Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
10-06-2020
The Milky Way’s giant gas bubbles were seen in visible light for the first time
The Milky Way’s giant gas bubbles were seen in visible light for the first time
The new technique could map the velocity of gas in the towering structures called Fermi bubbles
Giant bubbles of expanding gas that surround the Milky Way have been seen in visible light for the first time. The gas’s motion shifts the light’s wavelength, as depicted in this illustration. Emission from gas moving toward the solar system (bright spot at middle right) appears slightly bluer, while gas moving away appears redder.
Mysterious cosmic bubbles are being seen in a new light.
For the first time, scientists have observed visible light from the Fermi bubbles, enormous blobs of gas that sandwich the plane of the Milky Way galaxy. The newly spotted glow was emitted by hydrogen gas that was electrically charged, or ionized, within the bubbles. Astronomer Dhanesh Krishnarao of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and colleagues described the finding June 3 in a news conference at the American Astronomical Society virtual meeting and in a paper posted at arXiv.org on May 29.
Fermi Bubbles: Astronomers used the WHAM telescope to measure huge outflows of gas extending from the Milky Way's center known as the Fermi Bubbles. They were able to measure the velocity, density and pressure of the gas for the first time, confirming and extending previous measurements made by using a distant quasar as a light source to look through and measure the gas.
Credit: Dhanesh Krishnarao and NASA
Originally observed in 2010, the bubbles spew high-energy light known as gamma rays. The towering structures, each 25,000 light-years tall, are thought to be relics of an ancient outburst of gas from the galaxy’s center (SN: 11/9/10). But scientists don’t know the source. The outflow could have been the result of the black hole at the center of the galaxy messily gobbling up matter, or emissions caused by bursts of stars forming.
Using the Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper telescope, astronomers have for the first time measured the Fermi Bubbles in the visible light spectrum. The Fermi Bubbles are two enormous outflows of high-energy gas that emanate from the Milky Way and the finding refines our understanding of the properties of these mysterious blobs.
Within the bubbles, gas is expanding outward, its motion altering the apparent wavelength of its light. Material closer to the solar system is traveling toward it, appearing bluer, and more distant gas is moving away, appearing redder. The wavelength shift allowed the researchers to pinpoint the gas’s velocity at one location within the bubbles. Using the Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper telescope, or WHAM, the researchers determined that the gas flowed outward at about 220 kilometers per second. The estimate agreed with an earlier measurement made using ultraviolet light.
By taking measurements in other locations, the researchers hope to more fully map out the velocity of the gas. “What that can tell us is how, over time, the energy output from the Fermi bubbles has changed. That’ll really be able to nail down more about the origin,” Krishnarao said.
The research team from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, UW-Whitewater and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University measured the emission of light from hydrogen and nitrogen in the Fermi Bubbles at the same position as recent ultraviolet absorption measurements made by the Hubble Telescope.
"We combined those two measurements of emission and absorption to estimate the density, pressure and temperature of the ionized gas, and that lets us better understand where this gas is coming from," says Dhanesh Krishnarao, lead author of the new study and an astronomy graduate student at UW-Madison.
The researchers announced their findings June 3 at the 236th meeting of the American Astronomical Society, which was held virtually for the first time since 1899, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Extending 25,000 light years both above and below the center of the Milky Way, the Fermi Bubbles were discovered in 2010 by the Fermi Gamma Ray Telescope. These faint but highly energetic outflows of gas are racing away from the center of the Milky Way at millions of miles per hour. But while the origin of the phenomenon has been inferred to date back several million years ago, the events that produced the bubbles remain a mystery.
Now, with new measurements of the density and pressure of the ionized gas, researchers can test models of the Fermi Bubbles against observations.
"The other significant thing is that we now have the possibility of measuring the density and pressure and the velocity structure in many locations," with the all-sky WHAM telescope, says Bob Benjamin, a professor of astronomy at UW-Whitewater and co-author of the study. "We can do an extensive mapping effort across the Fermi Bubbles above and below the plane of the galaxy to see if the models that people have developed are holding up. Because, unlike the ultraviolet data, we're not limited to just specific lines of sight."
Matt Haffner, professor of physics and astronomy at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and a co-author of the report, says the work demonstrates the usefulness of the WHAM telescope, developed at UW-Madison, to tell us more about the workings of the Milky Way. The central region of our home galaxy has long been difficult to study because of gas blocking out view, but WHAM has provided new opportunities to gather the kind of information we have for distant galaxies.
"There are regions of the galaxy we can target with very sensitive instruments like WHAM to get this kind of new information toward the center that previously we are only able to do in the infrared and radio," says Haffner. "We can make comparisons to other galaxies by making the same kind of measurements towards the center of the Milky Way."
The Osprey backup sample collection site on asteroid Bennu. (Image credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona)
NASA'sOSIRIS-REx spacecraft has taken its closest look yet at a potential sample site on asteroid Bennu.
The probe has been orbiting the asteroid since 2018 and has been preparing to collect a chunk of asteroid rock, which it will bring back to Earth in 2023. OSIRIS-REx is set to take the sample from the site named Nightingale on Oct. 20, 2020, but on May 26 the spacecraft took a dive toward Osprey, the backup sample collection site for the mission. OSIRIS-REx dropped down to just 820 feet (250 meters) above the site, which is the closest the spacecraft has been to Osprey.
During the operation, the probe took 347 images from PolyCam, one of three cameras on the craft, which were stitched together into a mosaic to show the full site. In the mosaic picture, you can see Osprey located in the crater at the bottom of the image, right above the dark spot in the middle of the crater.
The purpose of this swooping maneuver was to provide high-resolution images that the OSIRIS-REx team could use to identify the best areas within Osprey for the spacecraft to take a sample should the procedure at Nightingale not work. Wherever the mission's sample comes from on Bennu the spacecraft will use its robotic arm known as TAGSAM (which stands for the Touch-and-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism). TAGSAM is made up of an 11-foot (3.4-meter) arm with three joints, a sampler head and pressurized nitrogen gas.
To sample Bennu, the spacecraft will descend toward the surface, unfold its arm, and briefly touch the sampler head to the asteroid's surface. The mechanism will release the nitrogen gas, which will rustle material on the asteroid's surface into the sampler head. Lastly, the spacecraft will photograph the sampler head to make sure that it collected enough material. (Scientists are aiming for at least 2.1 ounces, or 60 grams.)
By studying an asteroid like Bennu up close and bringing a piece home, scientists can better understand the early solar system, as such asteroids are remnants from this early cosmic time. In fact, some of the mineral fragments inside of the asteroid could be older than the solar system itself, according to NASA. This particular asteroid is not only especially old, but it's uniquely well-preserved so it could be an incredible resource for studying the formation of our solar system or even the origin of life.
