Mysterious tentacles emerging from a 'meteorite' spark frenzied reaction: 'An Alien growing'

• MORE: Scientist claims life on Earth was not random... but engineered

By CHRIS MELORE, US ASSISTANT SCIENCE EDITOR

A man claims to have found an alien-like species within a meteorite, causing a stir on social media.

The individual, who identifies himself as Kin online, said he discovered a small, silver-colored space rock in a fiery crater in Panama on August 29.

Since then, he has shared a series of videos on TikTok showing what he described as the meteorite burning leaves on contact and an unruly, tentacled organism sprouting from within it.

A week after his initial post, he claimed that the crater 'shines at night,' sharing footage of the dark site glowing mysteriously.

Subsequent videos appeared to show a mass of oily, tentacle-like growths spreading rapidly from the rock's crevices, eventually engulfing the object. 

The videos have gone viral on social media, with some viewers claiming they show 'an alien growing,' while others dismiss them as a hoax. 

'There are people who want to believe, but in reality it looks like a potato,' one user shared on X.

'That metallic sheen smells like paint, and the camera cut before touching it is suspicious. By the way, iron meteorites don't do photosynthesis. It's a potato.'

Just days after finding the 'meteorite' in Panama, Kin shared videos on TikTok of the object appearing to grow plant-like tentacles

The rock appeared to burn leaves - but some online users claimed it was a hoax

Kin said the tentacle-covered specimen now must be kept inside a large safe, but some have doubted his story, claiming the organism is a common plant and the meteorite scene was staged. 

Although his videos have been viewed millions of times, there has been no independent confirmation that the object is a meteorite, nor any verification from scientists regarding the make-up of the organism growing around it.

Meteorite trackers have also not confirmed that a space rock fell last month in the Pedregal district of Panama.

Regardless, Kin has claimed to have mailed samples of the tentacles to friends, but no analysis has been publicly reported.

Skeptics online have pointed out that an image of the supposed crater where Kin pulled the meteorite from appeared to have several matchsticks in it, suggesting the hole had been intentionally set on fire.

Others have noted that Kin was able to pick up the meteorite with his bare hands without any issues, despite the object just burning through multiple tree leaves.

Critics have raised concerns about Kin's handling of the specimen, noting that he appeared to touch the strange tentacles with his bare hands, which could have contaminated the samples he claimed to be sending for study. 

Videos appeared to show a mass of oily, tentacle-like growths spreading rapidly 

Kin added in his videos that some have reached out to him claiming the object he found was not a meteorite at all, but was a plant 'egg' which sprouts an organism called Clathrus archeri, or the Devil's Fingers fungus.

However, Kin's mystery organism appears to look different from that fungus. The substance has many tentacles that have a black, tar-like shine to them.

As for the Devil's Fingers fungus, the plant is typically red with much less tar-like slime covering the tentacles.

Kin claims that the substance has continued to grow, now taking up almost an entire safe 

The viral sensation grew even more terrifying in the last four days, as Kin even claimed the organism had detached itself from the silver rock and moved to hide itself inside Kin's locked safe.

'Today I was scared and I felt afraid, I thought it had escaped,' the man said in a TikTok post translated from Spanish on September 11.

According to his follow-up posts, the organism continued to grow whenever it was exposed to light and was seen pulsing and moving inside Kin's kitchen, which he kept unlit except for shining a flashlight near the object.

'When the night comes, I feel calm, I know it won't grow. Every time I show it to them, when I light it, it grows and puts me in danger,' Kin wrote in a new video posted Sunday.

The Panamanian claimed that some individuals have approached him and requested that he hand over the strange substance out of 'concern for his safety'.

Meanwhile, those on social media have warned Kin that they feared government authorities may try to take the mystery specimen from him and erase the videos from the internet.

In a post that was translated into multiple languages, Kin pleaded with his followers to: 'Save the videos. They're our evidence. They'll probably all be deleted.'

While Kin's videos have captivated social media, many have also claimed the entire story is a hoax. 

If a creature were to grow out of a rock, researcher John Greenewald Jr commented that it could be evidence of panspermia, the concept that life on Earth was deposited here by meteorites from space.

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16-09-2025 om 21:52 geschreven door peter  

Misunderstood Science or Paranormal Activity? Bizarre Cases of Spontaneous Human Combustion

Arguably one of the strangest phenomenon of human life is spontaneous human combustion, something that has claimed many lives over the years, and left many others scared and unsettled by such bizarre encounters. Moreover, it is not simply that a person might burst into flames for no apparent reason, but these fires are so intensely hot that the respective victims are reduced to ash in a matter of moments. Deepening the mystery even further, despite this intense raging inferno, all around the victims is largely unaffected. 

Indeed, while spontaneous human combustion is still unexplained, there have been some remarkable facts and statistics revealed over the course of decades of research. Over 60 percent of victims of spontaneous human combustion, for example, are women, and over 50 percent of these bizarre occurrences take place between midnight and 6 am. Perhaps most perplexing is that despite the intensely high temperatures that victims of spontaneous human combustion burn at, and the fact that they are usually reduced to nothing but ash, there is most often a single limb or a foot that is left untouched.

While we might suspect that cases of spontaneous human combustion are a modern phenomenon, the fact is that we can find cases stretching back hundreds of years, at the very least. In the mid-1600s, for example, we can find one of the earliest documented accounts of spontaneous human combustion, most often attributed to Thomas Bartholin, who documented an incident in Milan in 1654. However, since this encounter was documented (in Latin), it has suffered terribly with inaccurate translations and interpretations. So much so that many of the finer details of the case have since become lost to history. 

We do, however, have the basics of the account. They involve a knight who was serving Queen Bona Sforza. On the night in question, after enjoying an evening of fine food and even finer brandy,  the knight sat down at the table after refilling his glass, feeling the amber liquid burn its way down his throat. A moment later, however, he claimed he could feel the burning sensation rising back up his throat from his stomach. Then, a moment later, when he opened his mouth, a surge of flames sprang from him and engulfed him almost instantly. 

Around three-quarters of a century later, a case of apparent spontaneous human combustion almost resulted in a presumed innocent man being charged with murder. In 1725 in France, Nicole Miller's remains were discovered almost completely incinerated in a chair in the house she shared with her husband. The chair itself was completely undamaged (as would become a standard detail when such cases were researched in more depth). At the time, though, such details were not widely understood, and so Nicole's husband was suspected of her murder, arrested, and charged. In fact, it was only the intervention of surgeon, Nicholas Le Cat, that saved him from the guillotine, who argued that Nicole had almost certainly been a victim of spontaneous human combustion. Although the court didn't enter such details onto the record, they did accept that the death had been caused "by a visitation of God!"

Only six years later, on the evening of April 3rd, 1731, in Verona, Italy, Countess de Bandi Cesante was at home enjoying her evening meal as usual before she retired to bed. Before she went to sleep for the evening, she talked for several hours with her maid, who later recalled that although she mentioned that she felt "dull and heavy", she appeared as she usually would, and so when she fell asleep, the maid left the room, planning to return in the morning as soon as she was called by her mistress. However, the following morning, no call came, so the maid decided to check on the countess. When she entered the room, she was confronted by a sight she was simply not prepared for. 

According to the report, around four feet from the bed, there was a "heap of ashes, two legs untouched, from the foot to the knee with their stockings on!" Even more harrowing, between them were the charred remains of the countess's head, as well as three "blackened fingers". Moreover, when the ashes were picked up to examine, they left a "stinking moisture" in the hand. Bizarrely, however, despite the brutal remains of the countess, there was no more damage to the rest of the room. Although there was an oil lamp on the side, it was unlit, as were the two candles next to it. Whether of consequence or not, the bed covers were found turned down, as if the countess had briefly left her bed at some point during the night, fully expecting to return.

As bizarre and intriguing as these details are, the eventual conclusions are even more remarkable. Not only was the oil lamp not lit but there were no signs of any accelerant in the room, and the countess was not a drinker of alcohol. However, it was suggested that the countess had risen during the night to open a window and allow fresh air into the bedroom. A short time later, it was suggested, "silent lightning" had "crept in through a crack in the window or down the fireplace!" However, this conclusion was later revised, with the amount of perfume that the countess often wore being highlighted as the likely reason she had perished in such a way.

Around a decade later, however, Paul Rolli examined the case once more, certain that the previous explanations had been too simplistic. He wrote in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London that:

"Such an effect was not produced by the light of the oil-lamp, or any candles; because common fire, even in a pile, does not consume a body to such a degree and would have besides spread itself to the goods of the chamber, more combustible than a human body!"

It was, Rolli suggested, likely a combination of factors that led to the untimely demise of the countess. He suggested that "flammable gases" mixed with the alcohol from the perfume the countess was wearing, which then created a "potent fuel" that was capable of "incinerating the body!" The reason the head and limbs had escaped such carnage from the flames was likely down to the fact that by the time the flames reached them, the fuel had likely died and burned out. 

Around 150 years later, on the other side of the Atlantic in the small farming community of Seneca in Illinois, on Christmas Eve 1885, Matilda Rooney was busy in the kitchen while her husband Patrick was in the next room. What exactly happened that evening is not entirely clear, but at some point during the evening, Matilda, essentially, "burst into flames" and was reduced to a pile of ash within moments. In a strange twist to the whole affair, Patrick was also found dead in the house, seemingly from suffocation from the fumes (even though there was no damage at all to the rest of the property). 

When investigators examined the scene, they were utterly baffled. One of the farm workers informed them that he had spent several hours at the property before leaving for the evening, and that the couple had appeared fine before he left, each enjoying a glass of whiskey and preparing for the holidays. It was ultimately determined that Matilda herself appeared to be the fuel source of the fire that consumed her. 

As we have seen, there are many historic cases of spontaneous human combustion for us to explore. Without a doubt, though, the majority of these recorded cases have unfolded in the twentieth century. 

Perhaps the most notable of these occurred in July 1951, when 67-year-old Mary Reeser from St. Petersburg, Florida, or at least what was left of her, was discovered "sitting" in a chair at her home. In fact, all that was discovered of Mary was a skull fragment, one of her feet, and a small piece of her spine, with the chair that she had been sitting on also completely reduced to ash. As was noted at the time, given the high temperatures required to reduce a human body to ash, it was a mystery why the entire property had not been engulfed in flames. 

Despite this strangeness, the FBI, which investigated the case, concluded that Mary had likely fallen asleep with a cigarette in her hand, which had then likely ignited her clothes and resulted in her death. As we might imagine, many researchers and investigators simply do not accept this explanation. In fact, some researchers have pondered just what the authorities might have known about the strange death for them to wrap it up so quickly. 

Five years later, in December 1956, another baffling spontaneous human combustion case unfolded. On the day in question, 78-year-old Sik Kim was sitting in his wheelchair reading his newspaper. As he did so, however, he suddenly noticed flames appearing around his torso. As he called out for help, the flames began to engulf him. His neighbor, Virginia Cadet, rushed over to see what the matter was. As soon as she saw Sik Kim in flames, she rushed off again to get help. By the time she returned 15 minutes later, Sik Kim was nothing but a pile of ash - except, that is, for his two feet, which remained intact. Even stranger, nothing else in the room was damaged by the flames, including papers, books, and clothes. Sik Kim's death remains a complete mystery. 

Around a decade later, on the afternoon of October 16th, 1964, 75-year-old Olga Worth Stephens met a harrowing end outside of a convenience store in Dallas, Texas. She had been in the car with her nephew when he decided he wished to purchase a cold drink and so pulled into the parking lot of the store. He left Olga in the vehicle while he went inside. He was only inside for several minutes, but when he returned, his aunt was completely enveloped in flames. Passersby eventually managed to pull her out of the car and smother the flames. However, she passed away from her injuries eight days later. 

Perhaps what made Olga's death all the more mysterious was a line from an article in the Dallas Morning News that stated she had received treatment for "burns received in mysterious circumstances!" Stranger still, when the vehicle was examined by investigators, they discovered no damage whatsoever, not even traces of an accelerant or stimulant. Ultimately, like several other cases we have examined here, it would appear that Olga herself was the fuel source of the fire that killed her.

Only several months later, on the morning of November 8th, 1964, in Upper Darby Township in Pennsylvania, the burnt-out remains of Helen Conway were discovered in her home. Interestingly, when the fire chief, Paul Haggarty, attended the scene, he declared publicly his belief that the incident was one of spontaneous human combustion. Further study, though, perhaps suggested, on this occasion, an alternative explanation for the grim discovery. It came to light that Helen was a "careless smoker" who regularly left cigarettes around the house, leading investigators to ponder if this was how she had come to such a fiery end. Indeed, it appeared that Helen's death was simply a tragic accident. However, when investigators looked deeper into the case, that appeared decidedly unlikely. 

It was discovered that Helen had asked her granddaughter for a box of matches on the morning of her death, no more than 20 minutes before her body was discovered, with her granddaughter even suggesting that she found her remains around three minutes after. The fire department had arrived at the property at 8:48 am, meaning that Helen was likely alive as late as 8:42 am - the six minutes not being enough time for her to accidentally set herself on fire and be consumed by the flames. 

We should note that several skeptics have suggested the "wick effect" (something we will explore in a little more detail later) as an explanation for Helen Conway's death. However, tests easily showed that this would have taken at least several hours, and certainly a lot longer than between six and 20 minutes. 

Only two years later, on the morning of December 5th, 1966, 92-year-old Dr. John Irving Bentley's burnt-out remains were discovered at his home. The remains were discovered by Don Gosnell, who had arrived at the property for a prearranged meeting to read the meters. He entered the property and began on his way to the basement. However, as he did so, he noticed a strange odor in the air, as well as a faint blue smoke.

When he entered the basement, he discovered a small pile of ash on the floor, which he assumed was the source of the strange odor. He then made his way to the bathroom that was directly above the basement. Upon arriving there, he discovered the remains of a lower leg and a foot, still with an undamaged slipper on it, as well as Bentley's walking frame, and a large pile of ash. Stranger still, there was a hole in the bathroom floor that allowed Gosnell to see into the room below. 

A particularly bizarre encounter unfolded at around 5 am on the morning of September 5th, 1967, in Lambeth, London, when early work commuters found themselves witnessing one of the strangest incidents they had ever seen. Inside, a local man named Robert Bailey, who was a known alcoholic, was burning to death with an unusual flame bursting forth from his stomach. After several members of the public called the fire brigade, they arrived at 5:19 am - only five minutes later - to a sight that they were not ready to witness. 

One of those in attendance later stated that when he entered the building, Bailey was lying at the bottom of the stairs, clearly contorted in pain. He stated that he could see blue flames coming from a small slit in his stomach. Despite using fire extinguishers in an effort to save the man's life, all efforts failed, with one member of the fire brigade offering that he was "literally burning from the inside out!" Even more harrowing, it is claimed that Bailey had seemingly bitten down on the bottom wooden staircase, such was the pain he was in, with his jaw having to be pried open to remove his body. 

There were plenty of other strange details. For example, despite the flames coming from his body, Bailey's clothes were largely undamaged, as was the case with the wooden floor and stairs. Moreover, there were no accelerants discovered in the property, and both the gas and the electricity had been cut off.  These details led investigators to consider whether Bailey had actually died from exposure to the fumes from the fire. Ultimately, it was determined that Bailey’s death was down to “unknown causes!” Even the wick effect explanation had to be dismissed because witnesses noted “blowtorch-like flames” originating from inside Bailey’s torso. The incident remains one of the strangest cases of spontaneous human combustion on record. 

