Living conditions in the Jezero crater have changed repeatedly throughout its history

Water and minerals in Jezero Сrater

Jezero Crater on Mars is the very location that the Perseverance rover has been studying for many years. Thanks to its operation, scientists have long argued that at the beginning of the planet’s existence, there was a lake into which small rivers flowed and, possibly, life. But recently they have been able to discover that this place is actually quite important.

The rover is equipped with X-ray Lithochemistry (PIXL). It can determine the chemical composition of minerals in the surrounding rocks. Recently, scientists have developed the MIST algorithm, which allows minerals formed in the presence of water flows with different properties to be identified. 

After all, the concept of “water” in everyday life is indeed very broad. Liquids that once flowed on the surface of Mars may have had different properties. And now, thanks to an article in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, we know exactly what happened there. 

Minerals and history of Jezero Crater

In total, scientists have discovered 24 minerals in the rocks of Jezero Crater that may reveal information about the interaction between its volcanic surface and liquids. Scientists have divided them into three main groups, reflecting different types of this interaction.

The first group includes greenalite, hisingerite, and ferroaluminoceladonite. They were formed in hot and highly acidic waters. Judging by the fact that they are only present in samples from the bottom of the crater, these were local volcanic sources that were not widespread. Life on Earth can totally exist in these conditions, but they’re pretty extreme, so the chances of finding traces of organisms in this early period of Mars’ existence are pretty low. 

The second group includes minnesotaite and clinoptilolite, which formed in water flows with significantly more moderate temperatures and acidity. They are present not only at the bottom of the crater, but also in the upper fan region — where water flowed out of it. This indicates that later this depression was much more heavily covered with water and conditions in it were more favorable for life.

The third group of minerals consists of minerals formed in low-temperature, slightly alkaline environments. These include, for example, sepiolite. It is found throughout the crater and indicates that at one time it was covered by a fairly thick layer of water that was quite suitable for life.

Thus, Mars indeed had several different episodes when bodies of water existed in Jezero Crater in one form or another. Details about them will be revealed when samples of its rocks are delivered to Earth.

• According to phys.org

• Posted in News, Science

RELATEDS VIDEOS

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/articles-en/ }

19-09-2025 om 18:23 geschreven door peter  

Earth’s core

At the center of the Earth is its hottest and densest part — the core. No one has ever seen it, but thanks to some indirect methods, it is possible to determine its condition and chemical composition. Scientists have recently made progress in this case.

At the very beginning of its cooling, the Earth’s core was rarefied and hot. But then the temperature dropped and crystallization began in the center of the planet. Gradually, the liquid part became the outer core, and the solid part became the inner core. Charged currents began to form at their boundary.

The latter are the source of our planet’s magnetic field. In fact, its source is the temperature of the solid inner core. It cools down, transfers energy to the outer layers, and the movement of those layers generates currents and magnetic fields.

Seismic waves

All this is fine, but in reality no one has ever seen a sample of the material, either from the outer or inner core. All scientists know about them is the results of research on meteorites, which have remained unchanged since the formation of the Solar System, and observations of the propagation of seismic waves through our planet.

The latter method was used to establish the modern boundaries of the outer and inner cores. And this is precisely where the new study focused its efforts. Knowing the sizes of these two spheres, their cooling times, and information about the outer layers of the Earth, it is possible to calculate what their temperatures are now and in the past.

This is a way to determine chemical composition, because different substances transition to a solid state at different temperatures. Studies have shown that the Earth’s core has to be 10% less dense than pure iron, while the outer layer, despite being liquid, has to be a bit denser, and only certain chemical compositions can make this happen.

Most likely, the core contains sulfur and carbon. It was formed due to the process of supercooling, when, due to certain factors, a substance remains in a liquid state even though the temperature is already below the crystallization point. It is quite possible that in the case of the Earth’s core, this value was 420°C lower. This leaves a very wide range for the carbon content values in it.

• According to phys.org

• Posted in News, Science

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/articles-en/ }

19-09-2025 om 18:09 geschreven door peter  

In September 2022, NASA conducted an unprecedented experiment: the DART spacecraft deliberately collided with the asteroid Didymos to change its orbit. The mission was deemed a success — the trajectory of the space object really changed. It has been demonstrated that humanity already possesses the necessary technology to deflect potentially dangerous asteroids from their course toward Earth. However, new research points to an unexpected complication: such a strike may only delay the collision, rather than prevent it permanently.