A meteor lit up the night sky over Tennessee and neighboring states late Sunday (June 7), sparking 120 fireball sightings across 12 different states and Canada.
The fireball occurred at 9:42 p.m. EDT (0142 GMT) and blazed a trail over southern Ohio, according to a ground track by the American Meteor Society. It was visible for up to 3.5 seconds from as far south as South Carolina and as far north as Ontario, Canada, AMS reported.
A brilliant fireball lights up the night sky over Knoxville, Tennessee, in this cell phone video captured from a moving vehicle by witness Austin R. at 9:42 p.m. EDT on June 7, 2020 (0142 GMT June 8). (Image credit: Austin R./Amsmeteors.org ()
"Fireball caught over Knoxville, TN last night," AMS representatives wrote on Twitter alongside the video. "This fireball has been [seen] from IL, IN, KY, MD, MI, NC, OH, PA, SC, TN, VA, WV & Ontario!"
The video, which lasts about 2 seconds, was captured by witness Austin R. from a moving vehicle.
We're currently in between major meteor showers at the moment, with the Eta Aquarids of May behind us and August's Perseid meteor display still ahead. But there is still some general meteor activity to look out for. The AMS has a guide of current meteor forecasts from June 6 to June 12 here.
Editor's note:If you captured a photo or video of Sunday night's fireball over the U.S. and would like to share it with Space.com, let us know! Send images and comments in to spacephotos@space.com.
In the late 1990s, cosmologists made a prediction about how much ordinary matter there should be in the universe. About 5%, they estimated, should be regular stuff with the rest a mixture of dark matter and dark energy. But when cosmologists counted up everything they could see or measure at the time, they came up short. By a lot.
The sum of all the ordinary matter that cosmologists measured only added up to about half of the 5% what was supposed to be in the universe.
This is known as the "missing baryon problem" and for over 20 years, cosmologistslike us looked hard for this matter without success.
It took the discovery of a new celestial phenomenon and entirely new telescope technology, but earlier this year, our team finally found the missing matter.
Origin of the problem
Baryon is a classification for types of particles — sort of an umbrella term — that encompasses protons and neutrons, the building blocks of all the ordinary matter in the universe. Everything on the periodic table and pretty much anything that you think of as "stuff" is made of baryons.
Since the late 1970s, cosmologists have suspected that dark matter — an as of yet unknown type of matter that must exist to explain the gravitational patterns in space — makes up most of the matter of the universe with the rest being baryonic matter, but they didn't know the exact ratios. In 1997, three scientists from the University of California, San Diego, used the ratio of heavy hydrogen nuclei — hydrogen with an extra neutron — to normal hydrogen to estimate that baryons should make up about 5% of the mass-energy budget of the universe.
Yet while the ink was still drying on the publication, another trio of cosmologists raised a bright red flag. They reported that a direct measure of baryons in our present universe — determined through a census of stars, galaxies, and the gas within and around them — added up to only half of the predicted 5%.
This sparked the missing baryon problem. Provided the law of nature held that matter can be neither created nor destroyed, there were two possible explanations: Either the matter didn't exist and the math was wrong, or, the matter was out there hiding somewhere.
Remnants of the conditions in the early universe, like cosmic microwave background radiation, gave scientists a precise measure of the unverse's mass in baryons. (Image credit: ESA and the Planck Collaboration)
Unsuccessful search
Astronomers across the globe took up the search and the first clue came a year later from theoretical cosmologists. Their computer simulations predicted that the majority of the missing matter was hiding in a low-density, million-degree hot plasma that permeated the universe. This was termed the "warm-hot intergalactic medium" and nicknamed "the WHIM." The WHIM, if it existed, would solve the missing baryon problem but at the time there was no way to confirm its existence.
In 2001, another piece of evidence in favor of the WHIM emerged. A second team confirmed the initial prediction of baryons making up 5% of the universe by looking at tiny temperature fluctuations in the universe's cosmic microwave background — essentially the leftover radiation from the Big Bang. With two separate confirmations of this number, the math had to be right and the WHIM seemed to be the answer. Now cosmologists just had to find this invisible plasma.
Over the past 20 years, we and many other teams of cosmologists and astronomers have brought nearly all of the Earth's greatest observatories to the hunt. There were some false alarms and tentative detections of warm-hot gas, but one of our teams eventually linked those to gas around galaxies. If the WHIM existed, it was too faint and diffuse to detect.
An unexpected solution in fast radio bursts
Fast radio bursts originate from galaxies millions and billions of light-years away and that distance is one of the reasons we can use them to find the missing baryons. (Image credit: ICRAR, CC BY-SA
In 2007, an entirely unanticipated opportunity appeared. Duncan Lorimer, an astronomer at the University of West Virginia, reported the serendipitous discovery of a cosmological phenomenon known as a fast radio burst (FRB). FRBs are extremely brief, highly energetic pulses of radio emissions. Cosmologists and astronomers still don't know what creates them, but they seem to come from galaxies far, far away.
As these bursts of radiation traverse the universe and pass through gasses and the theorized WHIM, they undergo something called dispersion.
The initial mysterious cause of these FRBs lasts for less a thousandth of a second and all the wavelengths start out in a tight clump. If someone was lucky enough — or unlucky enough — to be near the spot where an FRB was produced, all the wavelengths would hit them simultaneously.
But when radio waves pass through matter, they are briefly slowed down. The longer the wavelength, the more a radio wave "feels" the matter. Think of it like wind resistance. A bigger car feels more wind resistance than a smaller car.
The "wind resistance" effect on radio waves is incredibly small, but space is big. By the time an FRB has traveled millions or billions of light-years to reach Earth, dispersion has slowed the longer wavelengths so much that they arrive nearly a second later than the shorter wavelengths.
Therein lay the potential of FRBs to weigh the universe's baryons, an opportunity we recognized on the spot. By measuring the spread of different wavelengths within one FRB, we could calculate exactly how much matter — how many baryons — the radio waves passed through on their way to Earth.
At this point we were so close, but there was one final piece of information we needed. To precisely measure the baryon density, we needed to know where in the sky an FRB came from. If we knew the source galaxy, we would know how far the radio waves traveled. With that and the amount of dispersion they experienced, perhaps we could calculate how much matter they passed through on the way to Earth?
Unfortunately, the telescopes in 2007 weren't good enough to pinpoint exactly which galaxy — and therefore how far away — an FRB came from.
We knew what information would allow us to solve the problem, now we just had to wait for technology to develop enough to give us that data.