What makes the case of Jack Angel all the more intriguing is that he survived spontaneous human combustion. On the night in question, in 1974, Angel, who was a traveling salesman, parked his motorhome outside a hotel and then ventured into the back to settle down for the night. However, several hours later, Angel awoke with severe burns to his arms and legs. In fact, one of his arms was so drastically burned that it had to be amputated. Much like other cases of spontaneous human combustion, however, there was no damage at all to the motorhome, even though, given the extent of his injuries, the motorhome should have been completely incinerated.

The case baffled investigators and researchers, not least as the flames appeared to extinguish themselves before they had a chance to reduce Angel to a pile of ash. We might ask if Angel was in a trance-like state as opposed to being asleep, similar to the report from the Robert Bailey case.  Despite an investigation by the police, there were no faults found with the motorhome, and there was no accelerant discovered. The case remains a complete mystery.

A particularly harrowing case of spontaneous human combustion unfolded on the afternoon of October 9th, 1980, in Jacksonville, Florida. On the afternoon in question, airwoman Jeanna Winchester was in a car driven by her friend Leslie Scott, when Jeanna suddenly “burst into flames!” Jeanna began screaming, “Get me out of here!” as Leslie looked on in shock. She later stated that the flames simply came out of nowhere, and after she tried to put them out with her hands, she lost control of the car and crashed into a telephone pole. 

Although she had burns to 20 percent of her body, Jeanna survived the incident, recovering in the hospital. When the vehicle was examined by investigators, there was little damage to the interior of the vehicle, with only the seat and door panel showing any signs of the sudden fire. Moreover, Jeanna herself claimed to have had no memory between setting off that afternoon and waking up in the hospital. With this in mind, we might ask if her mind had simply blocked out the incident, or if there is something more paranormal or supernatural involved in these strange cases of spontaneous human combustion. 

If we return to London for a moment, in September 1982, we can find the case of 61-year-old Jean Saffin, who was mentally disabled, and who seemingly burst into flames in front of her father. At the time of the incident, as her father was sitting at the kitchen table when a sudden “flash of light” lit up the room. The next thing he realized, Jean was completely engulfed in flames. He immediately got to his feet and attempted to drag his daughter to the sink, calling to his son as he did so. Between them, they managed to douse the flames before they contacted the emergency services. Jean was taken to the hospital, but she passed away from her injuries just over a week later. Her death, officially at least, is unsolved. Jean’s father, however, was convinced that spontaneous human combustion was the cause of his daughter’s death. Moreover, Jean’s brother-in-law, who also witnessed the incident, stated that “the flames were coming out of her mouth like a dragon, and they were making a roaring noise!” Despite this, the coroner refused to put the death down to spontaneous human combustion because, in his opinion, “no such thing existed!”

Without a doubt, one of the most thought-provoking cases of spontaneous human combustion is that of Vietnam veteran Frank Black, whose case was featured on the television program The Unexplained Files.  According to the report, in June 1985, Black and his friend, Pete Wiley, were preparing for a fishing trip and were sitting in Black’s living room. Suddenly, with no warning whatsoever, Black’s arm burst into flames. He and Wiley managed to smother the flames and then sought out medical advice for the burns. Bizarrely, although very similar to other cases of spontaneous human combustion, the doctor who examined Black’s wounds stated that they appeared to have “burned from the inside out!” Although Black was not significantly injured, a second incident occurred during their fishing trip. Needless to say, Black was left deeply shaken by the experience. 

In more recent times, on the afternoon of August 24th, 1998, Agnes Philips left the nursing home where she was a resident with Alzheimer’s with her daughter Jackie, who regularly drove Agnes around to let her enjoy a change of scenery. As they were returning home, with Agnes asleep in the passenger seat, Jackie decided to stop at a grocery store to pick up some groceries for later. Several minutes later, with Jackie still inside the store, she could see smoke rising from her parked car. Then, moments later, a “burst of flames” exploded from the vehicle. 

Jackie immediately rushed out of the store. By the time she arrived at her vehicle, a passerby was dragging her mother from the car before attempting to smother the flames. Bizarrely, despite being almost completely engulfed, Agnes remained calm, almost in a trance-like state, offering only that it was “too hot!” 

The flames were eventually extinguished, and Agnes was taken to the hospital with severe burns to her entire body. Unfortunately, she passed away a week later. Much like many of the other cases we have examined here, the inquest discovered no reason for the explosion of flames. No accelerant was found anywhere in the vehicle, and as the engine was not running at the time, it was unlikely that an electrical fault was responsible. Ultimately, the inquest ruled an open verdict. 

Just short of a decade later, on the evening of December 16th, 2007, in Brazil, an unnamed woman suddenly burst into flames, becoming incinerated within seconds. By the time the flames had died down, the woman was left “beyond recognition!” Although her right leg was undamaged, her left leg, upper torso, and both arms were completely obliterated. Moreover, all of her clothing also remained undamaged from the flames. Once more, it was noted that it appeared as though her body had “burned from the inside out!”

The case fascinated many researchers and investigators, with various explanations put forward. Some people, for example, suggested that ball lightning might have been responsible for the horrific inferno, while others suggested that the young woman could have been involved in some kind of “gang initiation”. However, the lack of accelerant meant these suggestions were largely dismissed. 

Around the same time, 76-year-old Michael Faherty succumbed to a sudden burst of flames, only this time, the coroner, Ciaran McLoughlin, ruled that the death was the result of spontaneous human combustion. When Faherty’s remains were discovered in West Galway, Ireland, investigators were perplexed as to how he could have been completely consumed by the flames while everything else around him was largely unaffected. Moreover, like other suspected cases of spontaneous human combustion, there was no sign of any accelerants anywhere in the property. The only other damage to the building was the spots directly above and below where Faherty’s remains were discovered. Although McLoughlin rued the death to be a result of spontaneous human combustion, he issued a caveat that “a source of ignition” had to have been responsible for the fire, although he could offer no sound explanation. 

Several years later, in early 2013, the charred remains of 65-year-old Danny Vanzandt were discovered at his home in Muldrow, Oklahoma. Despite the intense damage to Vanzandt, his property was unscathed. It is interesting to note that Vanzandt was a heavy smoker with a history of struggles with alcohol, something some researchers into spontaneous human combustion have offered are key components of these bizarre cases. However, investigators found no evidence that a lit cigarette caused the fire, nor did they find any evidence that Vanzandt was drinking at the time of his death. Similar to the Faherty case, the only damage to the property was a few scorch marks close to where the remains were found. Furthermore, there were no signs of a struggle inside the house, almost as if Vanzandt had calmly allowed himself to succumb to the flames. Ultimately, his death remains unexplained. 

Around two years later, in November 2015, in the small town of Flensburg, near Hamburg in Germany, a local woman (although unnamed in the report) suddenly burst into flames in front of multiple witnesses in the middle of a busy park. Although several onlookers attempted to smother the flames, the fire spread so quickly that her entire body was engulfed in seconds. As we might imagine, there were several theories following the encounter, including that the woman had committed suicide. However, not only were there no signs of any accelerants, but none of the witnesses recalled seeing the woman self-immolate. In a strange twist to the affair, several witnesses reported seeing two strange men leaving the area shortly after the incident, with their identities remaining a complete mystery. 

Only several months later, in January 2016, in Novi Sad in Serbia, a video surfaced online (since removed) that appeared to show a man in a doorway with strange “white flames” emerging from his torso. The video showed the flames beginning to engulf the man, even though he remained “indifferent” to the situation. Then, without warning, the man simply got to his feet and “brushed off” the flames before walking off as if nothing out of the ordinary had happened. Various theories were aired following the footage's first appearance, including that the incident was some kind of hoax. 

With all of these cases in mind, it is worth turning our attention to the work and research of Joe Nickell and John F. Fischer, who conducted a two-year study into spontaneous human combustion in the mid-1980s. In total, they extensively studied 30 cases of spontaneous human combustion, with cases spanning three centuries, highlighting several points of interest about the phenomenon. 

One thing they highlighted was the fact that many of the victims had been discovered close to fireplaces or candles, possibly highlighting a source of ignition. Moreover, many of the victims had been incapacitated at the time of the incident, usually through alcohol consumption, something they stated was likely to make the respective victims somewhat careless in their final hours, as well as reducing their ability to respond to any situations unfolding around them. 

It was also Nickell and Fischer who put forward the “wick effect” explanation, stating that combustible materials close to the victims would have assisted in retaining melted fat, which would, in turn, localize the flames and cause the body to burn quicker, which also then melted more fat. At the time this explanation was put forward, it was felt spontaneous human consumption had at last been explained. However, in the decades that have followed, other researchers have dismissed the wick effect as simply not being plausible.

Nickell and Fischer also explained why clothing, papers, and furniture remained largely undamaged despite their proximity to the respective victims. They offered that this was because fire tended to “burn upwards” as opposed to sideways, further offering that this was similar to people and objects being around a campfire without catching fire. 

Although they had put forward multiple explanations for the cases they had studied, they cautioned against a “one size fits all” explanation and urged other researchers to investigate claims of spontaneous human combustion on a case-by-case basis. 

With that in mind, there have been many other explanations put forward to explain the mysteries of spontaneous human combustion. In his book Ablaze! The Mysterious Fires of Spontaneous Human Combustion, Larry E. Arnold suggested that a subatomic particle that he named “pyroton” could be responsible for the many cases on record. He offered that this particle could, under certain circumstances and in certain conditions, increase the body’s flammability, particularly if there was increased alcohol in the bloodstream. He also offered that stress could act in such a way. Moreover, according to Arnold’s research, this increased flammability used hardly any oxygen, which is why the body burned so quickly and why the flames themselves didn’t spread. We should note that Joe Nickell was highly critical of Arnold’s methods and conclusions, stating that he used “selective evidence” for his research. 

John Abrahamson suggested, after his research into spontaneous human combustion, that ball lightning was responsible, highlighting how cases of ball lightning had left similar charred and burnt marks on human limbs. Similar to Arnold, however, most people dismissed these findings as unlikely at best. 

Of course, one suggestion we should consider is whether there could be a more paranormal explanation for spontaneous human combustion, perhaps even dealings with demonic entities, or even the Devil himself. And while such considerations sound bizarre, there are several such cases on record. Perhaps one of the first researchers to suggest this was Michael Harrison, who drew comparisons between poltergeist activity and spontaneous human combustion in his 1976 book Fire From Heaven. He looked at several such cases, pondering if objects could burst into flames through poltergeist activity, then maybe human beings could too. It is certainly worth considering, and while it would be almost impossible to delve into this aspect of past cases, it would be interesting to find out how many people who were apparent victims of spontaneous human combustion might have also experienced paranormal or poltergeist activity in the weeks and months leading up to their unfortunate and untimely ends. 

It is also interesting to note that many people who have witnessed spontaneous human combustion up close report seeing a bizarre mix of red, orange, and blue. The color of the flames is, generally speaking, determined by the material being burned, as well as the heat of the flames themselves. Could it be, though, that in cases of spontaneous human combustion, the flames, or the source of them, is something supernatural? We might also consider, particularly in the case of the Tuck family, which we will explore in a moment, that a strong odor of sulfur was also noticed, something which is common in not only poltergeist cases, but also Bigfoot encounters, and cases of alien abduction. Once more, does this suggest some kind of connection between different aspects of the paranormal, and does spontaneous human combustion fit into these bizarre and mysterious encounters somehow?

If we turn our attention to the Tuck family, we can find not only one of the most intense poltergeist cases on record, but a case that featured regular blazes appearing out of nowhere. The encounters of the Tuck family – Calvin, his wife Willie Bell, and their six children – began in August 1958. The family, who were already living in absolute poverty, began experiencing small, unexplained fires around their home in Talladega, Alabama. Moreover, some of the objects that seemingly burst into flames were as strange as the incidents themselves. On one occasion, for example, a loaf of bread suddenly burst into flames, while on another, a single item of clothing was engulfed while nearby garments were strangely unaffected. Once more, it is worth noting that the family stated that the flames of these strange fires were a strange mix of red and blue, and were almost always accompanied by the smell of sulfur. 

These fires broke out at random times, and while they were small to begin with, the intensity soon increased, as did the regularity of the fires. In total, over 50 fires were reported by the Tuck family, with several people outside the family also witnessing these bizarre events. In fact, one person, a contractor working at the home, claimed to have witnessed small fires breaking out at the property every 15 minutes. Eventually, with no explanation in sight, the Tuck family sought help from the authorities, although they were equally as mystified. 

The family noted that these fires usually started at the ceiling, although, as the family didn’t have access to electricity, faulty wiring had to be dismissed as the cause. Eventually, with the fires becoming so regular, as well as threatening to spread to other properties, several neighbors stood guard outside the Tuck property with buckets of water, ready to put out any fires that might start while the Tuck family slept. This assistance worked temporarily. Then, however, the Tuck family was confronted with a day of “relentless” fires that spread so quickly that their home was burned to the ground. Fortunately, none of the Tuck family was harmed, but they, of course, were left homeless. With no insurance and even less money, there was no possibility for the Tuck family to rebuild. Ultimately, they moved to a nearby property. However, only hours after they had done so, fires began breaking out in their new abode. 

At this point, undoubtedly worn down by the constant bizarre activity, Calvin dragged all of the family’s possessions out of the new house and set fire to them, believing that they must be cursed and that by destroying them, they would stop the fires. It didn’t. The fires continued, eventually burning down their new property. Homeless once more, the Tuck family moved in with Calvin’s brother-in-law, Darnell Suttle. However, almost immediately, the fires followed them there also. 

The Tuck family and Suttle took to keeping buckets of water in each room, ready to douse any potential fires. Once more, the authorities were contacted, with police officers arriving at the home shortly afterward. When they arrived, they saw a blanket draped over a branch in a tree outside the house. To their absolute shock, the piece of material burst into flames right in front of them. Then, after several moments, the flames simply stopped. One of the officers walked over to the blanket and attempted to set it alight with his lighter. To his shock, the flames refused to take hold. 

Once the officers went inside the house, Willie Bell informed them that several items of their clothing had ignited similarly, with officers noting severe burn marks where the clothes had been. 

Ultimately, after several days, Suttle, fearing his own property would burn to the ground, asked the Tuck family to leave. With nowhere left to go and with no money, the Tuck family moved in with Calvin’s father. The fires, though, moved with them. At this point, with nowhere left to turn, the family sought the advice of a Voodoo doctor, who offered that a “fire curse” was responsible for the strange occurrences. He gave the family a strange herbal mixture that he instructed them to chew daily for three days, as well as a concoction in a bottle that they were to bury in the yard of the property. They did as instructed, but the fires continued. 

Shortly after, the authorities began a full investigation of the events, fearing not only for the Tuck family but also for other nearby residents, and an incident witnessed by the local Fire Chief gave the first clue as to what might be causing these bizarre events. The Fire Chief, as well as other officers, witnessed an old rag suddenly bursting into flames. However, after it had been incinerated in only a matter of seconds, they discovered a strange, green substance where the piece of material had been. Although they couldn’t explain how, they began to suspect that arson might be the cause of these strange events. In fact, when the Tuck family moved again, this time to a friend’s house, the authorities kept a close eye on them, treating the incidents as a crime. In part due to the strange green substance they had discovered, officers began to suspect that phosphorus had been used to somehow start the fires. However, while extremely flammable, phosphorus is also extremely volatile, and is only safe when handled by an expert, which Calvin or his family certainly was not. 

