100% Proof NASA Used Photoshop To Edit Out A UFO, UFO Sighting News.

Source 1: 

• https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/2015/01/nasa-deletes-ufo-out-of-photo-and-then.html
  

Source 2: 

• https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/apollo/frame/?AS07-07-1738 
  

Source 3:

•  https://nara.getarchive.net/media/as07-07-1738-apollo-7-apollo-7-mission-gardiners-pinnacles-9838fd
  
  

Guys I discovered this UFO back in 2013 and NASA used my website to edit it out by 2015. Now I have found that in the US National Archives...they have accidentally saved the original Apollo 7 photo with the UFO in it! 

This is 100% proof that NASA used my discoveries and used photo editing software to edit out the UFO and then add a lot of contrast to the original photo to cover up most the detail. Then to top it off, they no longer have the largest 5mb size to download, but instead have only a tiny thumbnail of about 200kb in size. Its reduced size and quality has destroyed its usefulness. 

NASA has to be stopped. This kind of coverup is very corrupt and deceitful to not only the American public, but the world. The world is angry that China gov began deleting websites and info about coronavirus, but when NASA gets caught doing the same thing on a different subject...will anyone sound the alarm?
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

07-06-2020 om 20:03 geschreven door peter  

Fireflies Seen During Starlink Satellite Release! Same As What John Glenn Saw In Orbit, May 24, 2020, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: May 24, 2020
Location of sighting: SpaceX in earths orbit

I noticed that when SpaceX was releasing some Starlink satellites, multiple white firefly objects flew past in the upper left hand corner of the screen. I heard about such objects from an old report from Astronaut John Glenn when he was orbiting earth for the first time in history, these small white fluttering glowing objects flew around his module and even landed on it. He hit the inside of the hull and they flew off in mass and flew away. He called them fireflies. I believe this is what SpaceX recorded on May 24, 2020. 

I included John Glenns original raw footage of his report in person below my video. Here his words for yourself and then decide. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

07-06-2020 om 19:56 geschreven door peter  

For more than two decades the infamous Illuminati Card Game, created in 1994 by Steve Jackson and released in 1995, has been proven to be a remarkably accurate when it comes to the prediction for future events.

The card game has ominous secret societies competing with each other to control the world through sinister means, including legal, illegal, and even mystical and coincidence or not but it shows many images of disasters and events that have a global impact on humanity which actually took place after 1995.

You will be surprised to learn how many of the recent events of our society are designed to enhance the new global dictatorship.

So let's start with first and second card card: Epidemic/Quarantine and Disease control

 

Card 1 - Epidemic:

This is an attack to destroy any place. It does not require an action. this is Not an instant attack, other groups can interfere normally. If the attack succeeds, the target is Devastated. This attack cannot actually destroy the target.

Card 2 - Disease control:

As its action, the CDC can supply Relief to one Devastated location each turn. If the CDC makes a direct attack to destroy a place, it can use biological warfare and get a +15 to its attack. If the attack fails, the CDC is automatically destroyed by the owner of the place that it attacked.

Card 3 - Market Manipulation 

 

The Stock Market is being manipulated. New World Order planners definitely have a global economic collapse planned. 

They began to plan to first build up the economy and then tear it down in order to so panic the people that they will accept the new rules of the New World Order.

You see, before the accumulated debts of consumers and nations gets to the point of absolute collapse, 

Card 4 and 5 - Emergency Powers and Upheaval

 

• Card 4 - Emergency Powers:

This card may be played at any time and counts as the action for the groups it affects. the increased power takes effect immediately. The Power for one Government group is increased to 6. Link this card to your chosen Government group.

Note the low-ranking soldier in this picture is roughly handling a dark-skinned minority person.

• Card 5 - Upheaval:

Worldwide riots continue for a third week, with no sign of abatement... Each player must choose one group from his Power Structure and discard it. These do not count as “destroyed” for anyone’s victory conditions.

We see that these cards immediately increases government control and power. As the pictures clearly indicate, these Emergency Powers are conceived to be imposed by government agencies.

And finally Card 6 - Death Mask 

 

Whoever wears it can a slightly different world through its staring eye-holes... and when the mask is removed the different world is the true one.

Link to the full set of cards: 

• Illuminati Card Game

Learn more about the Illuminati Card Game at: 

https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabadcompound/

06/0656E0017C5A226C916B973129795A83_Smoking.Gun.Proof.-.

Illuminati.Planned.to.Bring.Down.Our.Culture..3.of.5.pdf

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

07-06-2020 om 19:42 geschreven door peter  

Woman Catches UFO During Sunset Over SW Wales, England, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: May 2020

Location of sighting: Gloucestershire, SW Wales, England

News source: 

• https://www.swindonadvertiser.co.uk/news/18491349.gloucestershire-woman-thinks-snapped-ufo-phone/

This is a great example of a UFO being caught during sunset. As I have said before, if you watch 10 sunsets, you will see 2 or more UFOs. For some reason the angle of the person, combined with the angle of the setting sun both intersect the UFO and cause the cloak to fail, allowing onlookers to see the UFO from a few seconds to a few minutes. Awesome catch and amazing. Notice that the enlarged screenshot with added darkness shows the incredible detail. The UFO is not solid, but creating puffs of clouds all around it to try to hide within. The UFO was caught making a cloud cloak.  