Technical innovation
It was 11 years until we were able to place — or localize — our first FRB. In August 2018, our collaborative project called CRAFT began using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope in the outback of Western Australia to look for FRBs. This new telescope — which is run by Australia's national science agency, CSIRO — can watch huge portions of the sky, about 60 times the size of a full Moon, and it can simultaneously detect FRBs and pinpoint where in the sky they come from.
The technology and technique worked. We had measured the dispersion from an FRB and knew where it came from. But we needed to catch a few more of them in order to attain a statistically significant count of the baryons. So we waited and hoped space would send us some more FRBs.
By mid-July 2019, we had detected five more events — enough to perform the first search for the missing matter. Using the dispersion measures of these six FRBs, we were able to make a rough calculation of how much matter the radio waves passed through before reaching earth.
We were overcome by both amazement and reassurance the moment we saw the data fall right on the curve predicted by the 5% estimate. We had detected the missing baryons in full, solving this cosmological riddle and putting to rest two decades of searching.
This result, however, is only the first step. We were able to estimate the amount of baryons, but with only six data points, we can't yet build a comprehensive map of the missing baryons. We have proof the WHIM likely exists and have confirmed how much there is, but we don't know exactly how it is distributed. It is believed to be part of a vast filamentary network of gas that connects galaxies termed "the cosmic web," but with about 100 fast radio bursts cosmologists could start building an accurate map of this web.
This article was updated to indicate that Australia's national science agency, CSIRO, operates the new telescope.
Military On Alert Due To Another UFO Crash... This Time, Witnesses Got There First!
Military On Alert Due To Another UFO Crash... This Time, Witnesses Got There First!
It seems that extraterrestrial beings from other worlds took great interest in military tests. This interest may have led to the crash and recovery of two strange crafts, in the area. Investigators found beings of non-human characteristics. In addition, materials were found that left the witnesses stunned. Jaime Maussán travels to the places of these crashes to interview the renowned author and researcher Don Schmitt, who interviewed more than 150 direct and 600 indirect witnesses.
Presented by Jaime Maussan
All Content on this channel is fully licensed, and or produced in-house at our studios in UK, Europe and USA.
There have been a number of UFO sightings over the years, and more people are being drawn to this topic. It has become a very hot topic, which seems to be exploding all over the world, where ever there is space. The weather patterns have been shown to have changed, and there is an increased UFO sighting from time to time.
There are many people who are just enjoying the mystery and unexplained incidents that come with this subject. Whether or not it is a normal phenomenon, we do not know. It could be something else.
We are talking about galaxies, stars, and distant remote planets, as well as our own planet. The stars are great for those who want to look at the black hole at the center of the Milky Way. The light, like the light we see in the night sky, comes from these stars. We cannot find out how far away these stars are from us, because there is only one way to find out.
If a scientist found a way to determine the speed at which these stars move, he would have taken the power out of our lights, and none of us would see them at all. We would have no lights, except for the distant ones we see from time to time.
The skies are constantly being raked by UFOs, which has been going on for years. There are dozens of sightings of flying objects happening everyday, even throughout the day, and the governments cannot come up with any answers. There are some of them that we have reports of but cannot figure out what they are.
Maybe we should start with the military. If they can’t find out what they are doing, then how are we supposed to find out? They can not answer our questions, and it has been proven that aliens exist and they are watching us. Is that just some crazy conspiracy theory, or is there evidence of it?
The satellites in space to keep calling the earth, and if they can track their position in space, they can tell us if they are in the sky at all times. This gives us a clear view of these UFOs that are flying in our skies.
We see the strange things over the country and most of the time they don’t know why. Do we, the people, have a piece of the puzzle? I would think that we do, and we have seen a lot of strange things, and it has been confirmed that other nations have the ability to shoot down objects that are UFO’s.
To me, this formation represents the ending of a cycle because of the numerology involved. With this ending comes a decision point on what path to choose next. What do you think?
Beyond Belief TV Series Special… A former FBI special agent, John Desouza, may have been the real X-Files guy. He comes forward to reveal results from his investigations into paranormal phenomena, including UFO sightings and encounters with strange beings.
Even though he pushed to get to the heart of these happenings, he was met with an ever-strengthening shroud of secrecy, obscuring his work and discrediting witnesses. He explains key tactics used as part of this cover-up opera-tion, which are used in mainstream and social media whenever news of unusual events leak to the public. John DeSouza was an FBI Special Agent who maintained a Top Secret security clearance for over 25 years as he investigated paranormal experiences. During that time, he collected what he calls, the real-life X-FILES.
A media phenomenon, Coast to Coast AM deals with UFOs, strange occurrences, life after death, and other unexplained (and often inexplicable) phenomena.
It is easy to think that the latest UFO footage is going to be dull and boring. However, some people are starting to get more adventurous and take videos of UFO sightings that have actually shown a lot of detail.
The latest UFO videos that have surfaced include objects that have been turned into spherical and flying discs that were in motion when captured on video. These strange UFOs can also leave you scratching your head wondering just what the heck you are looking at.
If you are not afraid to ask for the latest UFO sighting or video of a UFO that you see it is vital that you do so. With today’s technology you may find that a photo or a video proves to be just as real as an eye-witness sighting. For instance, if a few thousand people saw a UFO at the same time then it would be hard to prove it was an accident without one of the witnesses to write down the UFO sighting at the exact moment of what they saw.
However, it is fun to take pictures of interesting things. You can take pictures of a UFO with a digital camera to add to your collection. There are tons of photos of UFO sightings around the world so don’t be shy to grab the camera and shoot!
Nowadays, with the new technologies we have we can get everything we want in photos from space. When the NASA photos were taken by their Hubble telescope they were blown up to great size and blown up like a poster on a wall. We can now zoom in on these things and make a wonderful slide show.
Nowadays, even the FAA has a webpage for videos of UFO sightings from the sky. This is also a great way to share your stories, pictures, and videos.
Since so many people are interested in UFO sightings, if you have a unique video of something strange and unexplained happen on the ground, you can submit your video to YouTube. This is a community based site that has a large community that can help you out.
You can also go to a UFO fan page and post your UFO sighting and get the word out to the masses. More people will see your video than if you just use YouTube alone.
Glowing White Orb Over Pennsylvania On June 3, 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Glowing White Orb Over Pennsylvania On June 3, 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: June 3, 2020, 9:05pm EST
Location of sighting: Shamokin, Pennsylvania, USA
This is a great video from Pennsylvania this week. A powerful white glowing orb was seen in the sky at 9:05pm. The light doesn't match that of any aircraft I have ever seen and is way too powerful of a light to be a drone. The glowing orb reminds me of the UFO that was seen many years ago over the holy temple of Dome of Rock in Israel. The color, intensity and size are the same. Remarkable catch. Also has similarities to the WWII foo fighter orbs.