Then, things took an even stranger turn. 

Out of the blue, The Tucks’ 9-year-old son, Calvin Jr., claimed he was behind the fires, claiming he had started them using matches or by making rags “smolder” so that they burst into flames. He did this in an attempt to trick his family that the house they were living in was haunted in the hope that they would move back to Birmingham. He further stated that he only wanted to scare his family into moving and didn’t intend for the properties to burn down. He was sent for psychiatric evaluation, with the police more than certain that they had found their culprit. Some people, however, were more than skeptical about this confession. 

They asked, for example, how a young boy could have perfected the slow-burning process of a smoldering rag so that it appeared to simply burst into flames. Moreover, this didn’t explain the blanket that burst into flames on the tree, and we should recall that when the officer went to light the blanket, it simply wouldn’t ignite. Perhaps even more damning against the young boy’s confession was the fact that many of the fires occurred when he wasn’t even in the properties in question. 

We might consider, given the publicity the fires were generating, not to mention the concern among the local community, whether the police faced some kind of pressure to “get the case wrapped up!” This is pure speculation, but in other cases, particularly those of a paranormal nature, we have seen this type of action. 

Perhaps above all else, though, we might ask, if we assume for one moment that Calvin Jr. was responsible for the fires, how did he manage to control the flames to the point that one item was incinerated while items around them remained untouched, a detail, incidentally, that is also prevalent in cases of spontaneous human combustion. Ultimately, the cause of the fires remains a complete mystery. 

As we can see, then, spontaneous human combustion, whatever the cause might be, is very real and has left a trail of destruction and death in its wake. Are the encounters we have explored here simply cases of carelessness? Or might we even consider that one day science will understand what makes some people seemingly burst into flames? Or could it really be that these cases have more of a paranormal origin? As always, there are many more questions than answers.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

16-09-2025 om 18:47 geschreven door peter  

The moon is drifting AWAY from Earth at a rate of 1.5 inches per year – and it could mean days become 25 hours long, scientists warn

• READ MORE: NASA finds clearest sign of life on Mars yet

By XANTHA LEATHAM, EXECUTIVE SCIENCE EDITOR

It's the reliable celestial companion that's stuck around for 4.5 billion years.

But the moon is slowly drifting away from Earth, a physicist has revealed.

Dr Stephen DiKerby, a researcher in Physics and Astronomy at Michigan State University, said the moon is getting 1.5 inches (3.8cm) further away from our planet every year.

As a result, the Earth's rotation is also slowing down, he revealed. And it means that – over time – days could get longer.

The revelation helps explain why around 70 million years ago, near the end of the time of the dinosaurs, Earth's days were only 23.5 hours long.

As the moon continues to move further away, the number of seconds, minutes and eventually hours in a day will also gradually increase – but it's likely none of us alive today will be around to notice it.

'Don't worry, these effects are so small,' he wrote on The Conversation. '1.5 inches per year compared to a distance of 239,000 miles (384,000 km) is just 0.00000001 per cent per year.

'We'll keep having eclipses, tides and days that last 24 hours for millions of years.'

The moon is getting 1.5 inches further away from our planet every year, an expert revealed. Pictured: The moon over London in February 2023

Dr DiKerby explained that the moon is getting further away due to our tides.

The Earth's tides are strongly influenced by the moon's gravitational pull, which causes our oceans to slosh in two bulges.

One points towards the moon, because this is where the force of gravity is the strongest, while the other points away from the moon, where the force is weakest.

'These liquid bulges do not quite line up with the moon,' Dr DiKerby said. 'They "lead" it a little bit because the Earth is rotating and dragging them forward.

'This forward pull from the closer tidal bulge causes the moonto speed up, which causes the size of its orbit to increase.

'This means that the moongets slightly farther away from the Earth.'

However, he reassured that the effect is very gradual and is only detectable on average over years.

'If we fast–forward tens of billions of years into the future, eventually the Earth's rotation could slow down until it is tidally locked with the moon,' he said.

The Earth's tides are strongly influenced by the moon's gravitational pull, which causes our oceans to slosh in two bulges. Pictured: The moon over the Dolomites

'At this point the moon would stop getting more distant, and you would see the moon only from one side of the Earth.'

Future generations will never get to witness this phenomenon, however.

First, in around a billion years, the Sun will get brighter and boil away the oceans, meaning there are no longer tides to influence the moon's position in the sky, he explained. 

And second, a few billion years later, the Sun will expand into a red giant, likely destroying the Earth – and the moon.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

16-09-2025 om 18:38 geschreven door peter  

The ozone layer is healing! Hole over Antarctica is recovering – and could soon close for good, promising study reveals

• READ MORE: Ozone may be weakening Earth's important cooling mechanism

By SHIVALI BEST, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR 

It has been four decades since scientists discovered the growing hole in Earth's ozone layer.

But a promising new study has revealed that this protective shield – around 20 miles above our planet's surface – could be well on its way to recovery.

Experts from the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) say that, compared to previous years, total stratospheric ozone cover was higher over much of the globe in 2024.

What's more, the ozone hole that appears over Antarctica every spring was well below the 1990–2020 average. 

'The ozone layer is healing,' said Antonio Guterres, the United Nations Secretary–General. 

'This achievement reminds us that when nations heed the warnings of science, progress is possible.'

If progress continues at the current pace, the ozone layer could soon recover to its 1980 values (before the appearance of the ozone hole). 

The experts predict that a full recovery could take place by around 2066 over the Antarctic, by 2045 over the Arctic, and by 2040 for the rest of the world.

Experts from the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) say that, compared to previous years, total stratospheric ozone cover was higher over much of the globe in 2024

The ozone layer is Earth's 'natural sunscreen' that protects humans, plants, and animals by filtering out harmful UV–B radiation. 

Without it, we'd be at significantly increased risks of skin cancer, cataracts, and ecosystem damage due to excessive UV exposure.

Back in the 1970s, scientists first raised concerns about the effect of man–made chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the ozone layer. 

Concerningly, CFCs were used in a range of products, including refrigeration, air conditioning, firefighting foam, and even hairspray. 

An international treaty called the Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987, leading to the phase–out of over 99 per cent of these ozone–depleting chemicals. 

However, it was too late – a huge hole had already appeared in the ozone layer over Antarctica. 

Beyond CFCs, the ozone hole has also been kept open by global warming. 

'A side effect of global warming is that the temperature of the ozone layer is falling slightly,' explained the British Antarctic Survey. 

The ozone hole that appears over Antarctica every spring was well below the 1990–2020 average

'This means that more of the stratospheric clouds can form over Antarctica, and hence delay the recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole.' 

Now, promising data shows that the depth of the ozone hole was below average in 2024, with a maximum ozone mass deficit of 46.1 million tonnes on 29 September.

'Its onset was relatively slow, and delayed ozone depletion was observed through the month of September, followed by a relatively rapid recovery after the maximum deficit was reached,' WMO explained in its report. 

'The below-average level of ozone loss persisted through mid-November.' 

While this is promising, the experts say our work is 'not yet finished'. 

'There remains an essential need for the world to continue careful systematic monitoring of both stratospheric ozone and of ozone-depleting substances and their replacements,' said Matt Tully, Chair of WMO's Scientific Advisory Group on Ozone and Solar UV Radiation. 

The Ozone layer sits in the stratosphere 25 miles above the Earth's surface and acts like a natural sunscreen

Ozone is a molecule comprised of three oxygen atoms that occurs naturally in small amounts. 

In the stratosphere, roughly seven to 25 miles above Earth's surface, the ozone layer acts like sunscreen, shielding the planet from potentially harmful ultraviolet radiation that can cause skin cancer and cataracts, suppress immune systems and also damage plants. 

It is produced in tropical latitudes and distributed around the globe. 

Closer to the ground, ozone can also be created by photochemical reactions between the sun and pollution from vehicle emissions and other sources, forming harmful smog.

Although warmer-than-average stratospheric weather conditions have reduced ozone depletion during the past two years, the current ozone hole area is still large compared to the 1980s, when the depletion of the ozone layer above Antarctica was first detected. 

In the stratosphere, roughly seven to 25 miles above Earth's surface, the ozone layer acts like sunscreen, shielding the planet from potentially harmful ultraviolet radiation

This is because levels of ozone-depleting substances like chlorine and bromine remain high enough to produce significant ozone loss. 

In the 1970s, it was recognised that chemicals called CFCs, used for example in refrigeration and aerosols, were destroying ozone in the stratosphere.  

In 1987, the Montreal Protocol was agreed, which led to the phase-out of CFCs and, recently, the first signs of recovery of the Antarctic ozone layer. 

The upper stratosphere at lower latitudes is also showing clear signs of recovery, proving the Montreal Protocol is working well.

But the new study, published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, found it is likely not recovering at latitudes between 60°N and 60°S (London is at 51°N).

The cause is not certain but the researchers believe it is possible climate change is altering the pattern of atmospheric circulation - causing more ozone to be carried away from the tropics.

They say another possibility is that very short-lived substances (VSLSs), which contain chlorine and bromine, could be destroying ozone in the lower stratosphere.

VSLSs include chemicals used as solvents, paint strippers, and as degreasing agents.

One is even used in the production of an ozone-friendly replacement for CFCs.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

16-09-2025 om 17:57 geschreven door peter  

Chinese scientists hunt for alien radio signals in 'potentially habitable' TRAPPIST-1 system

By Mark Thompson

Researchers in China have conducted the most thorough search yet for alien radio signals in the nearby TRAPPIST-1 system, which may harbor potentially Earth-like planets.

Trappist-1, seen here in this illustration with the Sun for scale, has been the target of the search for extra-terrestrial signals. 

(Image credit: CactiStaccingCrane)

TRAPPIST-1 is a red dwarf star located about 40 light years away that hosts seven Earth sized rocky planets, with at least three orbiting in the habitable zone where liquid water could potentially exist. This makes it one of the most Solar System like exoplanet systems discovered, with TRAPPIST-1e considered among the best potentially habitable exoplanets. The system's proximity and multiple potentially habitable worlds make it an ideal target for searching for technological civilizations.

The research team conducted their search using the Five hundred meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) to exploit its unprecedented sensitivity. The observations consisted of five independent L-band pointings, each with a 20 minute integration, for a total time of 1.67 hours. The frequency coverage spanned 1.05 to 1.45GHz with a spectral resolution of ~7.5Hz allowing them to detect extremely weak radio signals that might indicate alien technology.

The team led by Guang-Yuan Song from the Dezhou University in China looked for very precise radio frequencies that slowly changed over time due to planetary motion.

Related: 

• Will the James Webb telescope lead us to alien life? Scientists say we're getting closer than ever.

Such signals would be virtually impossible to produce naturally and would strongly suggest artificial origin from an advanced civilization. Based on the configuration of FAST, the researchers had the ability to detect radio signals as weak as 2.04×10^10 watts. This means they were able to detect fainter signals than any previous studies. If there were aliens transmitting radio signals regularly on a specific frequency, this study would be more likely to find them than earlier attempts.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

Alas, the search found no convincing evidence of alien technology. However, rather than being disappointing, this result still provides valuable scientific information. It places upper limits on the presence of certain types of alien transmitters in the TRAPPIST-1 system and demonstrates the remarkable capabilities of modern SETI searches.

RELATED STORIES

• Potentially habitable planet TRAPPIST-1b may have a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere
• Will the James Webb telescope lead us to alien life? Scientists say we're getting closer than ever.
• Cosmic rays could help support alien life on worlds outside the 'Goldilocks zone'

It may be some years or even decades before we can completely rule out life in the TRAPPIST-1 system but at least for now, it remains a compelling target for future SETI efforts. The team plans to expand their search to look for other types of signals, including periodic or transient transmissions that might be missed by current methods.

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence remains one of our most profound scientific endeavors, with the potential to fundamentally transform our understanding of our place in the universe. As we continue to peer out into space with ever greater precision, we're not just looking for aliens, we're taking the first steps toward what may be the most significant moment in human history.​​​​​​​​​​

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{ https://www.livescience.com/space/extraterrestrial-life }

15-09-2025 om 22:27 geschreven door peter  

Scientists measure the 'natal kick' that sent a baby black hole careening through space for the first time

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"It's a remarkable demonstration of what gravitational waves can do," study co-author Koustav Chandra, an astrophysicist at Pennsylvania State University said in a statement.

Collision signals

When black holes careen toward one another they produce gravitational waves. But when one black hole is much more massive than the other, the gravitational waves produced look very different depending on the angle from which they are observed.

By looking from different angles, researchers can find the direction of the kick. Then, the kick’s speed can be determined by measuring the mass ratio and spin of the two original black holes — information that can also be determined from studying gravitational waves.

Related: 

• Scientists detect most massive black hole merger ever — and it birthed a monster 225 times as massive as the sun

If the recoil from the collision is strong enough to slingshot the merged black hole from its star cluster, this prevents this new black hole from subsequently merging with other black holes and potentially forming a supermassive black hole — which can be 100,000 to 50 billion times the mass of the sun. This makes understanding the speed and direction of kicks essential for tracking the formation of supermassive black holes.

In 2018, study co-author Juan Calderón Bustillo and his colleagues figured out exactly how to measure the natal kick based on these gravitational wave signals. But their model had to rely on simulations, as no black hole merger resulting in a recoil had been detected at that point.

Then, on April 12, 2019, the Advanced LIGO detectors in Louisiana and Washington State and the Virgo detector in Italy recorded the GW190412 picked up a signal resulting from two stellar-mass black holes merging: One 29.7 times as massive as the sun and the other 8.4 times as massive.

Despite taking place more than 2.4 billion light-years away from Earth, the researchers used two angles relative to Earth to determine where the kick sent the newborn black hole. It raced away from its birth site, likely a dense grouping of stars called a globular cluster, at an astonishing 111,600 miles per hour (179,600 kilometers per hour). This speed would be more than enough to enable it to escape the cluster and become a runaway black hole.

"This is one of the few phenomena in astrophysics where we're not just detecting something," Chandra said. "We're reconstructing the full 3D motion of an object that's billions of light-years away, using only ripples in spacetime."

The team’s next steps will be to look for more black hole mergers to measure with both gravitational waves and visible light, a search that could yield deeper insights into how the cosmic monsters grow.

{ https://www.livescience.com/space }

15-09-2025 om 22:14 geschreven door peter  

This Man Claims Death Is Not the End: Brains May Remain Viable for Days, Research Suggests

But what is actually observed is quite the opposite. Instead of fading, people’s consciousness seems to become expanded, powerful, and vast after death.

Dr. Parnia argues that this observation suggests human consciousness is a mystery that cannot be fully explained by brain activity alone. The idea that consciousness is purely a product of the brain and ends when the brain dies is questionable and, in his view, incorrect. This has opened up a new and vast field for scientific research.

This Man strongly believes death is not the end of the human mind/consciousness. In his 30 years of research, he discovered that brains remain “salvageable for not only hours, but possibly days of time.”

Sam Parnia, an associate professor of medicine at NYU Langone, suggests that if we consider death as a process where the brain deteriorates, and if consciousness is simply created by the brain (a notion that remains debated), then logic would suggest that consciousness should also fade or diminish.

But what is actually observed is quite the opposite. Instead of fading, people’s consciousness seems to become expanded, powerful, and vast after death.