Gravitational traps

As it turns out, the main danger is gravitational traps — small areas of space where the gravity of planets can radically change the orbit of an asteroid. If, as a result of the impact, the space rock enters one of these traps, its new path could send it on a direct course toward Earth, but in the future. This makes indiscriminate use of kinetic strike technology potentially risky, merely postponing the inevitable threat.

In search of the perfect place to strike

The answer to this challenge is not to abandon the technology, but to improve it. Scientists studying data from the DART mission are proposing a new approach. Instead of simply hitting the asteroid, it is necessary to calculate the optimal point of impact with the utmost precision.To do this, detailed data about the celestial body needs to be collected in advance: its shape, mass, surface type, rotation speed, and topography.

Based on this data, detailed probability arrays can be created that will show which part of the asteroid’s surface is safest for impact. A correctly calculated impulse in the right place will not only deflect the threat, but also ensure that the asteroid does not fall into a gravitational trap and permanently leaves its dangerous course toward Earth. Thus, future planetary defense missions will transform from brute force to precise “space billiards,” where every hit has to be calibrated.

Earlier, we reported on how the catastrophic consequences of the DART collision with an asteroid were observed from Earth.

• According to eurekalert.org

• Posted in News, Science

{ https://universemagazine.com/en/articles-en/ }

19-09-2025 om 17:56 geschreven door peter  

Senator Claims Government Still Hiding UFO Evidence & ‘Proof of Non-Human Intelligence’ in 2025

Introduction: A New Era of Disclosure

In 2023, the world watched with bated breath as the U.S. Congress held a groundbreaking hearing on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP), marking a significant turning point in the global conversation about extraterrestrial life and aerial anomalies. The testimonies of highly credible whistleblowers such as David Grusch, a former intelligence officer, Ryan Graves, a commercial pilot, and David Fravor, a retired Navy pilot, brought new credibility to the subject. These individuals shared detailed accounts of unexplained sightings, encounters, and classified information, igniting widespread curiosity and prompting governments and scientific communities to reevaluate long-held assumptions about aerial phenomena.

By 2025, this momentum has only intensified. Governments around the world are increasingly acknowledging the reality of UAPs, with some openly admitting that certain sightings defy conventional explanations like weather phenomena or aircraft malfunctions. High-resolution radar data, declassified footage, and sensor recordings have all contributed to the growing body of evidence suggesting that some UAPs might involve non-human intelligence. Several nations, including Canada, the United Kingdom, and France, have initiated joint research projects and open data-sharing initiatives aimed at understanding these phenomena better.

Despite these advancements, many experts and members of the public remain skeptical, suspecting that governments are still withholding vital information. Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer’s 2023 legislation, which aimed to declassify and release UAP-related records, was a significant step forward. However, recent reports indicate that key details continue to be classified, fueling conspiracy theories and public distrust. Investigations by independent researchers and international collaborations have uncovered anomalies that challenge our understanding of physics and technology, hinting at the possibility of non-human origin or advanced extraterrestrial technology.

Moreover, recent technological developments, including the deployment of AI-driven analysis tools and international intelligence sharing, have accelerated efforts to decode these mysteries. The mounting evidence suggests that we are on the verge of a paradigm shift—moving from secrecy and skepticism toward openness and scientific inquiry. As we stand at this crossroads, humanity faces profound questions about our place in the universe, the presence of intelligent life beyond Earth, and what the future holds as we inch closer to discovering the truth behind these enigmatic phenomena.

The Current State of UAP Transparency and Government Action

Since 2023, significant strides have been made by the United States and its allied nations to enhance transparency and deepen understanding of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP). These developments reflect a concerted effort to move beyond secrecy and foster scientific inquiry into phenomena that have long intrigued both the public and the scientific community.