Scott C. Waring 

News states: 

Was that what happened to Daphne Denley last month as she marvelled at a picture-perfect Gloucestershire landscape? She claims to have photographed an unidentified flying object - UFO - as she snapped the setting sun. Daphne admitted the tale sounded "bonkers". She told the Adver's sister paper the Stroud News and Journal that she had been using her camera to photograph a stunning sunset over Rodborough, near Stroud, on May 17. When she looked at the images she spotted the unexplained object.

Above is original enlarged but untouched screenshot. Below is a added darkness to bring out the detail screenshot. 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

07-06-2020 om 18:13 geschreven door peter  

Woman Catches a UFO in Rodborough

Daphne Denley claimed to have snapped an unidentified flying object (UFO) as she photographed the setting sun.

She had been using her camera to get pictures of a fantastic sunset over Rodborough, on Sunday, May 17. When she looked at the images of the sunset, she noticed the mysterious thing.

You have to spot it to believe it, according to Daphne.

She initially thought of a flash on her camera or street lighting. However, when he looked at the details of the photo, her camera flash was off, and no street lighting on the area of the incident the next night

She may sound bonkers but these things don’t happen much, or do they?

Lately, there have been more people looking at the sky while staying inside their residence as a result of coronavirus, clear sky, and many of the Starlink satellites launched by SpaceX.

Do you think the bright thing in the photo is a UFO? Let us know in the comment section.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

07-06-2020 om 18:00 geschreven door peter  

Exogenesis: Hybrid Humans, a Scientific History of ET Genetic Manipulation, Bruce Fenton

Exogenesis: the hypothesis that life originated elsewhere in the universe and was spread to Earth.

Exogenesis: Hybrid Humans offers a deep dive into the strongest ever scientific evidence that supports the popular belief that Earth has been visited in prehistory, but goes even further, concluding that there is also compelling evidence of alien involvement with the human genome. The broader history of possible extraterrestrial contact is explored alongside a look at current events in the subject of alien disclosure with the result of highlighting evidence of a contact continuum that has continued since the dawn of humanity. The data brought together suggests that the next stage in human evolution may involve the manifestation of full open contact with the visitors in our lifetimes.

Exogenesis: Hybrid Humans explores:

• An ancient sacred Aboriginal artifact
• Wreckage from a huge colony ship gets identified along with associated NASA studies concluding it is a material found in only one place on Earth
• Genetic engineering of Homo sapiens from an early hominin species is confirmed with a lengthy list of DNA anomalies only explainable by humans being an alien ‘hybrid’ creation
• The recent NASA sea change with certain academics calling for serious study of UFOs and other anomalous phenomena
• The theory that an extraterrestrial modified retrovirus was used to deliver some of the genetic information into the upgraded humans

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

07-06-2020 om 01:29 geschreven door peter  

UFO Videos From 2020

Are you curious about upcoming UFO videos from 2020? Do you want to learn more about when the next one is going to be appearing? Well, if you are not a member of an online UFO channel, then you can definitely join one so that you can get access to all of these latest announcements and UFO videos from this year. The information that you will be receiving from your membership will include upcoming appearances by these UFO videos from this year.

The best thing about joining up with an online UFO channel is that they can provide you with details on all of the exciting new developments that you can expect in the field of UFO research. They can also give you details on the videos that they will be showing this year as well as all of the features that they are going to have to offer on their website.

Some of the videos that they will be showing in the next few months include the ones from the National Geographic channel that will be highlighting the research that they have done about extraterrestrial life and contact with other civilizations. Also, there will be a video from the Discovery Channel that will focus on some of the latest discoveries that are being made about strange lights in the sky.

The videos that will be coming from the History Channel will also focus on the videos that they have available on the Roswell incident from the year 1947. They will also have video segments where they will be interviewing people about the new technology that they have discovered in the past few years. They will also be talking about all of the UFO videos that they have obtained that were released in the past few years.

If you are a fan of science fiction, then you are going to be very excited to see a video segment from the UFOCenter channel that is going to be focused on some of the videos that they have released for the past several years. You will also be able to see a new video segment from the Sci-Fi channel that is going to be focusing on some of the upcoming features that they are going to be presenting on the topic of the UFO phenomenon.

Finally, there are many more videos that they are going to be presenting as they continue to explore the topic of UFOs. These UFO videos from the following years that they are going to be releasing include the ones from the Discovery Channel, the National Geographic channel, and the History Channel.

With all of the information that you are going to be receiving about these upcoming UFO videos from this year, you will no doubt be looking forward to some of the videos that they are going to be publishing in the near future. When it comes to finding out what you will be seeing and hearing from these videos, you can be sure that you are going to be getting the most comprehensive information when it comes to these videos that you are going to be watching.

This will give you the opportunity to gain insight into the world of UFO technology and the subjects that are being covered by the videos that you will be receiving from these channels. Take some time and look over all of the videos that they have and consider signing up for an online UFO channel that will give you all of the information that you are looking for.