Dr. Parnia argues that this observation suggests human consciousness is a mystery that cannot be fully explained by brain activity alone. The idea that consciousness is purely a product of the brain and ends when the brain dies is questionable and, in his view, incorrect. This has opened up a new and vast field for scientific research.Dr. Parnia argues that what people commonly believe about death is fundamentally wrong. Contrary to the usual idea that death is final, he sees death as a reversible state rather than an absolute end.

Recent research has shown that the idea of dying as a sudden event is mostly a social convention that does not match scientific realities. Parnia calls this a new frontier of science that challenges one of life’s fundamental certainties. He expresses frustration that outdated and inaccurate theories about death continue to prevail despite the tools and research now available.From a scientific perspective, death is not a moment that happens all at once but a gradual process that can take many hours.

For example, brain cells and other cells in the body do not immediately die or decompose right after death, which challenges the common assumption that consciousness and life end instantly when the heart stops or the brain ceases to function.

Remarkably, he says brains can remain salvageable for not just hours but possibly days. For instance, he cites a case where brain cells retained full function 48 hours after being removed from a body, even though preservation was delayed.

He details his findings in his book “Lucid Dying,” where he presents evidence suggesting that reviving the dead is not as difficult as commonly thought and explores what happens to consciousness as it fades. (Source)

Dr. Parnia directs the Human Consciousness Project, which has conducted the largest study on people who recalled experiences near death, using AI tools to analyze their accounts and reveal new insights. He stresses that science has begun to investigate what used to be philosophical territory, what happens after death.

He discussed research, such as a study on pig brains by neuroscientist Dr. Nenad Sestan, in which brains were taken from pigs hours after death and connected to a special system with drugs to preserve them. (Source)

This restored some brain functions, showing that brain cells do not die immediately and suggesting it might be possible to restore life and brain activity after death in humans as well.

He says that this research could revolutionize resuscitation and save many lives, because currently, people are often declared dead too soon, especially in cases like heart attacks or accidents.

He clarifies that “functioning” and “consciousness” are different. In the pig study, the animals were given drugs that suppressed brain electrical signals linked to consciousness (similar to anesthesia). Without those drugs, it’s likely the pigs could have regained some form of conscious awareness, raising ethical concerns.

Regarding consciousness, Dr. Parnia explains that it is a deeply puzzling phenomenon. Although brain activity is linked to consciousness, there is no clear scientific explanation of how brain cells produce the subjective experience of thinking and awareness.

He discusses two main views: one sees consciousness as simply a product of brain activity, but there is no strong evidence for this.

The other, supported by some scientists including Nobel laureates, suggests consciousness is a distinct entity that interacts with the brain but is not generated by it, similar to how a computer accesses the internet but does not create it.

A 2022 study showed, for the first time, detailed brain waves from a dying person. It involved an 87-year-old man who had fallen, was admitted to the emergency room, and quickly went into cardiac arrest while hooked up to an EEG machine that tracked his brain activity as he died. Before this, most studies on brain activity near death had only recorded limited signals from certain brain areas, but this case provided a much more comprehensive recording. (Source)

Dr. Parnia explained that many people experience periods of surprising mental clarity and heightened consciousness near death. Although such cases were once thought anecdotal, studies suggest nearly 10 percent of people might experience these lucid moments, possibly involving about 800 million people worldwide.

The researchers focused their analysis on the 30 seconds before and after the man’s heart stopped. They observed changes in brain waves typically involved in higher cognitive processes, such as information processing, memory recall, concentration, conscious awareness, and different stages of dreaming.

This suggests that, even as the brain begins to shut down, it may actively engage in recalling memories or consciousness moments before death. These findings provide possible biological evidence for the common expression that people’s “life flashes before their eyes” in near-death experiences.

However, the researchers caution that the patient’s health was already compromised by brain trauma, seizures, and medications, which complicate interpreting the data and limit comparisons to healthy brain activity. Still, the observed “cross-coupling” patterns between alpha and gamma brain waves, linked to memory and alertness, support the idea that the brain might be replaying memories or conscious experiences at life’s end.

A 2023 separate study from the University of Michigan observed similar increases in gamma wave activity—associated with conscious thought—in two comatose patients after cardiac arrest when they were removed from ventilators.

This activity was localized in a part of the brain related to dreaming and altered states, implying that the dying brain can remain active in significant ways. The researchers described this as evidence for a “covert consciousness” that might allow life review experiences, as reported by survivors of near-death events. (Source)

Dr. Parnia explained that as the brain shuts down, typical inhibitory brain functions that regulate daily consciousness become reduced. This disinhibition may unlock access to deeper layers of awareness or reality not normally accessible during everyday life.

Dr. Parnia’s own large-scale AWARE-TO study across multiple hospitals interviewed people who survived cardiac arrest and had near-death memories.

About 15% reported vivid, unique experiences of consciousness during death, describing feelings of vastness and heightened awareness. These experiences often included perception of their surroundings from outside their bodies, recognizing detailed actions of medical staff, and a panoramic, all-encompassing sensing of information.

Crucially, people recalled reliving their entire life, but not as a simple flash of images. Instead, they re-experienced every interaction they had with others, feeling both their own emotions and those of others involved, especially in terms of ethical and moral dimensions. This life review prompts deep reflection on how they lived and their impact on others, offering a sense of higher purpose and moral significance that transcends cultural or religious backgrounds.

Dr. Parnia stresses that these near-death experiences are remarkably universal. It does not reflect religious practices, social status, or materialistic achievements, but rather how individuals behaved morally.

Advanced AI analysis has confirmed with high certainty that these recollections are distinct from dreams or hallucinations and uniquely tied to the dying process.

When asked if these experiences are supernatural, Dr. Parnia rejects it.

He argues that calling them supernatural just shows a lack of understanding. Instead, he says these experiences reflect natural processes in the brain during death, specifically, the brain shutting down in a way that removes normal inhibitory controls, allowing access to the full breadth of consciousness and memory that is usually inaccessible.

This sudden access to total consciousness and memory is responsible for the profound experiences people report.

He concludes that consciousness likely exists as a separate scientific entity interacting with but not produced wholly by the brain. Brain disorders may obscure consciousness, but consciousness itself is not destroyed with brain death. Instead, it can become more vivid and expansive at death, suggesting new territory for scientific exploration beyond the current understanding.

In 2011, a scientist named Sean Carroll wrote a blog for Scientific American. He said that the laws of physics show that life after death is not possible. He explained that our brains store information, like memories and thoughts, but when we die, our bodies break down into tiny pieces (atoms). According to science, there is no way for that information to survive after death. (Source)

A study published on Dr. Parnia’s studies in 2022 says, “So far, the researchers say, evidence suggests that neither physiological nor cognitive processes end with death and that although systematic studies have not been able to absolutely prove the reality or meaning of patients’ experiences and claims of awareness in relation to death, it has been impossible to disclaim them either.” (Source)

Dr. Parnia explains that as a physician and scientist, he is deeply interested in what happens when people die, both to be able to bring them back successfully and to restore their full consciousness and identity.

However, he finds the term “soul” problematic because it is vague and means different things to different people. He prefers to define the soul in terms of the Greek concept of the “psyche,” which includes all the elements that make a person who they are, their thoughts, emotions, consciousness, and sense of self.

Read also:

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According to him, the soul or psyche can be understood scientifically as the conscious, thinking self.

His research and data from studies of cardiac arrest patients, those who have temporarily died and then been revived, suggest that consciousness or the soul does not immediately vanish or become annihilated after death, at least in the early stages.

He differentiates his scientific findings, which show the soul or psyche continuing beyond clinical death, from many religious or philosophical definitions of an immortal soul. His data does not, he clarifies, confirm those religious or metaphysical beliefs directly.

Dr. Parnia focuses on the objective results of his research, which align with the viewpoints of esteemed scientists like Nobel laureate Sir John Eccles and Professor Bahram Elahi.

These scientists propose that consciousness or the psyche is a separate, undiscovered entity distinct from the brain, likely a very subtle form of matter, neither immaterial nor magical, but something physically real, though different from anything currently understood.

He points out that if consciousness has some form of subtle material existence, this challenges traditional religious dualistic views where the soul is purely immaterial and wholly separate from the body. Such a perspective places consciousness fundamentally within the material world, though in a subtle form we have yet to fully comprehend.

His research increasingly supports the idea that consciousness, psyche, or soul may continue to exist independently of brain function after clinical death.

{ https://howandwhys.com/ }

15-09-2025 om 21:50 geschreven door peter  

If evolution is real, why are there still monkeys? Scientists reveal the surprising answer

• READ MORE: Scientists discover a 'hidden chapter' in human evolution

By WILIAM HUNTER, SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY REPORTER

When you learned about the history of human evolution in school, there's a good chance you were shown one all-too-familiar image. 

That picture probably showed a conga line of human-like creatures, from a primitive ape at one end to a modern man proudly strolling into the future at the other. 

For many people, this iconic image captures evolution's slow but inevitable march from the simple to the complex.

But it also raises a puzzling question: If this really is how evolution works, then why are there still monkeys and apes? 

Surely, if humans evolved out of primates, there's no reason that so many species should have remained so primitive.

While it might be easy to dismiss this as a trivial question, the answer actually reveals a fascinating detail of our shared evolutionary history. 

In fact, it uncovers what scientists have called a 'widespread and persistent misconception' about the nature of human evolution.

So, Daily Mail asked some of the leading experts to explain why we might need to rethink our place in the evolutionary lineup. 

It's a common thought that many people have about evolution, but now scientists have given their answer to why monkeys and other apes still exist if humans evolved from them (stock image) 

If evolution is real, why are there still monkeys? 

One common view of evolution is that it is a linear process which takes primitive species and slowly brings them closer to perfection.

Unfortunately, this is a greatly simplified perception of how evolution really works.

Professor Ruth Mace, an expert on human evolution from University College London, told Daily Mail: 'Think of the evolutionary process as tree-like. All living species are at the tips of the branches.

'Humans and monkeys are on branches that separated at some point. Both branches still exist.'

If we were to trace those branches back in time through the generations, we would eventually find that they merge into a single species. 

Modern humans' closest living relatives are chimpanzees and bonobos, with whom we share about 98.7 per cent of our DNA.

We also share a lot of common traits with our primate relatives, including anatomical features, complex social hierarchies, and problem-solving skills. 

Bonobos (pictured) and chimpanzees are humans' closest relatives, with whom we share over 98 per cent of our DNA. However, evolution experts say we didn't really evolve from these primate species 

If humans evolved from primates, why are there still monkeys?

It might be easy, therefore, to think that modern humans evolved from a group of chimpanzees or bonobos, leaving the rest of the species behind on a lower rung of the evolutionary ladder. 

However, modern genetic data shows that this isn't the case. 

Anthropologists currently think that humans split from the family containing bonobos and chimpanzees somewhere between six to 10 million years ago.

Scientists call the species at that branching point our 'last common ancestor'. 

When scientists talk about early humans like the Neanderthals and Homo erectus, it can seem like modern humans replaced all the species that came before them.

This creates a misconception that every earlier species either evolved to be more human-like or died out.  

However, since Darwin's 'tree of life' doesn't grow straight up like a beanstalk, but spreads like a bush, there are also lots of evolutionary 'dead ends'. 

Neanderthals are just another branch that split away from our latest common ancestor that lived sometime between 800,000 and 100,000 years ago. 

Humans branched off from the chimpanzees (pictured) and bonobos about six to 10 million years ago. They are not earlier stages on the path towards humanity, but ends of a different branch in the evolutionary tree

Most of the branches on the human family tree were evolutionary dead ends. The other human species, such as Neanderthals (pictured), eventually died off, but not because they evolved into humans 

But there's no reason that any of those other branches necessarily had to go extinct; they just took different paths to our own. 

Why haven't monkeys become as smart as humans?  

Our evolutionary story is one of gradually improving sophistication, particularly when it comes to intelligence.

This intelligence has allowed human beings to flourish in a way no other species ever has before, pushing many other primate species close to extinction.

But if our intelligence is such a massive evolutionary advantage, why haven't our close relatives also evolved to be just as smart? 

While our intelligence might seem extremely important to us, it simply isn't necessary for other species to succeed, experts said.

Professor Mace explained: 'If you live in the rainforest in groups of primates that mostly eat plant matter, then the kind of intelligence you need is not necessarily the same kind of intelligence you need if you are a carnivore who needs to hunt large prey in groups on the savannah.'

That means there's no reason for monkeys to have evolved into a more human-like species.  

Chimpanzees are extremely intelligent and well-adapted to their environment. Scientists say there is no reason that they would need to evolve the kind of intelligence found in humans 

Why didn't apes become as smart as humans?

In fact, when it comes to evolutionary 'success', human intelligence isn't all that it's cracked up to be. 

Dr John Rowan, assistant professor of human evolution at the University of Cambridge, told Daily Mail: 'Chimpanzees and bonobos do very well in their respective niches, so why not ask the reverse question: Why haven’t humans evolved to be more like chimpanzees or bonobos?

'Bonobos in particular do not engage in large-scale intergroup violence and killing, whereas we humans are constantly consumed by conflict and warfare—why haven’t we evolved to be more like bonobos?'

Contrary to common belief, humanity is not the goal towards which evolution is striving.

'It’s often assumed that the human version of a trait must be the "best", but that’s almost never the case,' says Dr Rowan.

'Humans have many interesting adaptations, but we must remember that so do all the other billions of species we share the planet with. And many are far more remarkable than human adaptations humans have!'

Could monkeys evolve into humans in the future?

However, although monkeys and apes don't have any reason to evolve human-like intelligence at the moment, that might not always be the case.

In the very far future, scientists say that some primate species could evolve to be more human-like in a Planet of the Apes-style scenario. However, that species might not resemble humans today 

In the far future, or if humans were to disappear from the planet, there could be an evolutionary niche which some primate evolves to fill.

Professor Mace says: 'Every mutation happens by chance, but if species live in similar environments, there are plenty of examples of convergent evolution.

'So it is entirely possible that something not too different from ourselves could evolve, but it is not inevitable as the environment is bound to be slightly different.'

That means, a Planet of the Apes-style scenario is not entirely inconceivable in the extremely distant future. 

However, whatever creature did emerge from that lengthy process of evolution might not look anything like humans as we recognise them.

Dr Edwin de Jager, a biological anthropologist from the University of Cambridge, told Daily Mail: 'Evolution doesn’t repeat itself exactly, but given enough time and the right pressures, it’s possible that some primates could evolve greater intelligence or more human-like traits.

'But they wouldn’t become human, I think they’d be something entirely new.'

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15-09-2025 om 21:31 geschreven door peter  

Scientists reveal exactly what will happen if the Earth continues to spin faster - including devastating earthquakes and catastrophic flooding

• READ MORE: Experts blame climate change for the record–breaking summer

By JONATHAN CHADWICK, ASSISTANT SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR 

You may already feel as if there’s not enough time in the day. 

But it's not just your imagination – the days have been getting shorter. 

According to scientists, July 9, July 22 and August 5 this year were between 1.3 and 1.51 milliseconds shorter than the standard 24-hour day. 

Although the exact reason is still a mystery, there could be several causes, such as changes in the atmosphere, the melting of glaciers, motion in the Earth's core, and a weakening magnetic field.

While the loss of a few milliseconds is not a cause for too much concern, a frightening new book imagines a world literally 'spinning out of control'.