Scott C. Waring
Eyewitness states:
Was walking south around 1000 N Pearl St, Shamokin PA with my iPhone in my right hand, listening to music. As I was walking down the hill, near the tennis courts, I noticed a very bright white light very rapidly rise from the ground up into the air and stop for approx. 30 secs. At first, I thought I would just take a pic and continue walking, but I instead realized that what I was seeing wasn't normal so I recorded a short video. I zoomed in with the video app and then centered the object into the frame. It was mostly a bright, intense globe-like white light that flickered for a short time (as seen in the video), but it also flickered green/red for a few seconds. It slowly descended back towards the ground and disappeared. As luck would have it, I received a call I was expecting and the video app stopped. I also have a picture of the object taken right as it's descending. Air traffic is very rare in this town, and this object was definitely not a helicopter or plane.
Giant Triangle UFO Seen Flying Low Over New Jersey Neighborhood, Video, May 31, 2020, UFO Sighting News.
Giant Triangle UFO Seen Flying Low Over New Jersey Neighborhood, Video, May 31, 2020, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: May 31, 2020
Location of sighting: Winslow Township, New Jersey, USA
Watch this video and you will see three glowing lights pass above the eyewitness. The lights are in a triangle formation and could actually be one large craft. The UFO is cloaked and only these lights are visible. The lights may be windows into the ship and aliens may be watching from above, or they may be part of the propulsion system. Either way, this is some remarkable footage.
Scott C Waring - Taiwan
Below is a extreme close up of one of the three orbs seen in the video above.
UFO Over Bangkok, Thailand Hiding In Cloud, Jun 4, 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Over Bangkok, Thailand Hiding In Cloud, Jun 4, 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: June 4, 2020 Location of sighting: Bangkok, Thailand This was posted on Instagram and its really amazing. It shows a cloaked UFO over Bangkok. The UFO is halfway out of the cloud. The pinkish colors are the setting sun rays hitting the outer hull of the ship. During sunset, UFOs that are cloaked can suddenly become visible for a few minutes. What you see here is one single large craft with a huge white cloud it made below it. It believed it was invisible to the human eye, however the setting suns angle causes this craft to become visible. Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Two partially cloaked UFOs appear and disappear over Ontario, Canada
Two partially cloaked UFOs appear and disappear over Ontario, Canada
On June 5, 2020 two partially cloaked unidentified flying objects were caught on camera over Canada. Both objects go off and on before disappearing from sight.
The photographer who was in the parking lot of the Walmart in Ontario, Canada recorded the two objects and said that more people witnessed the strange appearance in the sky, concluding that the blinking lights were by no means airplanes, helicopters or drones.
The camera is largely focused on the first UFO, but a second UFO can be seen at about 1.11 minutes in the video at the top left of the screen.
Bothell Washington – 6/6/2020 From 1930 hrs. on 6/6/2020 from the West heading slowly between 1,800 feet at it’s highest to 1000 feet as it crossed my path directly overhead moving in a Southwest direction with a duration of 8 minutes with 5 witnesses on site. Doughnut shaped metallic craft that rotated while moving on a steady heading, came from the setting sun directly overhead at 800 feet rotating with the sun visibly reflecting from the surfaces. a wider portion of open center where the sky behind was visible when the crafts orientation was “bottom side” towards my line of sight. the craft had no hard edges and was beautifully curved at its best visibility and made no noise whatsoever.
Australia UFO Visitation. At 1:15 pm on Friday 5 June I saw three objects in the sky above my remote ranch in northern South Australia. They hovered in the sky near to me for a few seconds and then flew away at unbelievable speed. I managed to take a quick photo. I’m telling you, we are not alone.
California 4 June 2020 Mount Shasta California yesterday
Springfield VA – 4 June 2020 I took this picture at 3:36 am over Springfield VA and it appears to have 2 UFO’s in the picture.
HongKong – 04/06/2020, 11:31pm 1st image shown the UFO’s light dimed a lot and the UFO out-look appeared with 2 parallel holes. I used Nikon and Sigma 400mm, Photoshop cropped photos. The last photo image is an airplane light as reference. I saw it with my 5year old son. He saw it suddently fly away with super high speed But I was checking my camera photo …
Unknown location – June 2020 I took this picture and noticed these white specs the lens on my cell phone Are clean. If you enlarge I found 11 white items yet the pics before this one and the one after do not have these.
Fayre Avenue, Fareham – 31st May 2020 I was in a family friends (Jeff) garden and he was getting his bbq ready for a bbq. I had only been there for about an hour and I saw an object coming from the area of the Spinika Tower in Portsmouth/Ports down hill way, this object in the sky was twisting and turning. It was very high up with no tail trail or noise. It had lights flashing as it was rotating changing shapes/colours. It had no noise and stayed stationary above Jeff’s house. I kept telling him to look up and eventually he did. The speed of this thing was incredible. We watched it head towards the Sun. Then it stopped. Came back nearer and started moving between the electrical power cables in the distances and it was moving at a speed neither of us has ever seen before..even when we were watching it we were ticking off what we know it wasn’t. It was the size of a double story house and we both have never seen anything like it. Did anyone else report this. Do you have any information about this please? It reminded me of a rubex cube in the way it was rotating and the lights flashing like diamonds/ oil like..very fluid. Neither of us had a phone at hand and honestly I was too stunned to move. Jeff saw this thing through his binoculars. It was black then silver..flashing lights and colours like how petrol reacts on water. It wasn’t just rotating it moved like nothing we’ve ever seen before. Did anyone else see this at about 5pm on 31st May in Fareham,Portsmouth UK???
Boston – 30MAY2020 After I stepped out of my house on the day the SpaceX dragon module was launched, I was just scouring the sky(no telescope)to see whether I could see ISS or something in the sky. But to my surprise what my wife and I witnessed was something else. I saw three objects which were reflecting lights during the sunset time, those objects were almost flying together like triangle-shaped formation. we just made sure to continue looking at them, and in a few seconds, all of them flew away in different directions. These were surely flying at cruising altitude but could be mistaken for flights. But their formation and dispersing like being tasked with something urgent as if they just had a meeting didn’t let me accept them as aircraft. The shapes of these objects were looking like small triangles from afar. No pictures could be captured, but I wished I had my camera with me. are there any such observation on this day by anyone else?, I would be curious to know.