Source: 

• http://footageofufos.com/2020/06/ufo-videos-from-2020-11/µ

Videos, selected by peter2011

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

07-06-2020 om 00:54 geschreven door peter  

07-06-2020 om 00:30 geschreven door peter  

A Lost World of Giants... A World-Wide Phenomena With Brad Olsen

Beyond Belief TV Series Special…Habitable life on this planet is far older than scientific cred-it is given and the research of Brad Olsen reveals that hominid life is far more diverse than anyone could have ever imagined. Legends of peoples great and small permeate every culture throughout the world. Teams of archaeologists and anthropologists have made amazing finds which substantiate the truth to such legends.

But to protect the accepted narrative of mainstream science, these findings have been quickly swept away and kept out of the inquisitive eye of the public. With the stirrings in Antarctica becoming more well-known, these secrets may not remain hidden for much longer.

Brad Olsen is the author of nine books, including two in his Esoteric Series: “Modern Esoter-ic” and “Future Esoteric.” An award-winning author, public speaker, radio show host of “The Esoteric Circle,” book publisher and event producer, his keynote presentations and interviews have enlightened audiences at convention all over the world.

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

07-06-2020 om 00:10 geschreven door peter  

It’s pretty clear that humans can have doppelgangers – other persons who look exactly like them, whether in the present or the past – but can galaxies? Astronomers studying fast radio bursts (what astronomer ISN’T studying fast radio bursts these days) hit a quintuple whammy recently when they traced four sets of fast radio burst back to the exact galaxies they were emitted from. And the fifth whammy came from follow-up observations which determined that these galaxies are doppelgangers of the Milky Way. Working its way up to whammy status is the last observation – while they can’t determine the exact cause of these FRBs, they’ve eliminated supermassive black holes – the generally accepted origin theory. That leaves … doppelganger aliens?

“Just like doing video calls with colleagues shows you their homes and gives you a bit of an insight into their lives, looking into the host galaxies of fast radio bursts gives us insights to their origins.”

Who knew we’d someday be Zooming with aliens — or at least with their galaxies? Dr. Shivani Bhandari, an astronomer with Australia’s national science agency (CSIRO) and lead author of a study published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, explains in a CSIRO press release that this astronomical breakthrough comes from using a specially designed transient detector on CSIRO’s ASKAP radio telescope in Western Australia. Not only did this telescope follow the trail back to the exact galaxies of four fast radio bursts, it was even able to determine where in the galaxies the signal source was located.

I’m listening.

“These precisely localized fast radio bursts came from the outskirts of their home galaxies, removing the possibility that they have anything to do with supermassive black holes.”

OK, not from supermassive, galaxy-central black holes. Aliens? Co-author CSIRO Professor Elaine Sadler thinks they might be coming from merging or colliding white dwarfs (small, dense stars) or neutron stars (collapsed stars that were too small to form a black hole) or magnetars (neutron stars with strong magnetic fields).

It sounds like the number of possible causes is expanding. However, Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell, who in 1967 was the first to detect the rapidly spinning neutron stars we now know as ‘pulsars’ (you have to admit, that’s pretty impressive – she should have gotten the Nobel Prize but at least she’s a Dame) had this to say:

“Positioning the sources of fast radio bursts is a huge technical achievement and moves the field on enormously. We may not yet be clear exactly what is going on, but now, at last, options are being ruled out.”

Try again … we dropped the signal

But not aliens … at least, not yet. Fast radio bursts continue to be one of the greatest and most mysterious discoveries of our time. The rapid pace of new discoveries as a result makes this an exciting time – a time that gives hope we may soon replace “I Want to Believe” memes with “I Believe!” facts.

Who knows? You just might have a doppelganger in another galaxy thinking the same thing.

Soon after the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope pinpointed a fast radio burst, named FRB 181112, ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) took this image and other data to determine the distance to its host galaxy (FRB 181112 location indicated by the white ellipses). The analysis of these data revealed that the radio pulses have passed through the halo of a massive galaxy (at the top of the image) on their way toward Earth. 

 ESO/X. PROCHASKA ET AL.

CSIRO’s ASKAP radio telescope in Western Australia detected the precise location of four fast radio ... [+]

CSIRO/SAM MOORFIELD

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

07-06-2020 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

The drones that flock like BIRDS: Robots fly in formation and navigate without being remotely controlled

• Scientists in Budapest created the first 'flock' of flying robots
  
• The collection of 10 copters can fly in formation, follow a leader and change flight patterns without human input
• They navigate using signals from GPS receivers and let each other know their positions via radio
• Experts predict that swarms of surveillance drones could be used soon

By SARAH GRIFFITHS

Flying robots that can ‘think’ for themselves are already being developed, which some people fear will be able to snoop on and attack people living below.

And now a team of Hungarian scientists have managed to engineer the first ‘flock’ of drones that can fly as a coordinated group.

The collection of 10 copters can fly in formation, follow a leader and change flight patterns without human input, to act a little like migratory birds.

Scroll down for video

High flyers: A team of Hungarian scientists have managed to engineer the first 'flock' of drones that can fly as a coordinated group (pictured). The collection of 10 copters can fly in formation, follow a leader and change flight patterns without human input

The drones are commercially available quadcopters – with four rotor blades – but have specially designed hardware on board that allow them to act as a swarm.