In 'Circular Motion' by Alex Foster, days on Earth last 23 hours, then 20 hours, and then eventually two hours.

Like a supercharged spinning top, the planet spins so fast that even gravity loses its grip, as the sun rises and sets ever faster. 

Now, experts reveal the real implications of such a terrifying scenario, from large-scale disasters, floods and earthquakes. 

A new novel called 'Circular Motion' by Alex Foster imagines a world literally spinning out of control, until a day last just two hours 

In Foster's new novel, Earth's rotation speeds up due to a network of massive aircraft that orbit the Earth at 30,000 feet, revolutionising global transportation. 

The acceleration of Earth’s spin begins gradually, and days are just a few seconds shorter than normal, so nobody initially notices. 

However, Earth’s spin progressively gets faster and faster until a day lasts just two hours – triggering a global catastrophe. 

If Earth's spin really did get faster, experts say it cause a 'centrifugal effect' where the things start to swing away from the planet's axis, much like the hanging chairs on a spinning carousel ride.

Earth's oceans would start to bulge around the equator, giving the planet more of a diamond shape, with sloping northern and southern hemispheres. 

Water pulled from the polar regions (where centrifugal force is low) would cause the Arctic Ocean to become shallower and send the equatorial region underwater. 

Even land around the equator that's not underwater could have a greatly increased chance of tsunamis and flooding. 

Duncan Agnew, professor of geophysics at the University of California San Diego, said the 'largest changes would be in the ocean tides'. 

This long-exposure photo of the northern night sky above the Nepali Himalayas shows the apparent paths of the stars as Earth rotates. If Earth spun fast enough, is this what we would see?

According to scientists, July 9, July 22 and August 5 this year were between 1.3 and 1.51 milliseconds shorter than the standard 24-hour day . Although the exact reason is still a mystery, there could be several causes, such as changes in the atmosphere, the melting of glaciers, motion in the Earth's core, and a weakening magnetic field (stock image)

Could the world keep going faster?

It is unlikely that the world will start to spin faster. In fact, the world is actually slowing down over time.

About 4.4 billion years ago, the planet was spinning so fast that days lasted four minutes. But this slowed down after a large object hit Earth and created the moon.

The only way Earth could speed up is if a large object hits at just the right angle. But this would likely liquify the planet's crust, so no humans would survive to see the results.  

As any beach-goer knows, in coastal areas around the world there are high tides and low tides, which are due to the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun, combined with the rotation of Earth.  

The daily rotation of the Earth produces two high tides and two low tides every 24 hours and 50 minutes. 

'Change that by 10 per cent and the tides in some places would get larger and in others smaller,' Professor Agnew told the Daily Mail. 

Also, the faster the Earth's spin, the faster tectonic plates would move, would could add to more geological stress and 'a lot of earthquakes', the academic added. 

It’s worth remembering that the equator (where Earth’s circumference is the widest) spins faster than elsewhere, such as the tropics or the poles. 

The equator spins at about 1,025 miles (1,650km) per hour, while the poles spin barely above zero miles per hour. 

As Earth spins and we go around with it, we are held into place by gravity, but if the Earth spun fast enough, centrifugal force would overcome gravity, causing objects to be flung into space. 

'The faster Earth turns, the more gravity will be canceled out and the lighter you’ll feel,' said Foster in a piece for New Scientist. 

Hurricanes will spin faster and carry more energy if the world's spin greatly increases, researchers claim. In this picture from space, a swirling hurricane forms

The faster Earth's spin, the faster tectonic plates would move, would could add to more geological stress and 'a lot of earthquakes'. Pictured, damage from Afghanistan earthquake, September 4, 2025

NASA astronomer Dr Sten Odenwald also warned that weather phenomena would become more extreme, capable of causing more damage. 

As the planet spins faster, an apparent force known as the Coriolis effect, which gives hurricanes their spin, intensifies. 

'Hurricanes will spin faster and carry more energy,' Dr Odenwald said.

If Earth’s spin increased, there would of course also be both less sunlight in the day and less time to sleep at night, which might make humans less productive. 

People would have keep putting their clocks back as the days shortened, or come up with a whole new time-keeping system.

Humans have a 'circadian rhythm' – an internal clock that is closely attuned to the 24-hour day – which can cause physical and mental issues if disrupted (by factors like plane travel).

Additionally, many satellites would no longer be positioned correctly, which could disrupt satellite communications, internet, TV broadcasting and more.

Luckily, Professor Agnew said the idea of Earth's rotation speeding up to the extent portrayed in the new novel is a 'particularly absurd premise'. 

Each day on Earth contains 86,400 seconds, but the rotation isn't uniform, which means over the course of a year, each day has a fraction of a second more or less

'This cannot happen and nothing like it has ever been observed for any planet or star,' Professor Agnew told the Daily Mail. 

In actual fact, the Earth has been rotating more and more slowly over the long-term, but this change has been very gradual.

'A billion years ago the day was maybe 19 hours long,' he told the Daily Mail. 

'If you went back to when there were dinosaurs and didn't have a clock you wouldn't probably notice that the day was 30 minutes shorter.' 

Dr Judah Levine, Fellow of the US government's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Maryland, also questioned how close the book's premise is to 'real physics'. 

'If the story is loosely connected to reality, then the speed-up of Earth had to be accompanied by something else losing angular momentum, maybe the orbit of the moon,' he told the Daily Mail. 

'This is a fundamental principle.'

Maybe the orbit of the moon losing angular momentum could cause the speed-up of Earth, he added.  

'If that is what happens, the moon gets a lot closer, and the tidal effects become much stronger and more frequent because the periods are driven by the length of the day.' 

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15-09-2025 om 20:51 geschreven door peter  

Earth has another moon! Hidden 'quasi-moon' has been following our planet for decades, astronomers reveal

• READ MORE:  NASA finds clearest sign of life on Mars

By XANTHA LEATHAM, EXECUTIVE SCIENCE EDITOR

For the last 4.5 billion years our planet has had a reliable celestial companion – the moon.

Its orbit around the Earth has a profound effect on life here, from influencing the tides to stabilising our seasons.

But astronomers have now discovered another sidekick that may have been following our planet around for some time.

Experts at the Pan-STARRS observatory in Hawaii have spotted a quasi-moon, called ‘2025 PN7’, that has been tagging along after Earth since the 1960s.

This cosmic body is actually an asteroid, they explained, and – rather than orbit the Earth – it is orbiting the Sun on a similar trajectory to our planet.

The astronomers made the discovery after analysing orbital data from the asteroid, which is just 19 metres (62ft) wide.

They determined it has been in a quasi-orbit for around 60 years and would likely be nearby for another 60 years or so before departing.

It joins the six other known quasi-moons in Earth-like orbits - but boasts the title of the ‘smallest and the least stable’.

Experts have spotted a quasi-moon, an asteroid called ‘2025 PN7’, that has been tagging along after Earth since the 1960s

(stock image)

Scientists have been aware of quasi-satellites since 1991 when they first discovered ‘1991 VG’ – which some believed to be an alien probe at the time.

‘Over three decades later, it is now widely accepted that such objects are natural and constitute a secondary asteroid belt that occupies the region in which the Earth-moon system orbits around the sun,’ the researchers wrote.

Unlike our moon, which can usually been seen with the naked eye, this quasi-moon is only visible through good telescopes.

And although it may appear to be orbiting Earth it is not gravitationally bound to our planet.

While it may sound like this neighbour has been ‘following’ Earth for quite some time, it’s relatively short compared to another famous quasi-moon, Kamo’oalewa, which has an Earth-related orbit lasting around 381 years.

Quasi-moons are part of a special category of space objects called Arjunas, that move in sync with our planet’s journey around the sun.

2025 PN7 maintains a wide range of distances from Earth – anywhere between around 2.8 million miles (4.5 million km) and 37 million miles (59 million km).

These quasi-moons in Earth-like orbits are ‘full of surprises’ co-author Carlos de la Fuente Marcos, from the Complutense University of Madrid, told Live Science.

Earth's orbit around the Sun (blue) contrasted with that of its quasi-moon Kamo'oalewa (yellow, labeled with its provisional designation 2016 HO3). The large yellow circle traces just one of the quasi-moon's orbits around the Sun. Over many orbits, it also traces the series of loops around Earth shown to the right

This new quasi-moon is ‘small, faint and visibility windows from Earth are rather unfavourable, so it is not surprising that it went unnoticed for that long,’ he explained.

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile, which recently became operational, can scan for other quasi-moons and ‘may uncover many more’.

The latest discovery was recently published in Research Notes of the AAS.

Alongside quasi-moons the Earth is sometimes joined by ‘minimoons’ – objects that do orbit our planet but only temporarily.

Only four have ever been discovered, and none are still orbiting Earth.

Experts from The Planetary Society said: ‘Quasi-moons and minimoons are pieces of our neighbourhood in space, and they carry information about where they come from. They might originate in the main asteroid belt, from impacts on the Moon, or from the break-up of larger objects on similar orbits — scientists don’t know for sure.

‘Answering that question, and finding out what these almost-moons are made of, can help researchers learn more about asteroids and how they threaten Earth.’

The phases of the moon

Like Earth, the Moon has a day side and a night side, which change as the Moon rotates. 

The Sun always illuminates half of the Moon while the other half remains dark, but how much we are able to see of that illuminated half changes as the Moon travels through its orbit.

In the Northern Hemisphere, the phases of the moon are:

1. New Moon

This is the invisible phase of the Moon, with the illuminated side of the Moon facing the Sun and the night side facing Earth.

2. Waxing crescent

This silver sliver of a Moon occurs when the illuminated half of the Moon faces mostly away from Earth, with only a tiny portion visible to us from our planet.

3. First Quarter 

The Moon is now a quarter of the way through its monthly journey and you see half of its illuminated side. 

4. Waxing Gibbous

Now most of the Moon's dayside has come into view, and the Moon appears brighter in the sky. 

5. Full Moon

This is as close as we come to seeing the Sun's illumination of the entire day side of the Moon.

6. Waning Gibbous

As the Moon begins its journey back toward the Sun, the opposite side of the Moon now reflects the Moon’s light. 

7. Last Quarter

The Moon looks like it’s half illuminated from the perspective of Earth, but really you’re seeing half of the half of the Moon that’s illuminated by the Sun ― or a quarter. 

8. Waning Crescent

The Moon is nearly back to the point in its orbit where its dayside directly faces the Sun, and all that we see from our perspective is a thin curve. 

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15-09-2025 om 20:38 geschreven door peter  

The Impact Event that Shaped Earth’s History: An In-Depth Scientific Analysis of the 35-Million-Year-Old Asteroid Collision

Introduction

Throughout Earth's complex geological history, extraterrestrial impacts have played a significant role in shaping the planet’s surface, climate, and biological evolution. Among these, asteroid impacts stand out due to their catastrophic potential and their ability to produce profound, sometimes global-scale effects. Approximately 35 million years ago, a colossal asteroid struck the eastern coast of what is today North America, leaving behind one of Earth's largest and best-preserved impact craters beneath Chesapeake Bay. This event not only caused immediate destruction but also triggered a series of subsequent catastrophic phenomena, including massive tsunamis and environmental upheaval. Recent research has provided new insights into this ancient impact, revealing the event's true scale and its far-reaching consequences. This comprehensive analysis aims to detail the geological evidence, reconstruct the sequence of events, and explore the implications of this impact for Earth's history, drawing from recent scientific findings published in the journal Southeastern Geology.

A 5-kilometer asteroid caused two devastating planetary-scale catastrophes 35 million years ago.
Illustrative photo: SciTechDaily

The Asteroid: Dimensions, Velocity, and Impact Site

The impactor was approximately 5 kilometers in diameter, a size capable of releasing an enormous amount of energy upon collision. Traveling at velocities exceeding 64,000 km/h (about 17.8 km/s), the asteroid imparted an immense kinetic energy, estimated at roughly 10^24 joules—comparable to billions of nuclear bombs detonating simultaneously. Such an energy release would have instantaneously vaporized a vast area, generated shock waves propagating through Earth’s crust, and initiated global environmental disturbances.

The impact site was in what is now Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, a region characterized by sedimentary deposits accumulated over millions of years. The collision created a transient crater that, over geological time, was buried beneath sediment and oceanic deposits, resulting in the present-day impact structure lying approximately 500 meters below the current ocean floor. This buried crater remains one of the best-preserved terrestrial impact structures, providing a unique window into the processes and consequences of asteroid impacts.

Geological Evidence of the Impact

Recent geological studies, notably those published in Southeastern Geology, have uncovered compelling evidence of the impact event far from the crater itself. Notably, fossils and rock layers discovered in Moore County, North Carolina—approximately 386 km southwest of the impact site—serve as a crucial record of the event's global influence. The identification and analysis of these layers have significantly advanced our understanding of the impact’s scale and consequence.

An asteroid struck the East Coast of North America 35 million years ago. Ejected material from the impact site was distributed over an area of at least four million square miles. Researchers have found clear traces of the impact and dated them for the first time using the uranium-thorium-helium technique. ODP 1073 on the map refers to the ocean drilling project site where the sample material for this study was collected.
Credit: GEBCO world map 2014, www.gebco.net

Layered Sedimentary Record

Central to this research is a nearly one-meter-thick stratigraphic sequence containing four distinct layers, each representing different phases of the impact aftermath:

1. Bottom Layer (43 cm thick): This layer is rich in sandy clay, carbon glass (also known as tektites), and rock fragments. The presence of iridium at concentrations up to 18 parts per billion (ppb)—a hallmark of extraterrestrial material—provides unequivocal evidence that this layer originated from an extraterrestrial impact. Iridium is rare on Earth's crust but abundant in meteorites, making its presence a key indicator of cosmic origin.

2. Second Layer (9 cm thick): Comprising silt and loosely bound quartz and carbon fragments with reduced iridium levels, this layer signifies the dispersal of smaller impact ejecta as the initial shock wave dispersed material into the atmosphere and surrounding environment.

3. Third Layer (6 cm thick): Consisting of a mixture of marine sediments and seabed fragments, this layer indicates subsequent geological processes, particularly water filling the crater and triggering massive landslides of marine sediments into the impact basin.

4. Fourth Layer (15 cm thick): Composed of coarse sand and gravel, this uppermost layer bears the signature of a powerful tsunami wave depositing large sediments over the existing layers.

The stratigraphy offers a comprehensive timeline of the impact event, detailing the progression from the initial collision to subsequent environmental changes. Each layer reflects a distinct phase, revealing insights into the destructive processes and their global effects. Understanding this sequence helps scientists piece together the event’s magnitude and consequences, providing valuable context for Earth's geological history and impact assessment.

1. Impact and Shock Wave Generation

 The collision of the asteroid with Earth's surface instantly generated an intense hypersonic shock wave that propagated rapidly through the crust. This energy release caused widespread destruction within hundreds of kilometers, obliterating everything in its path, including flora, fauna, and geological formations. The shock wave also led to the melting and vaporization of rocks, producing molten debris that was ejected high into the atmosphere. The immense pressure and heat created a transient but powerful zone of devastation, marking the beginning of the catastrophic sequence. This phase is critical because it set the stage for subsequent environmental upheavals, and the physical evidence of shock deformation in minerals confirms the immense energy involved.

