. Certains ont bien envisagé de se contenter d'analyser l'eau des geysers dont on suppose l'existence. Mais il lui faudrait plusieurs centaines, voire millions d'années pour remonter à la surface, ce qui nous donnerait peu d'indications sur la vie actuelle de l'océan (lire article ci-dessous).
Une représentation du tunnelier pour percer la banquise d’Europe.
Chercher des bactéries dans les biofilms sous la calotte glaciaire
Andrew Dombard et ses collègues du Nasa Glenn Research Center ont donc imaginé un tunnelier nucléaire pour percer la glace et explorer la surface de l'océan souterrain. L'objectif n'est pas d'y effectuer une plongée, ce qui serait trop compliqué, mais d'essayer de trouver des traces de biofilms microbiens à l'interface eau-glace sous la banquise. «Il ne sera d'ailleurs peut-être même pas nécessaire de descendre jusqu'à l'océan si l'on découvre des lacs intermédiaires à l'intérieur de la glace », avance Andrew Dombard, qui a présenté son concept de tunnelier lors de l'assemblée annuelle de l'American Geophysical Union.
L'engin récolterait d'abord des échantillons à la base de la lithosphère, où de la glace ancienne aurait pu se mélanger à la glace plus récente par convection. Plusieurs autres échantillons seraient prélevés à différentes profondeurs, jusqu'à l'interface glace-eau où l'on espère trouver les micro-organismes.
Deux systèmes de propulsion envisagés
Pour faire fondre la glace et propulser le tunnelier, les scientifiques misent sur des « sources de chaleur universelle » (GPHS en anglais), des sortes de « piles radioactives » alimentées au dioxyde de plutonium-238, déjà utilisées par les sondes Cassini ou Galileo. Une autre option envisagée est d'alimenter le tunnelier avec « un mini réacteur nucléaire perfectionné », mais Andrew Dombard reconnaît qu'il faudrait dans ce cas un blindage assez épais pour ne pas risquer d'irradier les échantillons et les instruments scientifiques. La communication avec la surface serait assurée grâce à trois répéteurs, à 5, 10 et 15 kilomètres reliés au tunnelier par fibre optique. Autre souci : éviter à l'appareil de tomber à travers la glace à l'approche de l'océan. Un câble flottant serait donc déployé pour le suspendre au-dessus de l'eau lorsque celui-ci aurait atteint sa profondeur finale.
Tout cela reste, bien entendu, très théorique. Les chercheurs avouent «ne pas du tout s'être préoccupés de savoir comment acheminer le tunnelier sur Europe». Une mission nommée Europa Clipper est bien programmée pour 2023 afin notamment d'y repérer les endroits où la glace est la plus fine. Mais la sonde se contentera de survoler le satellite. La lune glacée de Jupiter risque de garder ses mystères pendant encore un bout de temps.
CE QU'IL FAUT RETENIR
Europe, l'une des lunes de Jupiter, renfermerait un océan liquide sous sa surface glacée.
Des scientifiques ont imaginé un tunnelier propulsé au nucléaire pour y rechercher des traces de vie.
Exobiologie : une carte pour chercher la vie sur Europe
Les glaces d'Europe, la lune de Jupiter, pourraient contenir des biosignatures des formes de vie qui existent peut-être dans son océan. Une carte de l'exposition aux radiations de ces glaces a été dressée, indiquant là où ces biosignatures seraient le moins dégradées et donc où les chercher.
Tous ceux qui ont vu le film 2010 : L'Année du premier contact, tiré du roman d'Arthur Clarke faisant suite à 2001, l'Odyssée de l'espace, rêvent probablement du jour où une mission consacrée à Europe, la lune glacée de Jupiter, permettrait à la réalité de rattraper la fiction. En l'occurrence, il s'agirait au moins de la détection à la surface de la banquise d'Europe - dont il n'est pas douteux qu'elle recouvre un océan - de molécules organiques qui seraient des biosignatures incontestables de l'existence de forme de vie dans cet océan. Dans l'idéal, il faudrait même que ce soit des formes de vie.
Malheureusement, il y a plusieurs obstacles pour le succès de cette mission et il se pourrait bien, comme Futura l'expliquait dans l'article précédent ci-dessous, que les glaces que l'on trouve en surface ne puissent être que des échantillons vieux de quelques centaines de milliers d'années, voire de quelques millions d'années, de ce qui se trouve dans cet océan. Nous n'aurions donc accès qu'à des fossiles, dans le meilleur des cas.
Une vue d'artiste de la banquise d'Europe. Des geysers pourraient provenir directement de l'océan d'Europe, éjectant en surface des molécules biologiques et pas simplement organiques. Ces molécules seraient malheureusement détruites en surface à cause des radiations.
Des électrons tueurs de satellites et destructeurs d'acides aminés
Le gros problème avec une mission sur Europe, c'est le niveau de radiation qui est très élevé avec notamment la présence de ce que l'on appelle des électrons tueurs. Nous le savons depuis 1973, quand la sonde spatiale Pioneer 10 passa près de Jupiter et y détecta un énorme champ magnétique ainsi qu'une intense ceinture de radiation. On s'en doutait depuis que deux jeunes radioastronomes, Ken Franklin et Bernie Burke, découvrirent par hasard que Jupiter était une intense source de rayonnement radio, en 1955. Peu de temps après, en 1959, suite à la découverte de la ceinture de radiation terrestre par Van Allen, Frank Drake - que l'on connaît pour sa célèbre équation et qui est à l'origine du programme Seti - étudia les émissions radio de Jupiter. À partir de leur spectre, il en conclut que ces ondes étaient probablement émises par des électrons capturés dans un puissant champ magnétique.