Created by scientists at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, the drones navigate using signals from GPS receivers and let each other know their positions via radio, Nature reported.

The researchers' breakthrough could mean that flocks of autonomous flying robots could take to the skies sooner than previously thought.

Experts created their own computer simulation after fitting tiny GPS trackers to pigeons (stock image pictured) to see how the birds fly as a flock and used the knowledge to inform the behaviour of their drones

Tamás Vicsek, a physics professor at the university, explained that the group of 10 drones can coordinate their movements to form circles or lines, which could be useful if one day the technology is used to create swarms of surveillance drones.

He and his team was inspired to create the robots after seeing a 1986 computer game called Boids that simulated flying objects according to three rules – alignment, attraction and repulsion - so that robots could fly in formation without crashing into each other.

The scientists created their own computer simulation (pictured) after fitting tiny GPS trackers to pigeons. While some people might fear that swarms of thinking drones could prove a surveillance menace, the scientists said they could be used for many peaceful applications, such as delivering food

‘We fed flocking algorithms to them so the copters can fly autonomously – totally eliminating the need for manual control,’ Professor Vicsek said.

‘Each has a little brain in the form of an on-board computer and is completely autonomous. All decisions, directions, flight positions are decided by them,’ he explained.

The drones can be instructed to form a circle and they each find a position along it and rotate slowly in the same direction. Their autonomous decisions avoid collisions in the air.

The group of 10 drones can coordinate their movements to form circles (pictured) or lines, which could be useful if one day the technology is used to create swarms of surveillance drones

The researchers had to overcome the challenges of noise and delay, which it hard for copters to ‘see’ each other’s positions and sped up their reaction times. They plan on replacing radio signals with cameras to help the drones ‘see’ one another more easily in the future.

They will present their research at the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, to be held in Chicago, Illinois in September.

Commenting on the study, Iain Couzin, an expert on collective animal behaviour at Princeton University in New Jersey, told Nature: ‘This is remarkable work. It is the first outdoor demonstration of how biologically inspired rules can be used to create resilient yet dynamic flocks.’

The research suggests that ‘we will be able to achieve large, coordinated robot flocks much sooner than many would have anticipated,’ he added.

Videos, selected by peter2011

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

06-06-2020 om 23:39 geschreven door peter  

Does This Image Show The Colorado Mystery Drone Swarm? (UPDATE: It Doesn't)

The image, obtained from the FAA, supposedly shows a formation of craft above Nebraska, but it actually does not. 

06-06-2020 om 23:15 geschreven door peter  

Visit the Milky Way's supermassive black hole with 'Galactic Center VR' visualization (video)

06-06-2020 om 22:41 geschreven door peter  

The 'mole' on Mars is finally underground after a push from NASA's InSight lander

By Meghan Bartels 

But can it still dig?

An image taken on June 3, 2020, shows the arm of the InSight lander gently pushing the heat probe into Mars.

(Image: © NASA/JPL-Caltech)

There's a light at the end of the tunnel for the first mole to burrow into the surface of Mars, scientists hope.

Not a furry mole, of course; the term is the nickname for the instrument formally known as the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package on board NASA's InSight lander mission. The lander, which touched down on Mars in November 2018, is designed to give scientists a look inside the Red Planet and gather data to help them understand its geology and internal structure. The mole is one of the lander's three key tools to accomplish that — but for more than a year, mission personnel have struggled to deploy it.

But after serious challenges, the mole has finally reached a new milestone. "After several assists from my robotic arm, the mole appears to be underground," the official Twitter account for the mission wrote yesterday (June 3). "It's been a real challenge troubleshooting from millions of miles away. We still need to see if the mole can dig on its own."

• Related: NASA's InSight Mars lander 'hears' Martian wind, a cosmic first

The mole consists of a drillbit-like assembly full of heat sensors that are attached to the main body of the lander by a taillike tether. The instrument is designed to hammer itself up to 16 feet (5 meters) into the Martian surface near InSight's home in a region called Elysium Planitia. The idea is that as it burrows down, the mole's temperature sensors will study the rock it digs through and evaluate how energy moves out from the planet's core.

It's a completely new type of instrument for Mars but, although the team tested it extensively in chambers of dirt on Earth, such analogs can never precisely match circumstances on the Red Planet. And so, just about as soon as the mole set out on its Martian dig, it struggled, getting stuck or backing out. Since then, InSight personnel have tried a range of tactics to get the mole digging successfully, running into obstacles every time.

The most recent technique involved using an arm on the lander to gently push the end of the mole as it dug to keep the probe from bouncing out. That's a delicate proposition since the InSight team needed to be careful to not damage the tether connecting the mole to the lander.

NASA InSight

✔@NASAInSight

After several assists from my robotic arm, the mole appears to be underground. It’s been a real challenge troubleshooting from millions of miles away. We still need to see if the mole can dig on its own. More from our @DLR_en partners: http://bit.ly/3gSvB38  #SaveTheMole

https://twitter.com/i/status/1268208324261982208

• 10.3K

5:50 PM - Jun 3, 2020

Twitter Ads info and privacy

• 1,600 people are talking about this

But according to a new blog post from Tilman Spohn, the German space agency scientist leading the mole team, this technique finally yielded some progress. The mole is now nearly entirely buried in the Martian soil, he wrote, with the scoop at the end of the lander arm near the surface. All told, that means the mole has moved about 2.8 inches (7 centimeters) into the rock between March 11 and May 30.