2. Ejection and Atmospheric Dispersal

Within minutes of impact, a layer rich in impact ejecta, such as tektites and iridium-bearing material, was deposited across a vast area. These materials settle over regions as distant as Massachusetts and Barbados, demonstrating the event's enormous dispersal capacity. The presence of iridium, a rare extraterrestrial element, confirms the asteroid's origin. This layer provides a precise marker for dating the impact event, serving as a key stratigraphic reference point. The dispersal of molten and shattered debris not only signifies the initial energy release but also indicates the widespread atmospheric circulation that transported these materials globally. The distribution pattern reflects the impact's immense force and the Earth's atmospheric dynamics during the event.

3. Dispersal of Fine Particulates and Cloud Formation

Following the initial ejecta, a fine particulate cloud formed from pulverized rock and debris dispersed into the atmosphere. This cloud caused a significant reduction in sunlight reaching Earth's surface, leading to what is often described as an impact winter. The diminished sunlight likely caused short-term global cooling, disrupting photosynthesis and affecting ecosystems worldwide. This environmental upheaval could have contributed to the mass extinction of species, especially those sensitive to climate change. The stratigraphic record of this phase includes layers of soot and ash, indicating widespread fires and atmospheric particulates. This phase underscores how an impact event can trigger climate shifts, with short-term but profound effects on life. 

4. Crater Filling and Landslides

As water flooded the impact crater, the unstable sediments surrounding the site became prone to destabilization. Massive landslides of marine sediments cascaded into the basin, filling the crater with a mixture of soil and seabed fragments. This process signifies a transition from a primarily impact-driven environment to a water-dominated one, altering local geology dramatically. The resulting layer contains evidence of sediment reworking, including disturbed strata and displaced marine fossils. This phase reflects the ongoing geological response to the impact, highlighting how secondary processes like flooding and landslides shape the stratigraphic record. It also indicates the importance of water in modulating the impact's environmental impact.

5. Tsunami Generation and Sediment Deposition

The final, most destructive phase involved the generation of a colossal tsunami triggered by the sudden displacement of water due to the impact and crater infilling. The tsunami propagated across the Atlantic Ocean, inundating coastal regions with high-energy waves. This resulted in the deposition of coarse sediments, such as gravel and sand, over large areas, including Moore County. The uppermost stratigraphic layer records this event, characterized by high-energy deposits indicative of tsunami action. The deposits include chaotic, poorly sorted sediments with marine fossils embedded within them, evidence of rapid, forceful inundation. This phase demonstrates the global reach of impact-induced phenomena and their capacity to reshape coastlines and sedimentary environments dramatically.

A microscopic photograph of tiny silica droplets, formed by an asteroid impact.

Credit: Natalie Cheng / Bridget Weed.

Environmental and Biological Consequences

The immediate aftermath of the impact was utterly catastrophic, unleashing a series of devastating environmental effects that reshaped Earth's ecosystems. The colossal shock wave generated by the impact would have propagated across vast distances, exerting immense pressure on both terrestrial and marine life forms. Simultaneously, the intense thermal energy released during the collision caused widespread vaporization of rocks and minerals, creating a colossal plume of superheated debris that was rapidly dispersed into the atmosphere. This atmospheric dispersal of particulate matter and aerosols would have triggered a temporary but severe "impact winter," dramatically reducing sunlight penetration to Earth's surface. The resulting drop in temperatures and suppression of photosynthesis would have led to mass extinction events among many plant species and the animals dependent on them, disrupting entire food chains and ecological networks.

The climatic perturbations caused by these events likely persisted for several years, or even decades, profoundly influencing evolutionary pathways. The prolonged darkness and cold conditions would have favored the survival of species capable of enduring harsh environments, thus driving selective pressures that shaped future biodiversity. The impact's influence on climate and ecosystems could have facilitated the emergence of new adaptive traits among surviving species, setting the stage for subsequent evolutionary diversification.

In addition to atmospheric and climate effects, the impact would have generated enormous tsunami waves that radiated outward from the site of impact, inundating coastal regions and reshaping shorelines. These massive waves would have caused widespread flooding of low-lying areas, leading to the destruction of habitats and the displacement of countless organisms. The marine environment, in particular, would have undergone profound changes: sedimentation rates increased sharply due to the influx of debris, and habitats such as coral reefs and seabed communities faced destruction or significant alteration. These disruptions would have led to a decline in marine biodiversity and a reshuffling of marine ecosystems.

On land, the effects were equally severe. The intense heat and shockwaves sterilized large areas, destroying plant life and disrupting terrestrial habitats. Forests, grasslands, and other ecosystems faced massive die-offs, while soil erosion and habitat fragmentation further impeded recovery. The combined terrestrial and marine ecological upheavals resulted in a significant biotic turnover, particularly during the Miocene epoch, a period marked by notable evolutionary shifts and diversification among surviving species.

Overall, the impact's environmental and biological consequences were profound, triggering immediate mass extinctions, altering climate patterns, reshaping coastlines, and instigating long-term evolutionary changes. The aftermath set in motion a series of ecological shifts that would influence the course of life on Earth for millions of years to come, marking a pivotal point in Earth's geological and biological history.

Popigai in Siberia, the result of an asteroid strike 36 million years ago, is one of the largest and most well-preserved impact craters on Earth. 

(Image credit: NASA Earth Observatory/Joshua Stevens, using data from NASA/METI/AIST/Japan Space Systems and the US/Japan ASTER Science Team)

Implications for Earth's Geological and Biological Evolution

This impact event provides a compelling example of how extraterrestrial collisions have significantly influenced Earth's geological landscape as well as its biological history over millions of years. The evidence discovered in Moore County serves as a crucial piece in understanding the far-reaching effects that such catastrophes can have. Scientific investigations reveal that the physical and chemical signatures resulting from this impact are not confined to the immediate vicinity of the impact crater but can be detected hundreds of kilometers away. These signatures include shocked minerals, specific isotopic anomalies, and unique mineral formations such as shatter cones and tektites, which serve as telltale markers of large-scale impact events.

The timing of this impact correlates with a period of notable transition in Earth's biological and ecological systems during the Miocene epoch, approximately 15 to 10 million years ago. This era was characterized by significant shifts in flora and fauna, including the evolution and extinction of various species, as well as the expansion of grasslands and the diversification of mammals. The coincidence of this impact with such biological upheavals raises the possibility that extraterrestrial collisions may have played a role in accelerating or triggering these evolutionary changes. While it remains difficult to establish a direct causal relationship, this association underscores the importance of considering extraterrestrial influences as factors in Earth's complex evolutionary history.

In addition to its implications for understanding Earth's past, this impact event enhances our knowledge of planetary defense and risk assessment strategies for the future. By studying the physical evidence and the sequence of events surrounding ancient impacts, scientists can better recognize the signatures of similar events that might occur again. This knowledge enables the development of more accurate models of impact frequency, size, and potential consequences—such as widespread environmental disruption, climate change, and mass extinctions. Furthermore, understanding the long-term geological and biological effects of past impacts informs the creation of mitigation strategies, including asteroid detection programs and deflection technologies, aimed at preventing or minimizing the damage caused by future celestial collisions.

Overall, this impact event exemplifies the profound influence extraterrestrial collisions can have on shaping Earth's surface features and biological diversity. It highlights the importance of continued research into impact geology, planetary defense, and Earth's evolutionary history to better understand our planet's past and to safeguard its future.

(Data courtesy of the Republic of Guinea and TGS) (a) regional map showing the location of the Nadir Crater on the Guinea Plateau, offshore West Africa. Other important seabed features are also highlighted, including the Nadir Seamount after which the crater is named. (b and c): regional seismic cross sections across the Guinea Plateau, showing the age of the sedimentary units across the plateau and the location of the Nadir Crater and Nadir Seamount.

Conclusion

The asteroid impact approximately 35 million years ago near present-day Chesapeake Bay represents a pivotal event in Earth's geological history, with profound and lasting effects on the planet's surface, climate, and biosphere. The recent discovery of detailed stratigraphic layers in Moore County has provided invaluable insight into the sequence of events that followed the impact. These layers reveal a complex interplay of immediate shock wave destruction, widespread wildfires, and the formation of a massive tsunami, which collectively reshaped the landscape and influenced the environment for millions of years thereafter. The irrefutable evidence of extraterrestrial origin, including shocked mineral grains and impact ejecta, emphasizes the importance of understanding cosmic influences on Earth’s history.

Studying such impact events is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, it enhances our comprehension of Earth's geological and biological evolution, shedding light on how catastrophic events have contributed to mass extinctions and subsequent recovery periods. Additionally, these findings help us recognize patterns and frequencies of large asteroid impacts, which is essential for assessing future risks. As the Earth continues its orbit through a universe teeming with potential hazards, ongoing research into past impacts serves as a vital tool in planetary defense strategies.

Furthermore, understanding the aftermath of such impacts can inform us about the resilience and adaptability of life, offering lessons on survival and recovery following global catastrophes. The knowledge gained not only satisfies scientific curiosity but also has practical implications for preparing for future impact threats. As technology advances, our ability to detect and potentially mitigate such events improves, emphasizing the importance of continued research and international cooperation in planetary defense efforts.

In conclusion, the study of the Chesapeake Bay impact event and similar occurrences underscores the dynamic and interconnected nature of Earth's history and its cosmic environment. These investigations deepen our appreciation of Earth's vulnerability and resilience while guiding us toward better preparedness for possible future cosmic encounters. Ultimately, understanding Earth's impact record enriches our knowledge of planetary evolution and supports the ongoing quest to safeguard our planet for future generations.

{ PETER2011 }

15-09-2025 om 17:57 geschreven door peter  

UFO gefilmd door vliegtuigpassagiers: Bewijs dat buitenaards leven echt is!

Inhoud

1. De Onverwachte Verschijning van een UFO
2. Deskundige Analyse van de UFO
3. Het Belang van Verder Onderzoek naar UFO’s

1. De Onverwachte Verschijning van een UFO

Hoog boven de wolken, waar niemand iets vreemds verwachtte, dook plotseling een vliegende cilinder op naast het vliegtuig waarin Michelle Reyes zat. Dit UFO-fenomeen was zo duidelijk en nabij dat het onmogelijk was om het te negeren. Michelle handelde snel door haar camera te pakken en het moment vast te leggen, wat later een sensatie op social media werd en het debat over buitenaards leven weer deed oplaaien. Na de waarneming probeerde Michelle officiële instanties te bereiken door de Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) te mailen. Echter, een gebrek aan reactie liet ruimte voor talloze speculaties. Was dit een stilgehouden overheidsgeheim, een natuurlijk onverklaarbaar fenomeen, of toch het sluitende bewijs van buitenaardse bezoekers?

2. Deskundige Analyse van de UFO

Thomas Wertman van het Mutual UFO Network nam de uitdaging aan om de beelden te analyseren. Hij concludeerde snel dat wat Michelle zag geen standaard luchtvaartuig kon zijn. Het object miste de karakteristieke kenmerken zoals vleugels of een staart die je bij een vliegtuig zou verwachten. Deze waarneming bleek een raadsel, dat niet paste in de gebruikelijke categorieën van luchtvaartuigen. Ondanks de wildere theorieën, kon Thomas niet geheel uitsluiten dat het object iets banaals kon zijn zoals een weerballon. De precieze vorm en beweging ervan gaven echter aan dat er iets bijzonders aan de hand was, iets dat wellicht niet binnen onze huidige wetenschappelijke kaders te verklaren valt.

3. Het Belang van Verder Onderzoek naar UFO’s

Deze waarneming benadrukt het belang van openheid in wetenschappelijk onderzoek naar onverklaarbare fenomenen. De lucht blijft een domein vol mysteries, en elke nieuwe waarneming van een UFO biedt potentieel voor nieuwe kennis en begrip. De waarneming door Michelle Reyes en andere passagiers blijft een fascinerend gespreksonderwerp. Of het nu gaat om buitenaardse bezoekers of een natuurlijk verschijnsel, het herinnert ons eraan dat de werkelijkheid vaak fantastischer is dan fictie. Blijf dus alert en wie weet wat je de volgende keer zou kunnen spotten wanneer je omhoog kijkt naar de uitgestrekte hemel. Met een beetje geluk en een camera in de hand, zijn we misschien allemaal getuige van het volgende grote mysterie.

{ https://sgxl.nl/ }

15-09-2025 om 16:49 geschreven door peter  

Artikel door Fabienne Ba

Raket raakt UFO en stuitert terug: beelden die het Congres intrigeren

© Edvin Richardson/Pexels

Een verrassende sequentie, vastgelegd in oktober 2024 voor de kust van Jemen, onthult een Amerikaanse Hellfire-raket die door een Reaper-drone is afgevuurd op een mysterieuze lichtgevende bol. In plaats van zijn doel te vernietigen, lijkt de raket te stuiteren, waardoor de UFO (ongeïdentificeerd vliegend object) ongedeerd blijft – een uniek fenomeen dat sindsdien tot bezorgdheid heeft geleid bij experts en beleidsmakers.

Een video die nog nooit eerder is vertoond

Deze video, getoond tijdens een hoorzitting van het Amerikaanse Congres in september 2025, werd gepresenteerd door afgevaardigde Eric Burlison. De video toont duidelijk dat de Hellfire-raket het doel raakt, maar terugkaatst in plaats van te exploderen of het object te neutraliseren. Voormalig inlichtingenofficier Lue Elizondo wijst erop dat dit gedrag ongekend is voor dit type raket, waarvan de impact meestal fataal is.

Schokkende video toont raket afgevuurd door het Amerikaanse leger die van een UFO stuitert boven de oceaan

(Foto: X)

Een onverklaarbaar object in een gespannen militaire context

De UFO, officieel aangeduid als UAP (Unidentified Aerial Phenomeen), werd met hoge snelheid over water gegleden, gevolgd door twee MQ-9 Reaper-drones. Deze waarneming vond plaats in een conflictgebied, wat wijst op een mogelijke connectie met geavanceerde militaire technologieën van een wereldmacht, in plaats van een buitenaardse oorsprong.

Foto en video: X @digijordan. Deze inhoud is gemaakt met behulp van AI en herzien door het redactieteam.

Op weg naar meer transparantie en onderzoek

Het Congres roept op tot meer duidelijkheid en informatie over deze onbekende luchtverschijnselen, die nog steeds in nevelen gehuld zijn. Deze video, afkomstig van een klokkenluider, wordt nog steeds bestudeerd door onafhankelijke experts. Het onderstreept de groeiende Amerikaanse interesse in het monitoren en begrijpen van onconventionele luchtdreigingen.

Beeld: Youtube

Er is een groot mysterie gaande rond onlangs verschenen beelden van een Amerikaanse raket die een UFO probeert neer te schieten. Zonder succes, want het object lijkt zijn weg te vervolgen. Verschillende officals en media vragen zich nu hardop af wat er precies heeft plaatsgevonden.

“Waarom laten we dit nu zien?”

Burlison toonde de clip op 9 september 2025 tijdens een hoorzitting over UAP’s om één boodschap te onderstrepen: open de boeken. Als dit soort opnames bestaan, dan hoort het Congres de ruwe data te zien — tijdcodes, IR-feeds, radar, alles. Geen sensatie zonder context, maar óók geen geheimzinnigheid als het om publieke verantwoording gaat.

“What the hell is that?”