Marshall, Missoiri – May, 29, 2020 I sat on the porch smoking then i heard a boom the street lights and everything went down for a few seconds. TheN look up and see a Small rotating red light softly move across the sky. The red light would diverge into two which would seem to rotate their lights in tandem as entangled. It moved across the sky and tracked it for about 70 seconds. Real live UFO sighting across Marshall Mo 11:58- midnight friday may 29!
Newton Abbot Devon England – 29th of May 2020 I was outside in the back garden watching the international space station pass over the area when a strange object caught my eye. I immediately zoomed in on it with my Nikon P900 camera to see what it could be, only to be surprised by what I saw. There was a silver metallic saucer that had large black tinted windows that where semicircle shaped. I counted six windows in total as the saucer rotated while it was slowly being enveloped by a cloud. I quickly took a photograph and looked on with amazement as the cloud was now totally obscuring the saucer from view. It was like the saucer had purposely formed the cloud around it self in order to remain completely undetected as it drifted high above the housing estate below. I tried to take another photograph but the camera strangely malfunction and locked up so I was unable to. I was really annoyed so I put the camera down on the garden table and just watched as the saucer hidden within the cloud slowly floated off into the distance where I unfortunately lost sight of it. The photograph was taken at 11:11 PM on the 29th of May 2020, Newton Abbot Devon England. All the best John.
NY – 27 May 2020 I spitted some in the Hudson ballet region of NY last night! Friend from Berkshire Massachusetts saw some too.
Tottenham, Ontario – May 26, 2020 around 2200Hrs Star sized flashing Red and green objet with no specific pattern. Could be red for 1 min then flash green and red then be green for 1 min. Saw it at about 45 deg over the horizon due south. Then moved straight north to then veer south east to a full stop for a few minutes. Then started to go north to disappear and reappear going north and then started to do S. Stop North at about 45 deg over the horizon. I tried to take a picture with my phone but was way too small to be captured. I tried to zoom but was just a big blur.
Cornwall Ontario may 21st 2020 My backyard
Halifax, Canada – may 8th Hello I witnessed a UFO in the early hours of may 8th. The object was a shaoeshifting orb of light. Shape shifting .It moved in irregular patterns it also seamed to be scanning with some intense light. To the naked eye there was rays of light coming out of it but on the video the object Is just morphing. Ok it’s pretty wild a shapeshifting orb of light. First I’ve ever seen where I can’t actually explain what it could be. These where takin out my bedroom window with my phone. Very bizarre I wish I had a better camera man the object was morphing like a ball of light. Almost like a plasma ball.. And it would disappear on my camera but I could always see it with my eyes. I’m going to try and contact Chris rutkowski. He is a prominent in Canada
Amazônia – On October 13, 2013; at 10:45 pm; I see a black ovini without lights (triangular in the front and the wings were in the shape of a boomerang) it had the wingspan of a boing, it passed at low altitude very slowly and without any noise … it came from the south direction and went to the west direction from the Amazon … In 1998 I had yet another more intriguing contact, I was at the window near the yard smoking a cigarette and there was no light; when a fetish of light touched the backyard soil, which at the moment was like a very white room, an unusual white; out of that beam of light, another one comes out in the form of (zzzzzz) I continue to the window when that light spoke in my mind we are not going to do any harm; in seconds I was scared and that continuous zzzzzzz shape came back to the other shape and that light goes out at high speed and the backyard went back to the normal backyard shape. I know what you see and I know it wasn’t something human. ..
These lights were caught on tape ²over Pachuca de Soto, the capital and largest city of the Mexican state of Hidalgo back in 2019 (12th July) but it was just today uploaded to MUFON website.
Witness report:
Objects in formation, with a specific pattern, the observer refers to “A great Ship formed by the lights or objects in the sky”. Strange lights that have flashing light.
Chicxulub collision put Earth’s crust in hot water for over a million years
Chicxulub collision put Earth’s crust in hot water for over a million years
Asteroid crater on the Yucatán peninsula reveals surprising new geologic details
About 66 million years ago, an asteroid slammed into Earth at what is now Chicxulub, on Mexico’s Yucatán peninsula (illustrated). In addition to triggering a mass extinction, the impact sent superheated water cycling deep into the crust.
The asteroid that slammed into Earth 66 million years ago left behind more than a legacy of mass destruction. That impact also sent superheated seawater swirling through the crust below for more than a million years, chemically overhauling the rocks. Similar transformative hydrothermal systems, left in the wake of powerful impacts much earlier in Earth’s history, may have been a crucible for early microbial life on Earth, researchers report May 29 in Science Advances.
The massive Chicxulub crater on Mexico’s Yucatán peninsula is the fingerprint of a killer, probably responsible for the destruction of more than 75 percent of life on Earth, including all nonbird dinosaurs (SN: 1/25/17). In 2016, a team of scientists made a historic trek to the partially submerged crater, drilling deep into the rock to study the crime scene from numerous angles.
One of those researchers was planetary scientist David Kring of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston. A dozen years earlier, Kring had found evidence at Chicxulub that the layers of rock bearing the signs of impact — telltale features such as shocked quartz and melted spherules — were subsequently cut through by veins of newer minerals such as quartz and anhydrite. Such veins, Kring thought, suggest that hot hydrothermal fluids had been circulating beneath Chicxulub some time after the impact.
Hydrothermal systems can occur where Earth is tectonically active, such as where tectonic plates pull the seafloor apart, or where mantle plumes like the one beneath Yellowstone rise up into the crust. The molten rock rising through the crust in these regions superheats water already circulating within the crust.
But the Yucatán peninsula is tectonically quiescent, and has been for 66 million years, Kring says. So, as part of the International Ocean Discovery Program’s Expedition 364 to Chicxulub, he and colleagues drilled 1,335 meters below the ring of the crater, retrieving long cores of sediment and rock.
The team then analyzed the minerals found in the cores. “It was immediately obvious that they had been hydrothermally altered. It was pervasive and apparent,” Kring says. The intense heat of the circulating seawater caused chemical reactions within the rock, transforming some minerals into others. By identifying the different types of minerals, the team determined that the initial temperature of the fluids was more than 300° Celsius, later cooling to about 90° C.
The chemically altered rocks beneath the crater extended down about four or five kilometers below the crater’s peak ring, a circular, mountainous region within the vast crater. The hydrothermally altered zone covers a volume more than nine times that of the Yellowstone Caldera system, Kring says. Paleomagnetic data suggest that the hydrothermal system lasted for more than a million years.