(Because the mission's instruments were supposed to be fully deployed by now and project personnel have other work to complete, the lander can only work on the mole problem once a week, slowing progress further, Spohn wrote.)

Next will come what the team calls the "free-mole" test, as the instrument progresses deeper than the lander's arm can assist. From now on, the mole will have to make its own way; whether it can likely depends on how much traction it can find in the column of dust and rock surrounding it.

However, external forces may soon interfere with the mole campaign, according to the blog post. "Winter is approaching on Mars' northern hemisphere and dust storm season will begin soon," Spohn wrote. "The atmosphere is already getting dustier and the power generated by the solar panels is decreasing. This may affect our ability to performing energy consuming operations with the arm in the near future. Stay tuned and keep your fingers crossed."

•  Mars InSight in photos: NASA's mission to probe core of the Red Planet 
•  Journey to the center of the Red Planet: NASA's InSight lander to reveal the secrets inside Mars 
•  Robot 'mole' on Mars begins digging into Red Planet this week 

Email Meghan Bartels at mbartels@space.com or follow her @meghanbartels.

Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook. 

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Die Bewegungen des Maulwurfs zwischen Sol 308 und Sol 318

{ https://www.space.com/ }

06-06-2020 om 22:13 geschreven door peter  

Diligence, technological progress and a little luck have together solved a 20 year mystery of the cosmos.

Image via CSIRO/ Alex Cherney/ The Conversation.

By J. Xavier Prochaska, University of California, Santa Cruz and Jean-Pierre Macquart, Curtin University

In the late 1990s, cosmologists made a prediction about how much ordinary matter there should be in the universe. About 5%, they estimated, should be regular stuff with the rest a mixture of dark matter and dark energy. But when cosmologists counted up everything they could see or measure at the time, they came up short. By a lot.

The sum of all the ordinary matter that cosmologists measured only added up to about half of the 5% what was supposed to be in the universe.

This is known as the “missing baryon problem” and for over 20 years, cosmologists (like us) looked hard for this matter without success.

It took the discovery of a new celestial phenomenon and entirely new telescope technology, but earlier this year, our team finally found the missing matter.

Origin of the problem

Baryon is a classification for types of particles – sort of an umbrella term – that encompasses protons and neutrons, the building blocks of all the ordinary matter in the universe. Everything on the periodic table and pretty much anything that you think of as “stuff” is made of baryons.

Since the late 1970s, cosmologists have suspected that dark matter – an as of yet unknown type of matter that must exist to explain the gravitational patterns in space – makes up most of the matter of the universe with the rest being baryonic matter, but they didn’t know the exact ratios. In 1997, three scientists from the University of California, San Diego, used the ratio of heavy hydrogen nuclei – hydrogen with an extra neutron – to normal hydrogen to estimate that baryons should make up about 5% of the mass-energy budget of the universe.

Yet while the ink was still drying on the publication, another trio of cosmologists raised a bright red flag. They reported that a direct measure of baryons in our present universe – determined through a census of stars, galaxies, and the gas within and around them – added up to only half of the predicted 5%.

This sparked the missing baryon problem. Provided the law of nature held that matter can be neither created nor destroyed, there were two possible explanations: Either the matter didn’t exist and the math was wrong, or, the matter was out there hiding somewhere.

Remnants of the conditions in the early universe, like cosmic microwave background radiation, gave scientists a precise measure of the unverse’s mass in baryons.

Image via NASA.

Unsuccessful search

Astronomers across the globe took up the search and the first clue came a year later from theoretical cosmologists. Their computer simulations predicted that the majority of the missing matter was hiding in a low-density, million-degree hot plasma that permeated the universe. This was termed the “warm-hot intergalactic medium” and nicknamed “the WHIM.” The WHIM, if it existed, would solve the missing baryon problem but at the time there was no way to confirm its existence.

In 2001, another piece of evidence in favor of the WHIM emerged. A second team confirmed the initial prediction of baryons making up 5% of the universe by looking at tiny temperature fluctuations in the universe’s cosmic microwave background – essentially the leftover radiation from the Big Bang. With two separate confirmations of this number, the math had to be right and the WHIM seemed to be the answer. Now cosmologists just had to find this invisible plasma.

Over the past 20 years, we and many other teams of cosmologists and astronomers have brought nearly all of the Earth’s greatest observatories to the hunt. There were some false alarms and tentative detections of warm-hot gas, but one of our teams eventually linked those to gas around galaxies. If the WHIM existed, it was too faint and diffuse to detect.

The red circle marks the exact spot that produced a fast radio burst in a galaxy billions of light-years away.

Image via J. Xavier Prochaska (UC Santa Cruz)/ Jay Chittidi (Maria Mitchell Observatory)/ Alexandra Mannings (UC Santa Cruz).