Or, ces électrons ne sont pas tendres avec l'électronique embarquée à bord des sondes, et même en durcissant cette électronique, comme on dit, ces engins ne peuvent pas travailler longtemps dans les régions où ils se trouvent. Même la sonde Europa Clipper, qui devrait spécifiquement étudier Europe au cours des années 2020, sera obligée de décrire des orbites très elliptiques de sorte que les survolsrapprochés d'Europe alterneront avec des moments ou la sonde sera loin de la lune.
En mauve, les régions d'Europe les plus exposées aux radiations.
Mais imaginons que l'on décide d'envoyer en mission suicide un atterrisseur sur Europe. On aura tout intérêt à ce qu'il se trouve dans une région la moins exposée possible aux radiations et pas simplement là où l'on peut penser que la banquise est la plus à même de laisser passer des échantillons le plus directement liés à l'eau liquide de l'océan d'Europe.
Une équipe de chercheurs états-uniens vient justement de publier un article dans Nature Astronomy qui apporte des éléments à la résolution de ce problème. Les astronomes se sont pour cela servis de données collectées par les missions Galileo et Voyager 1 pour dresser une carte des régions les plus intensément bombardées par les radiations. Ils en ont déduit aussi la profondeur de la glace à laquelle des acides aminés, des molécules à la base de la vie telle que nous la connaissons et qui forment les protéines, pourraient rester intactes.
Il s'avère que les régions les plus propices à la recherche de biosignatures sont aux pôles d'Europe et qu'un centimètre de glace serait une protection suffisante alors qu'il faudrait chercher de 10 à 20 centimètres de profondeur dans la glace au niveau de l'équateur par exemple.
Exobiologie : trouver des traces de vie récentes sur Europe, une mission impossible ?
Article de Laurent Sacco publié le 15/07/2018
Les surfaces d'Europe et Ganymède pourraient ne se renouveler qu'à l'échelle du million d'années, de sorte que la glace à la surface de leurs banquises ne serait qu'un échantillon fossile de l'eau contenue dans les océans de ces lunes glacées de Jupiter. Fouiller dans cette glace pourrait donc ne nous donner accès qu'à des fossiles de la vie éventuellement présente dans leurs océans.
Voilà 10 ans cette année, le 19 mars 2008 pour être précis, décédait Arthur Clarke. Au début des années 1980, dans son fameux roman 2010 : Odyssée deux, l'inventeur du concept de satellite géostationnaireprenait déjà au sérieux l'idée que des formes de vie pouvaient peut-être exister dans l'océan sous la banquise d'Europe, la lune glacée, de plus en plus célèbre, de Jupiter. Il ne faisait que reprendre en partie, pour son roman de hard SF, les résultats que l'on venait juste d'obtenir après le succès des missions Voyager 1 et 2 lors de leurs visites des lunes de Jupiter. La découverte du volcanisme de Io avait alors été faite et les premières images rapprochées de la banquise d'Europe avaient été obtenues. Inspirés par celle des formes de vie au voisinage des sources hydrothermales dans les abysses au cours des années 1970, certains avaient spéculé qu'il pourrait en exister de similaires dans l'océan d'Europe, avec un volcanisme provenant, comme dans le cas d'Io, des forces de marée du système jupitérien. C'est peut-être ainsi que la vie sur Terre est née, dans les parois des cheminées de sources hydrothermales similaires pendant l'Hadéen ou au début de l'Archéen.
Les exobiologistes du XXIe siècle sont de plus en plus convaincus que l'idée est raisonnable et qu'il serait du plus haut intérêt d'envoyer des missions pour regarder Europe d'un peu plus près, voire même d'essayer de faire pénétrer un engin dans cet océan. Cela n'est malheureusement pas sans poser un certain nombre de problèmes.
Déjà, le niveau de radiations au voisinage d'Europe est considérable de sorte qu'une sonde devrait posséder une électronique particulièrement durcie, comme on dit dans le jargon, pour supporter ce niveau de rayonnement suffisamment longtemps pour espérer faire des découvertes en orbite autour d'Europe voire en se posant carrément sur la surface de la lune. C'est d'ailleurs en partie pour cette raison que la mission Juice de l'ESA va plutôt étudier Ganymède et Callisto, qui possèdent elles aussi un océan souterrain, bien que moins spectaculaire, mais qui sont surtout exposées à bien moins de radiations. On ne connaît pas vraiment non plus l'épaisseur de la banquise d'Europe, qui pourrait peut-être être trop importante pour assurer le succès d'une mission.
Des traces de vie dans des échantillons de glaces d'Europe ?
Heureusement, il existe des moyens de contourner ces problèmes. Déjà, nous disposons d'observations de plus en plus solides démontrant l'existence de geysers, s'élevant parfois de la surface d'Europe. Il suffirait peut-être d'un passage avec des détecteurs adéquats à l'intérieur de ces geysers pour mettre en évidence la présence de molécules organiques complexes, incontestablement liées à la vie telle que nous la connaissons. Dans le cas contraire, on ne pourrait tirer aucune conclusion. Enfin, comme Futura l'expliquait dans un précédent article (voir ci-dessous), il nous suffirait peut-être d'aller chercher, pas trop loin d'Europe, des blocs de glace provenant de sa surface et qui auraient été éjectés dans l'espace par la chute d'un petit astéroïde sur cette lune.
Une simulation en 2D de la convection dans la banquise de l'océan d'Europe. La région de couleur rouge-orange est moins convective et est composée d'une glace cassante.
Il y a toutefois un petit bémol à ces deux techniques comme l'illustre bien les travaux du planétologue états-unien Robert Pappalardo (que l'on peut voir dans la première vidéo ci-dessus) et qu'il a publiés avec son collègue Samuel M. Howell, du 24-12-2018 om 23:54
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