Journalist George Knapp was erbij als getuige. Geen wilde claims, geen grootse theorieën — juist dat maakt zijn reactie zo raak. Hij vindt dat dit type materiaal met volksvertegenwoordigers gedeeld moet worden, maar zonder extra context is het vooral… een fascinerende puzzel. Zijn soundbite die bleef hangen: “What the hell is that?” Precies de vraag die je stelt als je de clip twee keer hebt teruggespoeld en nog steeds niet begrijpt waarom dat ding niet omlaag komt.

Wat weten we níet (en dat is lekker frustrerend)

• Wapendetail: Er is geen publiek vrijgegeven forensische analyse die definitief zegt: “dit was het wapen, hier was de impact.”
• Ruwe sensordata: Zonder multisensor-correlatie (IR, radar, metadata) blijft het gissen naar snelheid, grootte en materiaal.
• Optische trucs: Wat lijkt op “onverwoestbaar” kan deels worden verklaard door perspectief, compressie of autofocus. Of niet — en dan wordt het alleen maar spannender.
• Plaats in groter patroon: Het incident past in een bredere reeks meldingen rond gevoelige locaties, maar harde conclusies ontbreken.

Waarom dit zo viraal gaat

Eerlijk is eerlijk: we zijn gek op paradoxen. Een raket treft iets, dat “iets” blijft vliegen — dat is voer voor discussies, memes en eindeloze replayknoppen. Het zet de deur open naar alles: van hypergeavanceerde drones tot exotische technologie. En ja, het woord UFO duikt dan onvermijdelijk op, al is het officieel gewoon “onverklaard”.

Het grotere plaatje: tussen wow-moment en waarheidsvinding

Dit fragment balanceert perfect tussen spectaculair en onbeantwoord. Het roept vragen op over hoe we militair beeldmateriaal delen, hoe we UAP-cases onderzoeken en welke data nodig zijn om feiten van fantasie te scheiden. Zolang de ruwe bestanden, rapporten en telemetrie niet op tafel liggen, blijft het een cliffhanger waar elke nieuw hoofdstuk om schreeuwt.

UFO houdt ons even in z’n greep

Wat we zagen: een object dat na een vermoedelijke treffer onverstoorbaar doorgaat. Wat we voelen: een mix van ongeloof, nieuwsgierigheid en een gezonde dosis show me the data. Burlison en Knapp zitten op dezelfde golflengte: deel het materiaal, laat experts ermee aan de slag en geef het publiek duidelijkheid. Tot die tijd blijft de UFO het internet — en Washington — knap bezighouden.

Tussen fascinatie en publieke bezorgdheid

Op sociale media en onder gekozen functionarissen wekt de afbeelding van de stuiterende raket fascinatie, debat en bezorgdheid op. Sommigen zien het als bewijs van buitengewone technologie, terwijl anderen de realiteit en bedoelingen van deze verschijnselen in twijfel trekken, wat aanleiding geeft tot allerlei fantasieën en theorieën.

Uiteindelijk wakkert deze uitzonderlijke video het debat over de aard van UAP's en het vermogen van de strijdkrachten om hiermee om te gaan, opnieuw aan. Daarmee wordt een toekomst voorspeld waarin wetenschap en inlichtingendiensten transparant en nauwkeurig moeten zijn.

Check ook:

UFO gefilmd door vliegtuigpassagiers: Bewijs dat buitenaards leven echt is!

{ The Body Optimist }

15-09-2025 om 16:35 geschreven door peter  

Perseverance Finds Potential Chemical Signatures of Ancient Microbial Life on Mars

Introduction

The quest to discover past life on Mars has long captivated scientists and the public alike. With NASA’s Perseverance rover exploring the Jezero Crater, a site believed to have once hosted a lake, researchers are uncovering intriguing evidence that may point to ancient microbial life. A recent publication in Nature details the extensive geological, petrographic, and geochemical investigations conducted by the rover’s suite of instruments, revealing potential biosignatures in rocks of the Bright Angel formation. This article delves into these findings, their significance, and the broader implications for understanding Mars’ ancient habitability.

This artist’s impression shows how Mars may have looked about 4 billion years ago.

Image credit: M. Kornmesser / ESO.

The Geological Context of Jezero Crater

• Jezero Crater as a Window into Mars’ Past

Jezero Crater, approximately 45 kilometers in diameter, was once a lake-rich environment that preserved a diverse array of sedimentary deposits. Its geological makeup offers a unique record of Mars' early climate and potential habitability. The crater’s deposits include mudstones and conglomerates indicative of flowing water and standing lakes, making it an ideal site to search for biosignatures. These sediments have the potential to contain organic molecules and microfossils, providing crucial clues about past life possibilities on Mars. The stratigraphy within Jezero reveals multiple episodes of water activity, including lake formation and sedimentation, which are essential for understanding the planet's climatic evolution. Moreover, the mineralogical composition of these deposits, such as clay minerals and carbonates, further supports the evidence of a once warmer and wetter environment. Studying these geological features helps scientists reconstruct Mars’ climatic history and assess its habitability during the Noachian period, approximately 3.8 to 4.1 billion years ago

Image showing the area of Jezero Crater explored by the Perseverance rover.

Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin

• Bright Angel Formation: A Sedimentary Archive

Within Jezero, the Bright Angel formation comprises sedimentary rocks deposited by aqueous processes. These include fine-grained mudstones, layered beds, and conglomerates. Such rocks form in environments where water interacts with sediments over extended periods, often creating conditions conducive to the preservation of organic molecules and mineralogical signs of biological activity. The layered nature of the Bright Angel formation suggests repeated cycles of sedimentation, possibly related to lake level changes or seasonal variations. The presence of clay minerals within these sediments indicates neutral to slightly alkaline conditions, favorable for preserving organic compounds. Additionally, the conglomerates contain rounded pebbles and cobbles that reveal information about water flow velocities and sediment transport mechanisms. The detailed analysis of these rocks by Perseverance provides insights into the environmental conditions that prevailed during sediment deposition, including water chemistry, temperature, and duration of aqueous episodes. These findings are vital in understanding the habitability potential of Jezero’s past environments and guiding future exploration efforts.

• Exploration of Neretva Vallis

Perseverance’s entry into Neretva Vallis, on the western edge of Jezero, allowed the rover to investigate distinctive outcrops of the Bright Angel formation. The rover’s detailed analyses of these rocks have yielded key insights into their composition and formation history. By examining the mineralogy and texture of the outcrops, scientists have identified signatures of aqueous alteration, such as clay minerals and sulfates, which indicate past interactions with water. The morphology of the outcrops reveals layered structures that suggest episodic sedimentation, possibly during different lake stages or flood events. These observations help reconstruct the paleoenvironmental conditions, including water chemistry, pH, and redox states. Furthermore, the geochemical data obtained from Neretva Vallis outcrops have provided evidence for mineral stabilization processes that may have contributed to the preservation of potential biosignatures. The exploration of this area continues to refine our understanding of Mars’ aqueous history and enhances the search for signs of ancient life in Jezero Crater.

This artist’s concept depicts NASA’s Mars rover Perseverance on the surface of the Red Planet.

Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech.

Instrumentation and Methodology

• Perseverance’s Suite of Scientific Instruments

The rover is equipped with a comprehensive array of scientific tools designed for detailed analysis of the Martian surface. In addition to SHERLOC and PIXL, it features the SuperCam, which combines laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy, and visible/near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy, enabling remote mineral identification and organic detection from a distance. The Mastcam-Z camera system provides high-resolution panoramic and stereoscopic imaging for geological context and terrain mapping. The Sample Caching System allows for the collection, sealing, and storage of promising samples for future retrieval and return missions. The MEDA (Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer) monitors atmospheric conditions, temperature, humidity, and dust levels, providing essential environmental data to support the interpretation of geological findings.

• Analytical Techniques
  • Spectroscopy: SHERLOC and PIXL provide mineralogical and molecular signatures, including Raman spectra indicative of organic carbon.The suite employs multiple spectroscopic methods, including Raman, LIBS, and X-ray fluorescence, to determine mineral compositions and detect organic compounds. These techniques identify chemical signatures indicative of past habitability and potential biosignatures.
  • Imaging: The high-resolution cameras capture detailed images of rock textures, layering, and mineral veins, revealing geological history and processes. Imaging also helps select optimal sample sites for drilling and analysis.
  • Sample Collection: Perseverance drilled into rocks to collect core samples, such as from Sapphire Canyon, which are stored securely in sealed tubes. These samples are preserved for detailed laboratory analysis upon return to Earth, enabling future detailed studies of Martian geology and potential biosignatures. A core sample named Sapphire Canyon was obtained from the Bright Angel formation and stored in a sealed tube for potential future return to Earth.

Composite image showing some of the sample tubes deposited by the Perseverance rover at 'Three Forks,” a location within Mars’s Jezero Crater.

Credit: NASA JPL-Caltech

Some of the features of Chevaya Falls.

(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)

Key Geological and Geochemical Findings

• Detection of Organic Molecules and Redox-Active Minerals

The analytical instruments identified diverse organic molecules—carbon-based compounds—embedded within the rock matrices. These organics include complex hydrocarbons and functionalized carbon compounds that suggest the past presence of biological activity or prebiotic chemistry. Alongside these, minerals such as vivianite (ferrous iron phosphate) and greigite (iron sulfide) were detected. These minerals are indicative of low-temperature, aqueous environments, often forming in conditions that support microbial life. Their presence implies that water-rock interactions played a crucial role in the mineralization process and potentially served as habitats for microbial ecosystems. The redox-active nature of these minerals suggests a dynamic environment where oxidation-reduction reactions could facilitate energy transfer, possibly supporting microbial metabolisms similar to those on early Earth. These findings point toward a past environment conducive to life, characterized by the availability of liquid water, chemical energy sources, and organic building blocks. The coexistence of organics and redox minerals strengthens the hypothesis that these rocks experienced biogeochemical processes, offering valuable insights into the planet’s potential habitability during its geological history.

• Structural Features: ‘Poppy Seeds’ and ‘Leopard Spots’

Microscopic imaging revealed distinctive textures within the rocks, notably tiny nodules called 'poppy seeds' and reaction fronts known as 'leopard spots.' The 'poppy seeds' are small, spherical inclusions enriched in ferrous iron phosphate, which suggest localized mineralization possibly driven by biological or chemical processes. The 'leopard spots' display mottled patterns of mineral alteration, often associated with zones of redox change. These features are significant because they are typically formed through redox reactions involving electron transfer, processes often mediated by microbial activity. Their spatial distribution and mineralogy imply that microbial communities might have influenced mineral deposition and alteration, leaving biosignatures embedded within the rock fabric. Such features serve as microscopic indicators of past biological processes and environments. Their study provides clues about the extent and nature of microbial life in ancient aqueous systems, contributing to our understanding of extraterrestrial habitability.

• Organic Signatures and the G-Band

The SHERLOC instrument detected a prominent Raman spectral feature known as the G-band within multiple Bright Angel rocks. The G-band, centered around 1580 cm^-1, is a diagnostic marker of graphitic or amorphous organic carbon. Its presence indicates that organic molecules are not only present but have undergone some degree of carbonization or graphitization, processes associated with biological activity or diagenetic alteration. The strongest G-band signals were observed at Apollo Temple, correlating with a mineral assemblage rich in carbonaceous material and redox-sensitive minerals. The detection of the G-band provides compelling evidence for the past existence of organic matter, which could have originated from biological sources or abiotic synthesis pathways. The spatial distribution of the G-band, alongside mineralogy, helps reconstruct potential environments where organics were preserved—such as low-temperature, water-rich settings that favor organic stability. These findings bolster the case for ancient habitable environments and highlight the importance of organic preservation in the geological record, both on Mars and in astrobiological research.

Interpreting the Geological and Chemical Evidence

• Redox Reactions and Microbial Metabolisms

The spatial association of organic molecules with redox-sensitive minerals suggests that chemical processes similar to microbial metabolisms on Earth could have occurred on Mars. On Earth, microbes metabolize organic matter by "breathing" iron and sulfate, leading to mineral formation. The presence of these features on Mars raises the tantalizing possibility that similar processes took place.

• Abiotic versus Biotic Origins

The findings prompt two main hypotheses:

1. Abiotic (Geochemical) Processes: The mineral structures and organic signatures could result from purely chemical reactions driven by environmental conditions, such as water chemistry, temperature, and mineral interactions, without biological intervention.

2. Biological Influence: Alternatively, microbial activity could have influenced mineral formation, with microbes metabolizing organic molecules and mediating redox reactions, leaving behind biosignatures.

• Constraints on Temperature and Formation Conditions

One critical aspect is the temperature history of these rocks. Many mineral features associated with microbial processes on Earth only form at relatively low temperatures. The analysis suggests that the rocks were never subjected to high-temperature heating, which would have obliterated delicate biosignatures. This supports the hypothesis that if life existed, it could have thrived in the aqueous environments represented by these rocks.

Perseverance’s path through Neretva Vallis and views of the Bright Angel formation.

Image credit: Hurowitz et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09413-0.

Implications for Past Life on Mars

• Potential Biosignatures and Their Significance

While the evidence remains inconclusive as definitive proof of past life, the observed features align with NASA’s criteria for potential biosignatures—molecular or mineralogical indicators that suggest biological activity in the planet's history. The co-occurrence of organic molecules with minerals formed in water-rich, redox-active environments is particularly noteworthy, as it points to conditions that could have supported microbial life. These signatures, especially when found in specific mineral matrices, increase the likelihood that biological processes may have contributed to their formation. Understanding these biosignatures enhances our knowledge of Mars’ ancient habitability and guides future exploratory missions. Further laboratory analysis will be crucial to determine whether these features originated biologically or through abiotic processes, helping to refine our criteria for detecting life beyond Earth.

• Comparison with Terrestrial Analogues

 On Earth, similar mineral-organic associations are prevalent in ancient sedimentary deposits where microbial communities thrived under comparable environmental conditions. For example, iron-rich banded iron formations and sulfur-rich sediments often host microfossils and biogenic mineral structures. These terrestrial analogues demonstrate how microbial metabolisms can influence mineral precipitation and organic preservation over geological timescales. The parallels suggest that if life ever existed on Mars, it might have employed similar metabolic pathways, particularly involving iron and sulfur cycling, which are abundant in the planet's ancient crust. Studying Earth's early ecosystems provides valuable insights into the potential biological processes that could have operated on Mars, informing the search for life and interpreting potential biosignatures.

• Sample Return and Future Research

 The core sample from Sapphire Canyon is carefully stored for eventual return to Earth, marking a significant milestone in planetary exploration. Once retrieved, comprehensive analyses in terrestrial laboratories will enable high-precision isotopic studies to determine biogenic versus abiotic origins of the detected features. Advanced techniques such as microfossil identification, mineralogical characterization, and molecular analysis will be employed, surpassing the capabilities of rover-based instruments. These investigations aim to confirm whether the observed features are indeed the result of past biological activity or are products of non-biological processes. Such definitive evidence would profoundly impact our understanding of Mars’ history and its potential to have harbored life. Moreover, the findings will guide future missions, refining biosignature detection strategies and expanding our search for extraterrestrial life elsewhere in the universe. 