An unexpected solution in fast radio bursts

In 2007, an entirely unanticipated opportunity appeared. Duncan Lorimer, an astronomer at the University of West Virginia, reported the serendipitous discovery of a cosmological phenomenon known as a fast radio burst (FRB). FRBs are extremely brief, highly energetic pulses of radio emissions. Cosmologists and astronomers still don’t know what creates them, but they seem to come from galaxies far, far away.

As these bursts of radiation traverse the universe and pass through gases and the theorized WHIM, they undergo something called dispersion.

The initial mysterious cause of these FRBs lasts for less a thousandth of a second and all the wavelengths start out in a tight clump. If someone was lucky enough – or unlucky enough – to be near the spot where an FRB was produced, all the wavelengths would hit them simultaneously.

But when radio waves pass through matter, they are briefly slowed down. The longer the wavelength, the more a radio wave “feels” the matter. Think of it like wind resistance. A bigger car feels more wind resistance than a smaller car.

The “wind resistance” effect on radio waves is incredibly small, but space is big. By the time an FRB has traveled millions or billions of light-years to reach Earth, dispersion has slowed the longer wavelengths so much that they arrive nearly a second later than the shorter wavelengths.

Fast radio bursts originate from galaxies millions and billions of light-years away and that distance is one of the reasons we can use them to find the missing baryons.

Image via ICRAR.

Therein lay the potential of FRBs to weigh the universe’s baryons, an opportunity we recognized on the spot. By measuring the spread of different wavelengths within one FRB, we could calculate exactly how much matter – how many baryons – the radio waves passed through on their way to Earth.

At this point we were so close, but there was one final piece of information we needed. To precisely measure the baryon density, we needed to know where in the sky an FRB came from. If we knew the source galaxy, we would know how far the radio waves traveled. With that and the amount of dispersion they experienced, perhaps we could calculate how much matter they passed through on the way to Earth?

Unfortunately, the telescopes in 2007 weren’t good enough to pinpoint exactly which galaxy – and therefore how far away – an FRB came from.

We knew what information would allow us to solve the problem, now we just had to wait for technology to develop enough to give us that data.

Technical innovation

It was 11 years until we were able to place – or localize – our first FRB. In August 2018, our collaborative project called CRAFT began using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope in the outback of Western Australia to look for FRBs. This new telescope – which is run by Australia’s national science agency, CSIRO – can watch huge portions of the sky, about 60 times the size of a full moon, and it can simultaneously detect FRBs and pinpoint where in the sky they come from.

ASKAP captured its first FRB one month later. Once we knew the precise part of the sky the radio waves came from, we quickly used the Keck telescope in Hawaii to identify which galaxy the FRB came from and how far away that galaxy was. The first FRB we detected came from a galaxy named DES J214425.25–405400.81 that is about 4 billion light-years away from Earth, in case you were wondering.

The technology and technique worked. We had measured the dispersion from an FRB and knew where it came from. But we needed to catch a few more of them in order to attain a statistically significant count of the baryons. So we waited and hoped space would send us some more FRBs.

By mid-July 2019, we had detected five more events, enough to perform the first search for the missing matter. Using the dispersion measures of these six FRBs, we were able to make a rough calculation of how much matter the radio waves passed through before reaching Earth.

We were overcome by both amazement and reassurance the moment we saw the data fall right on the curve predicted by the 5% estimate. We had detected the missing baryons in full, solving this cosmological riddle and putting to rest two decades of searching.

Sketch of the dispersion measure relation measured from FRBs (points) compared to the prediction from cosmology (black curve). The excellent correspondence confirms the detection of all the missing matter.

Image via Hannah Bish (University of Washington).

This result, however, is only the first step. We were able to estimate the amount of baryons, but with only six data points, we can’t yet build a comprehensive map of the missing baryons. We have proof the WHIM likely exists and have confirmed how much there is, but we don’t know exactly how it is distributed. It is believed to be part of a vast filamentary network of gas that connects galaxies termed “the cosmic web,” but with about 100 fast radio bursts cosmologists could start building an accurate map of this web.

J. Xavier Prochaska, Professor of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz and Jean-Pierre Macquart, Associate Professor of Astrophysics, Curtin University

• This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
• Bottom line: Half the matter in the universe was missing. Researchers say they have found it hiding in the cosmos.

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

06-06-2020 om 20:59 geschreven door peter  

Artist’s concept of the fiery meteor that struck Earth 66 million years ago, bringing the age of dinosaurs to an end.

Image via Imperial College London.

New computer simulations by an international team of researchers suggest the asteroid that doomed the dinosaurs, 66 million years ago, struck Earth at the “deadliest possible” angle. That is, these researchers say, it struck at an angle of about 60 degrees, thereby maximizing the amount of climate-changing gases thrust into the upper atmosphere. Such a strike would have unleashed billions of tons of sulphur into the air, blocking the sun, and triggering a nuclear winter that killed the dinosaurs and 75 percent of life on Earth at the time.

• All of this is according to a study published May 26, 2020 in the peer-reviewed journal Nature Communications,

The – from Imperial College London, the University of Freiburg, and the University of Texas at Austin – examined the shape and subsurface structure of the Chicxulub meteorite crater in what’s now Mexico. Afterwards, they used that geophysical data to create computer models of the event. Their computer simulations helped them diagnose the impact angle and direction of the incoming meteor. They said in a statement that the new models are:

… the first ever fully 3D simulations to reproduce the whole event, from the initial impact to the moment the final crater.