A core of rock and sediment extracted from within the Chicxulub impact crater revealed centimeter-sized cavities within the rocks containing hydrothermally altered minerals. Here, tiny cavities within impact breccia — a type of rock formed of broken fragments cemented together by fine-grained sediment — contain analcime (transparent crystals), which forms at temperatures around 200° Celsius and dachiardite (red crystals), which forms at temperatures around 250° C.D. KRING
Those conditions, the researchers say, may have also been capable of fostering life akin to the extremophiles that thrive in Yellowstone’s boiling pools. In addition to the metal-rich fluids that could provide an energy source for microbes, the Chicxulub cores revealed that the rocks were both porous and permeable — in other words, filled with interconnected nooks and crannies that could have been cozy shelters for microbes.
“It looks like a perfect habitat,” Kring says.
Kring has previously suggested that the very same destructive impacts that annihilate life may also create appealing habitats — not just on Earth, but potentially on other planetary bodies such as Mars. Even more tantalizing is the possibility that hydrothermal systems, engendered beneath ancient impacts, may have been where life on Earth began (SN: 3/1/13).
Evidence from lunar craters suggests that Earth was heavily bombarded by asteroids about 3.9 billion years ago (SN: 10/18/04). Most of those more ancient craters on Earth have long since vanished or been altered by the constant tectonic recycling of Earth’s surface (SN: 12/18/18). So the hydrothermal system beneath Chicxulub offers a window into what such systems might have actually looked like much deeper in the past, says geophysicist Norman Sleep of Stanford University, who was not involved in the study. “It shows the reality of the process,” Sleep says.
The new study may set the stage for the possibility of life thriving beneath an impact. But whether a microbial cast of characters was actually present beneath Chicxulub is a question for future studies, Kring says.
“Let me be clear: This paper has no evidence of microbial life,” Kring says. “We just have all the properties of hydrothermal systems that do support life elsewhere on Earth.”
Ancient environments that provided water, chemical building blocks and energy “are very promising candidates for hosting [life’s] origins and early evolution,” says NASA astrobiologist David Des Marais, who was not involved in the study. Impact-generated hydrothermal systems aren’t the only such environments; researchers have also made a compelling case for hot springs, Des Marais says.
That’s an ongoing debate, he notes, adding “I consider hydrothermal systems to be highly promising exploration targets for astrobiology.”
A Milky Way flash implicates magnetars as a source of fast radio bursts
A Milky Way flash implicates magnetars as a source of fast radio bursts
High-energy event nearby could help explain mystery signals from distant galaxies
A bright radio burst generated by a magnetar (one illustrated) in our galaxy hints that similar objects are responsible for at least some of the fast radio bursts in other galaxies, which have puzzled astronomers for over a decade.
Astronomers think they’ve spotted the first example of a superbright blast of radio waves, called a fast radio burst, originating within the Milky Way.
Dozens of these bursts have been sighted in other galaxies — all too far away to see the celestial engines that power them (SN: 2/7/20). But the outburst in our own galaxy, detected simultaneously by two radio arrays on April 28, was close enough to see that it was generated by a highly magnetic neutron star called a magnetar.
That observation is a smoking gun that magnetars are behind at least some of the extragalactic fast radio bursts, or FRBs, that have defied explanation for over a decade (SN: 7/25/14). Researchers describe the magnetar’s radio burst online at arXiv.org on May 20 and May 21.
“When I first heard about it, I thought, ‘No way. Too good to be true,’” says Ben Margalit, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Berkeley, who wasn’t involved in the observations. “Just, wow. It’s really an incredible discovery.”
In addition to giving magnetars an edge over other proposed explanations for FRBs, such as those involving black holes and stellar collisions, observations of this Milky Way magnetar may clear up a debate among theorists about how magnetars crank out such powerful radio waves.
Researchers first noted an intense radio outburst from a young, active magnetar about 30,000 light-years away, dubbed SGR 1935+2154, in an astronomer’s telegram. The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment, or CHIME, radio telescope in British Columbia had detected about 30 decillion, or 3 × 1034 ergs of energy from the burst. That was far brighter than any flash of radio waves previously seen from any of the five magnetars in and around the Milky Way known to emit radio pulses.
That report inspired another group of astronomers to check concurrent data from the Survey for Transient Astronomical Radio Emission 2, or STARE2, detectors in the southwestern United States. STARE2, which watches the sky for radio signals at a different set of frequencies than CHIME, measured a whopping 2.2 × 1035 ergs from the burst.
“This thing put out, in a millisecond, as much energy as the sun puts out in 100 seconds,” says Caltech astronomer Vikram Ravi, who was on the team that analyzed the STARE2 data. That made this event 4,000 times as energetic as the brightest millisecond radio pulse ever seen in the Milky Way. If such an intense burst had happened in a nearby galaxy, it would have looked just like a fast radio burst.
“I was basically in shock,” says radio astronomer Christopher Bochenek of Caltech, who combed through the STARE2 data to find the burst. “It took me a while, and a call to a friend, to calm me down enough to go and make sure that this thing was actually real.”
The weakest FRB that has been observed in another galaxy was still about 40 times more energetic than SGR 1935+2154’s radio flare. But that’s “pretty close, on astronomical terms,” says Keith Bannister, a radio astronomer at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Sydney, who was not involved in the work. Magnetars like this “could be responsible for some fraction, if not all of the FRBs that we’ve seen so far,” he says. “This motivates future studies to try and find similar sorts of objects in other, nearby galaxies.”
If magnetars do generate extragalactic FRBs, then SGR 1935+2154 could give new insight about how these objects do it. Theorists currently have many competing ideas about magnetar FRBs, Margalit says. Some think the FRB radio waves originate right in the thick of the star’s intense magnetic fields. Others suspect radio waves are emitted when matter ejected from the magnetar collides with material farther out in space.
Different magnetar FRB scenarios come with different predictions about the appearance of X-rays that should be emitted along with the radio waves. Extragalactic FRBs are so far away that “the X-rays are kind of hopeless to detect,” Margalit says. But SGR 1935+2154 is close enough that spaceborne detectors saw a gush of X-rays from the magnetar at the same time as the radio burst. A closer look at the brightness, timing and frequency of those X-rays could help theorists evaluate magnetar FRB models, Margalit says.
If you’d travel back in time four billion years ago, you would surely be shocked by what you’d see around you — through the visor of a life-support suit you’d need to survive.
Instead of peaceful blue skies and an oxygen-rich atmosphere, the Earth is covered in a haze of noxious fumes, seas of lava, and a never-ending onslaught of asteroid and meteorite impacts. Welcome to the Hadean Earth!
Fittingly, this geological era was named after Hades, the Greek god of the underworld, and also the Hebrew word for hell. Perhaps the most chilling realization is that there are no lifeforms to speak of, not even the tiny microscopic bacteria.