Broader Scientific and Astrobiological Context

• Understanding Mars’ Habitability

The findings reinforce the idea that early Mars had environments suitable for life: persistent liquid water, chemically rich sediments, and energy sources. The presence of organic molecules and microbial-like mineral signatures suggests that habitable conditions may have persisted long enough for microbial communities to develop. These conditions provide a compelling case for Mars being a potentially life-supporting environment in its past. The detection of water-related minerals, such as clays and sulfates, indicates that Mars experienced prolonged aqueous activity, which is essential for the emergence and sustenance of life. Moreover, the chemical richness of sediments points to the availability of nutrients necessary for microbial metabolism. The energy sources, possibly derived from volcanic activity or chemical gradients, could have powered biological processes. Understanding these factors helps scientists reconstruct the planet’s ancient climate and assess its capacity to harbor life, guiding future exploration efforts to identify specific sites with the highest potential for biosignatures. Such insights are crucial in establishing Mars’ role in the broader narrative of life's origins in the universe and assessing the planet’s potential as a future habitat for human exploration. 

NASA's Perseverance rover captured this selfie on 23 July 2024, near a rock known as Cheyava Falls, which shows evidence that it may have once been home to microbial life.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS

• Astrobiological Significance

Discovering potential biosignatures on Mars has profound implications for understanding the universality of life. If microbial processes can form mineral-Organic associations in Martian environments, it broadens the scope of where life could exist or have existed elsewhere in the universe. These findings suggest that life may not be confined to Earth-like conditions but could potentially thrive in a variety of extraterrestrial settings. The detection of organic molecules, combined with mineral signatures indicative of biological activity, supports the hypothesis that life’s building blocks are widespread and that similar processes might occur on other planetary bodies, such as Europa or Enceladus. This expands the astrobiological search beyond traditional habitable zones, encouraging scientists to explore diverse environments that may harbor life. Additionally, understanding how biosignatures form and are preserved on Mars provides critical insights into the longevity and detectability of extraterrestrial life signals. These discoveries fuel the scientific quest to answer whether life exists beyond Earth, shaping future missions aimed at detecting definitive signs of past or present life on other planets and moons.

• Challenges and Limitations

Despite the excitement, scientists emphasize caution. The features observed could result from non-biological processes, such as mineralization, chemical reactions, or abiotic mineral formation. Differentiating between biological and abiotic origins of potential biosignatures remains a significant challenge, requiring rigorous analysis and multiple lines of evidence. Definitive proof of past life necessitates unambiguous biosignatures, such as microfossils—tiny, cell-like structures—or isotopic ratios characteristic of biological activity, which are difficult to confirm remotely. Contamination, preservation biases, and the complexity of planetary geology complicate interpretations. Future sample analyses, potentially conducted on return missions, are expected to provide more conclusive evidence. They aim to identify complex organic molecules, specific microscopic structures, and isotopic signatures that can only be attributed to biological processes. Until then, findings remain promising but provisional, emphasizing the importance of cautious scientific interpretation. These limitations highlight the need for advanced instrumentation, meticulous data collection, and comprehensive analysis to confidently establish whether life once existed—or still exists—on Mars.

Concluding Remarks

The Perseverance rover’s exploration of the Bright Angel formation has provided compelling evidence that ancient Martian environments could have supported microbial life. The detection of complex organic molecules is particularly significant, as these are fundamental building blocks of life. Additionally, the identification of minerals such as clay and sulfates—known to form in the presence of water—indicates that Mars once had a habitable environment with the necessary conditions for microbial life to thrive. Structural features observed within the rock formations resemble biosignatures, further strengthening the case for past life, although they are not definitive proof on their own.

These findings are crucial because they suggest that Mars's ancient environment was more hospitable than previously thought, potentially allowing microbial organisms to exist or have existed. The significance of these discoveries extends beyond Mars; they contribute to the broader search for life beyond Earth and inform future exploration strategies. The upcoming analysis of samples returned to Earth will be critical in verifying these initial findings.

Advanced laboratory techniques can detect subtle biosignatures that in-situ instruments cannot, offering the possibility of conclusive evidence of past life. Ultimately, these discoveries challenge our understanding of life's distribution in the universe, opening new avenues for scientific inquiry and existential reflection. Continued research is essential to fully unravel Mars’s ancient habitability and to answer one of humanity’s most profound questions: Are we alone?

{ PETER2011 }

14-09-2025 om 23:31 geschreven door peter  

{ https://futurism.com/ }

14-09-2025 om 22:18 geschreven door peter  

UAP witnesses criticize Pentagon UFO office in Congressional hearing for 'using science and coming up with answers'

Secrecy, stigma, dismissal

For too long, UAPs have been "shrouded in secrecy, stigma, and in some cases outright dismissal," Luna said in her opening statement.

"Today, I want to state clearly: this is not science fiction or creating speculation. This is about national security, government accountability, and the American people's right to the truth," said Luna. "Future generations will look back on this moment and ask what we did when presented with the unknown. Did we look away, embarrassed or afraid? Or did we pursue the truth with courage? I intend to be on the side of truth, transparency, and accountability," the lawmaker stated.

A transcript of the hearing and witnesses' prepared testimonies can be read on the U.S. House of Representatives' website.

Space.com asked several experts from leading research groups on UAPs/UFOs concerning the hearing and their take-away thoughts.

Wanted: nitty-gritty details

"The military witness reports were very good," said Robert Powell, executive board member of the Scientific Coalition for UAP Studies in Austin, Texas.

While it may not be apparent to the public or congress, Powell said that anyone who has studied the history of the subject knows that there have been hundreds of such reports by military witnesses that are equally as good.

So how do we move forward?

"Unless Congress is willing to push for the nitty-gritty details" by obtaining full videos, interviewing pilots involved in UAP incidents, and other reported events, "we will not progress," said Powell.

Powell said, in his view, the military will never release the necessary information to establish the presence of a non-human intelligence.

"That's because of their concerns for national security and whether one of our adversaries might learn something from UAP that they could use militarily against us," Powell said. "The resulting tendency to silo all information on UAP prevents moving forward with learning more. Only if Congress allocates funding to the scientific community and academia to study UAP will we make any progress," he concluded.

Science above all

"I find it frustrating that they, rightly, reiterate the importance of the role science can take in figuring out what is behind UAP, but do not apply it in these hearings."

That's the outlook from Alejandro Rojas, a long-time UFO journalist and a consultant to Enigma, a UAP/UFO sightings alert network.

"We have years of anecdotal sighting reports and claims of hidden government knowledge about alien visitation. What we need is evidence," Rojas said.

Rojas added that he found it also trying that the one organization that has been using science, the Pentagon's All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), was pummeled in the hearing, without being represented.

"Having worked in the UFO field for so long, I am sympathetic to their [AARO's] effort. They have shown each step of their work analyzing previous videos, and although it is unpopular to demystify some of these reports, their scientific analyses have been sound," he said.

Preconceived notions

At the recent hearing, "the gripes of committee members came across as being frustrated with the organization that is using science and coming up with answers," sensed Rojas. "However, because they dislike the answers, they blame AARO, when in fact they genuinely do not want scientific analysis to dismantle their preconceived notions."

In the end, Rojas found the hearing disheartening.

"Instead of focusing on real issues and truly championing scientific investigation, the hearing comes across as a very political back-and-forth between the Oversight Committee and the Pentagon," said Rojas. "What gets lost is what we actually need, and that is data gathering and scientific evaluation of that data."

As a consultant with Enigma, Rojas said the group is collecting hundreds of reports, many with videos.

"What we need is a robust, transparent effort to analyze what we are collecting, and to build better sensor systems to gather more and better data on UAP," said Rojas. "If extraterrestrials are visiting us, it is not just the military that would be seeing them."

Credible and intriguing

Avi Loeb, head of the Galileo Project at Harvard, and director of the Institute for Theory & Computation, said he found the first-hand testimonies at the hearing "to be credible and intriguing."

Loeb's Galileo Project is an endeavor to bring the search for extraterrestrial technological signatures of other star folk from "accidental or anecdotal observations and legends" to the mainstream of crystal-clear, confirmed and systematic scientific research.

"I salute congresswoman Luna for chairing this important discussion within the Task Force on the Declassification of Federal Secrets in the U.S. Congress," Loeb said.

But does such a congressional hearing restore public interest in UAP?

"This discussion is not a matter of public relations in a popularity contest, but instead a topic of great relevance for national security and science," responded Loeb. "Once we all see credible evidence about the nature of UAP, we will be able to get to the bottom of it and everyone would agree on what it means."

Best path to new knowledge

Data collection is the goal of the Galileo Project under Loeb's leadership.

Does the astrophysicist believe that the U.S. government is hiding information? He replied that "as a scientist I respond to evidence and not to what people tell me. Scientific evidence is our best path to new knowledge."

The simplest way to tell the difference between a dogmatist and a genuine scientist, Loeb said, is to flood both of them with scientific-quality data.

"Whereas the dogmatist will shove anomalous data under the carpet of traditional thinking, an open-minded scientist will be thrilled to learn something new with an underlying sense of humility," advised Loeb. "Not only is nature more imaginative than we are, but it also does not care whether we figure it out. The insistence that everything in the sky is either icy rocks or human-made technologies will not rid us of cosmic neighbors, if they exist out there," he concluded.

Tone and testimony

"Overall, I was pleased with the tone and testimony in the hearing from the witnesses, and the often excellent questions from the Representatives," said Mark Rodeghier, president and scientific director of the Center for UFO Studies in Chicago, Illinois.

"The hearing hopefully provided more impetus to pass the crucial legislation necessary to answer questions we have about possible US government/contractor involvement with UAP that has been hidden all these years," said Rodeghier.

Rodeghier said the witnesses added additional experiences on the record of both UAP sightings and how the aftermath of those has been handled by the military, including treatment of those wishing to speak publicly.

Crucial legislation

Beyond moving Congress to pass the bills, Rodeghier advised getting witnesses into a SCIF, short for Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility. Located several levels beneath the U.S. Capitol, a SCIF is where lawmakers and witnesses hold closed interviews, far from the prying eyes of the public.

"I'm not sure what can be done with it [those interviews], but having it available is important," said Rodeghier.

Another Rodeghier recommendation is to have the head of AARO in a hearing this fall now that he has been on the job for a year. Lastly, there's need to work on getting the appropriate government agencies to provide modest funding for UAP research, which continues to be unavailable, he said.

Deep difficulties

Michael Cifone is the founding executive director of the Society for UAP Studies, based in Los Angeles, California. The group's mission is not to promote a single narrative but to advance careful scholarship, develop educational frameworks, and advocate for standards of evidence and data transparency.

The recent Congressional hearing on UAPs underscored, once again, "both the importance of the issue and the deep difficulties that have hampered its treatment for decades," said Cifone.

That handling of the topic within the government — whose aim since at least after World War II has been increasingly obsessed with national security and maintaining US military and strategic dominance, feels Cifone, "are guiding principles that are ultimately at odds with the inner operating directives of the sciences themselves: free, open, and therefore democratic exploration of self and world."

Mixed pool

"The UAP problem is not a mystery with one answer, but rather a somewhat unstable and chaotic amalgam of many overlapping realities, complicated by the unfortunate facts of the modern bureaucratic national security state," is a view that Cifone basically endorses.

"UAP reports are not a monolith," Cifone advised.

Instead, they are a mixed pool consisting of: (1) misidentified U.S. black projects, where cutting-edge aerospace programs are understandably shrouded in secrecy; (2) adversarial drones and surveillance platforms, which represent a genuine national security challenge; (3) a large number of ordinary misperceptions of balloons, satellites, or atmospheric phenomena; and (4) a small but stubborn residue of anomalous cases that resist explanation.

"This mixture makes the phenomenon difficult to study, not because of some grand cover-up, but because of the dysfunctional way information is handled inside the government," Cifone said.

Are we up to the task?

The UAP hearing, for all its frustrations, said Cifone, "at least signaled that Congress is beginning to take seriously the structural problems that have long clouded this issue."

From a safety standpoint, the "mixture hypothesis" is particularly important, said Cifone. If even a fraction of UAP reports involve advanced adversarial drones or unsafe incursions into U.S. airspace, then society is faced with an aviation and national security challenge that demands systematic response, he said.

"Let's see what data and frameworks we can establish that can handle UAP and associated phenomena/claims, and what philosophical/conceptual challenges remain, and if we're up to the task," Cifone said.

And for the other claims — crashes, bodies, and so on, Cifone concludes, "sure, but where's the beef?"

{ https://www.space.com/space-exploration }

14-09-2025 om 22:08 geschreven door peter  

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Breakthrough as scientists create a new form life

• READ MORE: Breakthrough new treatment could REVERSE Down syndrome

By STACY LIBERATORE, US SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY EDITOR

Scientists have engineered a strain of bacteria with a genetic code unlike anything found in nature, marking a groundbreaking advance in synthetic biology.

The microbe, called Syn57, is a lab-made version of Escherichia coli, a bacterium that normally causes infections in the gut, urinary tract and other parts of the body.

Unlike all known life, which relies on 64 codons, or three-letter DNA sequences that tell cells how to build proteins, Syn57 uses just 57 codons. 

Think of DNA as a cookbook where each codon is a three-letter word telling the cell which amino acids, or ingredients, to use. 

Life normally has some duplicate instructions, but Syn57 strips out the extras while still functioning perfectly. 

These freed-up codons open the door to entirely new possibilities, allowing scientists to create proteins and synthetic compounds that nature has never produced.

Syn57's unusual genetic code also makes it resistant to viruses, which rely on the standard DNA language to hijack cells. And because its code is so different, it is less likely to mix with natural organisms, easing safety concerns. 

This breakthrough could also pave the way for new medicines, advanced materials and synthetic lifeforms beyond anything seen in nature.

The microbe, named Syn57, is a lab-engineered version of Escherichia coli, a bacterium that can naturally cause infections in the gut, urinary tract and other areas of the body

To tackle this huge project, scientists divided the genome into 38 pieces, each about 100,000 DNA letters long. 

They built each piece in yeast and then inserted it into E coli using a method called uREXER, which combines CRISPR-Cas9 and other tools to swap in synthetic DNA in one step. 

Some genome regions slowed growth or resisted changes, but the team solved these issues by adjusting gene sequences, untangling overlapping genes, and carefully choosing which codons to swap. 

Step by step, the fragments were stitched together into the final, fully synthetic bacterium.

The result, Syn57, is the most heavily redesigned organism ever made, demonstrating that life can survive with a much smaller, simpler genetic code. 

Wesley Robertson, a synthetic biologist at the Medical Research Council Laboratory in the UK, told the New York Times: 'We definitely went through these periods where we were like, 'Well, will this be a dead end, or can we see this through?'

Syn57 is alive, but barely. While normal E. coli can double in an hour, Syn57 takes four, making it 'extremely feeble,' Yonatan Chemla, a synthetic biologist at MIT who was not involved in the study. 

The bacteria grew on a jelly-like surface and in a nutritious liquid, but at four times slower than their natural counterparts. 

Dr Robertson and his team are now experimenting to see if they can make it grow faster. 

If successful, scientists could eventually program it to do tasks that ordinary bacteria cannot.

In addition to the 20 standard amino acids that all life uses to make proteins, chemists can create hundreds of others. 

Syn57's seven missing codons could potentially be reassigned to these unnatural amino acids, allowing the bacterium to produce new drugs or other useful molecules.

Syn57 could also make engineered microbes safer for the environment. 

Microbes swap genes easily, which can be risky if engineered DNA spreads. 

But a gene from Syn57 would be gibberish to natural bacteria because of its unique genetic code, preventing it from being used outside the lab.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html}

14-09-2025 om 16:38 geschreven door peter