Gareth Collins, of Imperial College London is the new work’s lead author. Collins said:

For the dinosaurs, the worst-case scenario is exactly what happened. The asteroid strike unleashed an incredible amount of climate-changing gases into the atmosphere, triggering a chain of events that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs. This was likely worsened by the fact that it struck at one of the deadliest possible angles.

Our simulations provide compelling evidence that the asteroid struck at a steep angle, perhaps 60 degrees above the horizon, and approached its target from the north-east. We know that this was among the worst-case scenarios for the lethality on impact, because it put more hazardous debris into the upper atmosphere and scattered it everywhere – the very thing that led to a nuclear winter.

Gravity map showing asymmetries in the Chicxulub crater reflect the asteroid’s impact angle. 

Read more about this map.

Image via University College London.

The upper layers of earth around the Chicxulub crater contain high amounts of water as well as porous carbonate and evaporite rocks. When heated and disturbed by the impact, these rocks would have decomposed, says the study, flinging vast amounts of carbon dioxide, sulphur and water vapor into the atmosphere. According to the research:

The sulphur would have been particularly hazardous as it rapidly forms aerosols – tiny particles that would have blocked the sun’s rays, halting photosynthesis in plants and rapidly cooling the climate. This eventually contributed to the mass extinction event that killed 75 per cent of life on Earth.

It turns out that an impact angle of about 60 degrees is ideal for hurling as much vapour into the air as possible, Collins told New Scientist. If the asteroid ha came in from straight overhead, he said, the asteroid would have smashed up more rock but not sent as much into the atmosphere, and if it was more of a glancing blow, less rock would have been vaporized.

The analysis by these researchers was also informed by recent results from drilling into the 125 mile (200 km) wide crater, which brought up rocks containing evidence of the extreme forces generated by the impact. Read about how the scientists conducted the study here.

• Bottom line: A new study suggests that the asteroid that doomed the dinosaurs struck Earth at an angle of about 60 degrees, which maximized the amount of climate-changing gases thrust into the upper atmosphere.
• Source: A steeply-inclined trajectory for the Chicxulub impact
• Via Imperial College London

Videos, selected by peter2011

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

06-06-2020 om 20:18 geschreven door peter  

Researchers at the University of Geneva have confirmed the existence of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our sun.

View larger. | Artist’s concept of what Proxima Centauri b could look like on the surface.

Image via ESO/ M. Kornmesser/ UNIGE.

Four years ago, scientists made one of the most exciting exoplanet discoveries so far, a rocky planet similar in size to Earth orbiting the nearest star to the sun, Proxima Centauri. While the detection seemed solid, more confirmation is always good, and now the ESPRESSO  spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile has provided that extra and more detailed confirmation. The news was announced by the University of Geneva (UNIGE) on May 28, 2020.

The new planet is called Proxima Centauri b.

A new paper about it was submitted to the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics on May 25, 2020.

In the past several years, astronomers have found a large and growing number of Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting distant stars. Some are in the habitable zones of their stars, where temperatures might allow liquid water to exist on their surfaces. That is exciting in itself, but Proxima Centauri b is of particular interest since it’s orbiting the closest star to our sun, only 4.2 light-years away.

Its confirmation underscores current findings that such worlds are common in our galaxy.

Proxima Centauri b is very similar in size to Earth, with a mass of 1.17 Earth masses. It orbits its star in only 11.2 days, in contrast to our Earth’s year-long orbit around our sun. That means Proxima Centauri b is a lot closer to its star than Earth is to the sun. But, because the star is a red dwarf – much smaller and cooler than our sun – its orbit is indeed within the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri. Interestingly, Proxima Centauri b receives about the same amount of solar energy from its star that Earth does from our sun.

Relative star sizes and photospheric temperatures. Any planet around a red dwarf, such as the one shown here (Gliese 229A), would have to huddle close – as Proxima Centauri b does – to achieve Earth-like temperatures.

Image via MPIA/ V. Joergens/ Wikimedia Commons.

So, theoretically, Proxima Centauri b could have water on its surface. It could be habitable, but, of course, we don’t yet know all the details about habitability for exoworlds. We do know that many factors affect a planet’s habitability, such as temperature, composition of the planet and atmosphere, water (or lack of) and radiation from its sun. Red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri are known to emit flares, and these flares make habitability for red dwarf exoplanets even more complex and interesting.

Astronomers first found Proxima Centauri b in 2016, using an older spectrograph called HARPS. The newer spectrograph, ESPRESSO – said to be “the most accurate in the world” – was able to conduct radial velocity measurements on Proxima Centauri that are the most precise to date. A total of 63 spectroscopic observations of Proxima Centauri were acquired by ESPRESSO in 2019. Francesco Pepe at UNIGE, the scientist in charge of ESPRESSO, said in a statement:

We were already very happy with the performance of HARPS, which has been responsible for discovering hundreds of exoplanets over the last 17 years. We’re really pleased that ESPRESSO can produce even better measurements, and it’s gratifying and just reward for the teamwork lasting nearly 10 years.

Depiction of the orbital phase of Proxima Centauri b in days.