Is this truly hell?
Well, almost. In a puddle of bubbling liquid nearby, inconspicuous amino acids are assembling into proteins, which will eventually give rise to the first single-celled organisms. But where did these amino acids come from?
The origin of life is perhaps the most debated existential question out there, known for giving scientists and philosophers angst and headaches for centuries. Today, the consensus seems to be that the emergence of amino acids can be pinned down to either endogenous formation or extraterrestrial delivery via meteorites.
It this latter scenario that Japanese researchers at Tohoku University, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), the Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), and Osaka University have explored by simulating the chemical reactions involved when a meteorite crashes into the ocean.
Single stage propellant gun used for the simulation of impact-induced reactions. Credit: Yoshihiro Furukawa.
Using a complex experimental setup that employed more carbon dioxide and nitrogen in order to mimic the Hadean atmosphere, the researchers fired a single stage propellant gun to simulate the impact of an iron-rich meteorite.
Strikingly, these environmental conditions and the force of impact triggered chemical reactions that led to the formation of amino acids such as glycine and alanine, the main building blocks of proteins.
“Making organic molecules form reduced compounds like methane and ammonia are not difficult, but they are regarded as minor components in the atmosphere at that time,” Yoshihiro Furukawa, a researcher at Tohoku University and the corresponding author of the new study, said in a statement.
“The finding of amino acid formation from carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen demonstrates the importance in making life’s building blocks from these ubiquitous compounds,” he added.
It’s quite likely that carbon dioxide and nitrogen were also major constituent gases of Mars’ ancient atmosphere. Up until two billion years ago, Mars hosted oceans of liquid water and may have been very much Earth-like. If Mars ever harbored life, the same essential building blocks may have been seeded similarly to how it may have happened on Earth — at the very least, the new study shows that such a scenario is plausible.
If we all got together and started Earth over, winding time back to the moment right after the land cooled from hot magma and giant meteor showers stopped devastating the planet, would life rise again on this planet? And would that life ever become intelligent?
A new paper published May 18 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences offers an answer: Life likely spawns quickly and easily under Earth-like conditions. But intelligent life is probably rare and slow to emerge, suggesting it might not re-appear.
Some reports have suggested this paper is about the odds of intelligent life emerging beyond our planet — alien life and alien civilizations. But the author, David Kipping, a Columbia University astronomer, kept his focus on Earth itself. His paper leaves questions about other planets unanswered. He used a statistical method called Bayesian analysis to study the handful of data points available, landing on the conclusion that we're probably lucky to exist at all.
There are two main approaches to statistics, said Pauline Barmby, an astronomer at the University of Western Ontario who wasn't involved with Kipping's paper: frequentist and Bayesian. When news networks announce who just won a presidential election, meteorologists predict the weather, and public health officials estimate coronavirus infection rates from limited samples, they're usually using frequentist approaches. In other words, they use the limited information they have to judge what the truth about the world most likely is. Bayesian analysis more closely resembles the way human beings actually think.
"Bayesian analysis is just a way of describing and updating beliefs — or information content — when you see some piece of data," said Will Farr, an astrophysicist at Stony Brook University in New York, who also wasn't involved in Kipping's paper.
For instance: How likely am I to make a free-throw this time, given that I've missed the last 20 times I tried? What about if I missed the last 50? The approach forces researchers to examine the assumptions involved in the questions they're asking and their confidence in those assumptions, Barmby said.
We're very lucky
Kipping's paper took the handful of data points that have been collected on how long it took life and intelligence to emerge on Earth, as well as estimates of how long Earth will be habitable based on the sun's life cycle. He then used a Bayesian approach to figure out the odds on whether each event is a "rapid process" or a "slow and rare scenario."
If life's emergence from inanimate stuff ("abiogenesis") was fast, we'd expect that on an Earth rewound and rerun, life would probably happen at some point in our planet's billions of habitable years, Kipping wrote. But if that emergence was slow, life might have been a lucky break. The same caveats apply to the emergence of intelligence.
Kipping worked with a few data points:
We know that Earth became habitable about 4.21 billion years ago. That's after the lost planet Theia (and possibly another impactor known as "Moneta" 40 million years later) slammed into the ancient proto-Earth 4.51 billion years ago, wrecking the surface and forming our moon. It took about 300 million years after that cataclysm for liquid water and an atmosphere to return.
Strong evidence of life on Earth — microfossils in rocks — goes back 3.465 billion years, or about 745 million years after the planet became habitable. There's also a more controversial hint of life — bits of carbon with missing isotopes in zircon deposits — going back to just 304 million years after habitability, according to Kipping.
Intelligent life — humans, in Kipping's paper — came much later. Homo sapiens emerged in the last half-million years, so recently that we're just a rounding error on that 4.21 billion year timescale.
We're likely living in the last fifth of Earth's habitable history. Astronomers believe that in the next billion years, the sun will get so bright that the resulting energy will speed up the rate at which rocks pull carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the atmosphere (some rocks do this today, just more slowly). Once atmospheric CO2 drops below 10 parts per million, plants will die off, the food chain will collapse, and only microbes will survive. At that point, Kipping assumed, if intelligent life hadn't yet emerged it would have been too late.
Isabelle Winder, a biologist, archaeologist and expert in primate and human evolution at Bangor University in the United Kingdom — who wasn't involved in Kipping's research — said his history of life on Earth is basically correct.
Still, that's not a lot of data, certainly not enough for frequentist analysis. (We've only run one "Earth" experiment, and have no other similar planets to compare ourselves to yet.) But a Bayesian analysis offers some clarity.
Using a model that Farr and Barmby said appeared well-designed and rigorous, Kipping arrived at some numbers: There are better than 3-to-1 odds that "abiogenesis is indeed a rapid process versus a slow and rare scenario," Kipping wrote, "but 3:2 odds that intelligence may be rare."
Run Earth's history over again, and there's a decent change that we, or creatures like us, never emerge.
So what? "What you have is: Life emerged a few hundred million or maybe almost a billion years after Earth stopped being bombarded with massive objects. Humans showed up close to the 4-billion-year mark. And Earth will probably be habitable for another billion years or so," Farr said. "That is absolutely useful information. You might ask, if those numbers stayed the same, but Earth was orbiting a different type of star, [how would that change things?]"
That's relevant to an ongoing debate in astronomy around "M-dwarf" stars, Farr said — stars of a type much more common than our sun's, which might support habitable planets for tens of billions of years longer than our sun will. These M-dwarf stars, however, are also possibly too prone to radioactive flares that would likely sandblast life off those planets' surfaces.
Still, Farr said, Kipping's paper should be understood as mostly about Earth, not alien life.
"If you want to generalize about aliens, you have to do a lot of work that's not done in the paper, and explicitly avoided in the paper for good reason; it's much more speculative," Farr said. "You asked me if any of the numbers in the paper are subjective or if they're objective. And to do that work, to generalize to aliens, you're going to introduce lots of subjective things."
But Kipping's paper is a very good statistical analysis of the very limited information we do have about our planet alone, Farr said.
The meaning of life
While Kipping's paper makes reasonable assumptions and simplifications about how life works, it's important to recognize that they are assumptions and simplifications, Winder said. Sure, intelligent life probably can emerge only some time after life itself, and life itself probably requires a habitable planet, and so on.
But Kipping's paper only looks at when life first emerged and when intelligence first emerged after the planet became habitable, Winder said. The paper doesn't care if life and intelligent life emerged more than once, though they might have. The paper also doesn't care what form those life-forms take. That's reasonable for the purposes of making a mathematical model, she said. But the details of what habitability, life and intelligence look like are trickier than the paper suggests, she said.
Before the Cambrian explosion 541 million years ago, life was relatively simple. For billions of years, the fossil record suggests Earth was inhabited by just individual cells or small colonies. Then, during the Cambrian explosion, life rapidly diversified. Within tens of millions of years, nearly every current animal body plan (including that of vertebrates) emerged.
And hordes of creatures with body plans totally unlike anything seen today also flourished, suggesting alternative, alien-seeming evolutionary routes that life might have taken. Then, a massive extinction event 488 million years ago wiped out much of that diversity of life, narrowing animal life down to what we see today.
Kipping's paper addresses the issue by abstracting it away, Winder said. In whatever manner intelligence develops in an Earth rerun, his model only cares about the first time it emerges. And it assumes that so far on this Earth, it's happened only once, with humans. Very likely, she said, the common ancestors of humans and other apes might meet our definitions of intelligence. And we don't know for sure, she said, that intelligence has emerged only once on Earth. If Earth were rerun, the results might be so different from our current reality that we'd have trouble recognizing "intelligence."
"My impression from looking at evolution and the history of life is that very rarely do you get things happening once," she said. "You get multiple origins for eyes, for instance. You get multiple ways of making a living. You possibly get multiple taxa coming up out of the water onto the land. I would think the probability of it happening again in the same way as vanishingly small."
She pointed out that the paper more or less defines an intelligent species as a species capable of writing papers like this. Astronomers in general, Barmby said, tend to define intelligent life as "other astronomers" — species that might send radio signals into space, for example, and hunt for radio waves themselves.
There are reasonable definitions of intelligence, Winder said, that suggest it's emerged more than once just among creatures alive today on Earth, in such creatures as dolphins, whales and cephalopods, or squid, she said.
Traits such as language, tool use, and the capacity to think about oneself aren't unique to humans. Whenever scientists define certain types of mental abilities as uniquely human, some animal is eventually found that have those abilities.
It would be interesting, she said, to see how Kipping's model would change if it had to account for that complexity, she said. In this model, intelligence would be treated as something that's emerged more than once on Earth to various extents and an unknown number of times. She also asked how the model would change if it treated intelligence as having emerged earlier in humanity's evolutionary history than it does now.
This second point — the exact date of intelligence appearing in human history — doesn't matter that much to his model, Kipping told Live Science. Give or take a couple hundred million years, the conclusions are pretty much the same — just as they don't change much based on the debate about when precisely life emerged in Earth's history.
As for whether it would change his model to introduce uncertainty about how many times intelligence evolved, he said, "Here it will matter, and frankly I can't give you a simple answer without repeating a complicated series of numerical integrations."
But given that the odds of intelligence emerging aren't so long, Kipping said it probably still shouldn't matter much.
"I mean it's a slight preference, but obviously not a slam dunk significance preference, so however you define intelligence, it's going to remain fairly ambiguous and diffuse," he said.
As for whether intelligent life is out there elsewhere in the universe, that remains a "grand mystery," he wrote in the paper.
His paper didn't address, for example, whether intelligent civilizations that do emerge tend to survive or quickly kill themselves off. (Our own isn't old enough to offer answers one way or another.) The best thing to do, Kipping said, is to keep looking for hints of intelligent life out there.
Astronomers have discovered an activity cycle in another fast radio burst, potentially unearthing a significant clue about these mysterious deep-space phenomena.
Fast radio bursts, or FRBs, are extragalactic flashes of light that pack a serious wallop, unleashing in a few milliseconds as much energy as Earth's sun does in a century. Scientists first spotted an FRB in 2007, and the cause of these eruptions remains elusive nearly a decade and a half later; potential explanations range from merging superdense neutron stars to advanced alien civilizations.
More than 100 FRBs have been discovered to date, and most of them are one-offs, flaring up just a single time (as far as we know). In January of this year, astronomers reported that one member of the "repeater" class, called FRB 180916.J0158+65, appears to exhibit a 16-day activity cycle: It fires off bursts for a four-day stretch, goes quiet for 12 days and then starts all over again.
The FRB 180916 was the first known to erupt in such a periodic way. And now scientists have spotted another.
Researchers monitored the known repeater FRB 121102 with the Lovell Telescope, a 250-foot-wide (76 meters) radio dish at Jodrell Bank Observatory in England, over the course of five years. They found strong indications of a 157-day activity cycle; 121102 seems to flare up for 90 days and then go silent for 67, the team reported in a new study.
It's unclear what's behind such cyclic activity, though scientists do have a few ideas. For example, periodic flare-ups could be caused by a wobble in the rotational axis of a highly magnetized neutron star known as a magnetar. Or they could be linked to the orbital motions of a neutron star in a binary system.
The wobble effects are expected to manifest over the span of a few weeks, study team members said. So they seem compatible with FRB 180916's 16-day cycle but not with that of FRB 121102, which is 10 times longer. But who knows? And there's also no guarantee that the same phenomenon is driving the periodicity of both repeating FRBs.
“This exciting discovery highlights how little we know about the origin of FRBs," study co-author Duncan Lorimer, the associate dean for research at West Virginia University, said in a statement. "Further observations of a larger number of FRBs will be needed in order to obtain a clearer picture about these periodic sources and elucidate their origin."
The new study, which was led by Kaustubh Rajwade of the University of Manchester in England, was published online this evening (June 7; June 8 United Kingdom time) in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. You can read a preprint of it for free at arXiv.org.
Mike Wall is the author of "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated byKarl Tate), a book about the search for alien life. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall. Follow us on Twitter@Spacedotcom orFacebook.
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Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