Image via UNIGE.

The lead author of the new study, Alejandro Suarez Mascareño,  added:

Confirming the existence of Proxima b was an important task, and it’s one of the most interesting planets known in the solar neighborhood.

The mass of Proxima b was previously estimated to be 1.3 Earth masses. The accuracy of the new measurement of 1.17 Earth masses is unprecedented, according to Michel Mayor, the “architect” of all ESPRESSO-type instruments:

ESPRESSO has made it possible to measure the mass of the planet with a precision of over one-tenth of the mass of Earth. It’s completely unheard of.

The new confirmation of Proxima Centauri b is exciting, but there may be more surprises in store … there is also possible evidence of another and smaller planet in the newest data. A secondary detection was also made, although it isn’t certain whether it is actually a planet. If it is, it is even smaller than Proxima Centauri b.

The ESPRESSO spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. Image via UNIGE.

Pepe said:

If the signal was planetary in origin, this potential other planet accompanying Proxima Centauri b would have a mass less than one third of the mass of the Earth. It would then be the smallest planet ever measured using the radial velocity method.

If it is a planet, it would be more akin to Mars or Mercury in size and mass – estimated at a minimum Earth mass of 0.29 ± 0.08 – and orbits the star in only 5.15 days. It wouldn’t be too surprising, though, in that low-mass stars like red dwarfs tend to have multiple planets in their systems. More observations will be required to either confirm or refute this possible second planet.

But wait, there’s more! Last January, another research team announced their finding of another possible planet orbiting Proxima Centauri, called Proxima Centauri c. This one is also still just a candidate at this point, but if real, is about six time as massive as Earth. This would make it a super-Earth, planets that are significantly larger and more massive than Earth but smaller and less massive than Neptune. It is estimated to orbit the star every 5.2 years. If both of the new candidates were to be confirmed, that would mean Proxima Centauri would have at least three planets orbiting it!

Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to our sun, although it is actually part of a three-star system including the two stars of Alpha Centauri. They may be the closest stars, but the planets don’t transit in front of Proxima Centauri as seen from Earth, as most exoplanets are found, so astronomers have had to use the radial velocity method to find them, where the planets’ gravity causes a slight wobble in the star’s motion.

While little is known so far about what Proxima Centauri b is actually like, just the fact that it exists around the nearest star to our solar system supports previous research showing that Earth-sized and super-Earth-sized exoplanets are common in our galaxy. That is exciting, and bodes well for the search for life elsewhere.

Alejandro Suarez Mascareño, lead author of the new study.

Image via LinkedIn.

One potential problem though is that red dwarf stars are very energetic and emit dangerous radiation that could strip the atmospheres off of planets that are too close. Whether this is the case for Proxima Centauri b is not known yet. If it does still have a substantial atmosphere, it would be an ideal target for other telescopes to look for possible biomarkers, chemical signatures of life. According to Christophe Lovis at UNIGE:

Is there an atmosphere that protects the planet from these deadly rays? And if this atmosphere exists, does it contain the chemical elements that promote the development of life (oxygen, for example)? How long have these favorable conditions existed? We’re going to tackle all these questions, especially with the help of future instruments like the RISTRETTO spectrometer, which we’re going to build specially to detect the light emitted by Proxima b, and HIRES, which will be installed on the future ELT 39 m giant telescope that the European Southern Observatory (ESO) is building in Chile.

The confirmation of Proxima Centauri b – now the nearest confirmed exoworld – is exciting. Its potential habitability and close proximity to our own solar system give us something to think about. It’s another big step towards finding an inhabited world beyond Earth.

Artist’s concept of Proxima Centauri b, an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the nearest star to our sun, Proxima Centauri.

Image via ESO/ M. Kornmesser/ Wikipedia.

• Bottom line: Researchers have confirmed the existence of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the nearest star to our sun, Proxima Centauri.
• Source: Revisiting Proxima with ESPRESSO
• Via University of Geneva

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

06-06-2020 om 19:33 geschreven door peter  

Phantom Boats Drawing 'GPS Crop Circles' Keep Appearing Off the Coast of San Francisco

06-06-2020 om 18:48 geschreven door peter  

VIDEOS of GLOWING SPHERES hovering over Brazil light up UFO theories online

© Twitter/ courtesy of @andredimauro

{ https://www.rt.com/news/ }

06-06-2020 om 18:34 geschreven door peter  

Three UFOs Near Space Station, Official European Space Agency Photo! UFO Sighting News.

Location of sighting: Earth orbit at space station
Source photo: 

• http://www.esa.int/images/s119e010500,5.jpg
  

Check out this incredible photo from the ESA (European Space Agency). The photo shows the space station with the horizon of the earth beginning to light up. However there are also three glowing spacecraft to the far left of the space staton. One of the craft appears in high detail to be  golden disk. The other two craft are golden orbs that are accompanying the disk. Often alien spacecraft have small orbs making orbits around the main craft in order to monitor and more safely travel. Thus they avoid any unexpected problems...like flying into something by accident. This is 100% proof that the ESA is aware of aliens near our space station and that they record them in their archives. However this photo seems to have been released to the public by accident. 
Scott C. Waring 

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

06-06-2020 om 16:46 geschreven door peter