• Declassification and Public Reports: One of the most notable steps has been the systematic declassification of UAP-related material. The Department of Defense (DoD), along with intelligence agencies such as the CIA and NSA, has released hundreds of previously classified videos and reports. These include compelling footage captured by military pilots and sensor systems, which depict objects displaying flight characteristics that challenge current understanding of aeronautics. In late 2024, the U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) published the “Annual UAP Report 2024,” marking a pivotal moment. This comprehensive document acknowledged over 1,200 UAP encounters since 2004, of which many remain unexplained even after rigorous analysis. The report emphasizes that these phenomena are not attributable to known aircraft, natural phenomena, or technological artifacts, thereby underscoring the need for further investigation.
• Establishment of the UAP Oversight Committee: In 2024, the U.S. government formalized its approach by creating the UAP-Scientific and Technical Analysis Group (UAP-STAG), an interagency task force designed to unify efforts across military, intelligence, scientific, and diplomatic sectors. The primary mandate of UAP-STAG is to systematically analyze, catalog, and investigate UAP incidents, especially those exhibiting advanced flight capabilities or associated with unexplained materials and electromagnetic signatures. This committee aims to bring scientific rigor to the study of UAPs, moving away from speculation toward evidence-based understanding. It also seeks to develop standardized protocols for future investigations and to ensure that findings are transparently shared with policymakers and, where appropriate, the public.
• International Collaboration: Recognizing the global nature of the phenomenon, the U.S. has actively engaged with international partners. Countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and NATO members have entered into data-sharing agreements and joint investigation initiatives. These collaborations facilitate a broader, more comprehensive approach to UAP research. Additionally, the European Space Agency (ESA) has launched dedicated missions to scan near-Earth space for anomalies, aiming to identify potential sources or links to UAP activity. Such international efforts underscore the importance of a coordinated response to phenomena that transcend national borders.
• Private and Scientific Sector Engagement: Beyond government agencies, the private sector and academic institutions are increasingly involved in UAP research. Major aerospace and technology companies, including SpaceX, Blue Origin, and several university-affiliated research groups, are conducting independent studies into anomalous phenomena. These organizations often share preliminary findings with government agencies under strict confidentiality agreements, ensuring that sensitive data remains protected while fostering scientific collaboration. This engagement fosters a multidisciplinary approach, integrating aerospace engineering, physics, and atmospheric science to better understand the phenomena. The involvement of private enterprise and academia is vital in providing innovative perspectives and technological capabilities to unravel the mysteries surrounding UAPs.

Overall, these developments reflect a paradigm shift towards transparency and scientific inquiry in UAP research. While many questions remain unanswered, the increased openness and coordinated efforts mark a significant turning point in how governments and society approach the study of these enigmatic phenomena.

Recent High-Profile Incidents and Evidence

1. The “Tri-Planetary” Encounters of 2024

In early 2024, multiple UAPs were recorded simultaneously over the Pacific Ocean during joint military exercises. These objects displayed unprecedented flight characteristics: instantaneous acceleration, hovering at hypersonic speeds, and silent operation. Some of these craft appeared to communicate via electromagnetic signals, suggesting a level of sophistication far beyond current human technology.

One noteworthy incident involved a UAP that hovered near a U.S. Navy carrier for over 45 minutes before departing at incredible speeds. Analysis of recovered debris indicated exotic materials not found on Earth, with atomic structures that challenge our understanding of physics.

2. The “Lunar Anomaly” Findings

In late 2024, NASA and the European Space Agency announced the discovery of anomalous structures on the Moon’s far side, captured by new high-resolution orbiters. These structures, some resembling artificial constructs or machinery, have sparked debates about whether extraterrestrial civilizations might have visited or even established outposts on the Moon or elsewhere in the solar system.

The most compelling evidence came from a recent leak of classified images showing what appears to be a large, partially buried metallic object with geometric features inconsistent with natural geology. Scientists are calling for further investigation, but official access remains restricted.

3. Underwater UAPs and Submarine Encounters

In 2024, several allied navies reported encounters with submerged UAPs, some operating at depths beyond known human capability. These objects have been tracked traveling along undersea corridors, emitting electromagnetic signatures, and possibly interacting with undersea infrastructure. Such phenomena suggest that non-human intelligence may have mastery over both air and sea domains.

Whistleblowers and New Testimonies

• David Grusch & the Hidden Programs

Whistleblower David Grusch has become one of the most prominent figures in the ongoing discussion about UFOs and government secrecy. His revelations in 2023 about secret retrieval programs have sparked intense debate worldwide, and his continued disclosures in 2024 deepen the mystery surrounding these clandestine activities. Grusch claims that the U.S. government has been involved in a series of highly classified projects aimed at recovering and analyzing extraterrestrial technology and biological specimens. One such operation, which he dubbed “Operation Deep Horizon,” is reportedly a large-scale initiative initiated decades ago with the primary goal of retrieving alien artifacts and reverse-engineering alien technology to gain a strategic advantage.

David Grusch, former national reconnaissance officer representative of the UAP Task Force at the U.S. Department of Defense, testifies during a House Oversight Committee hearing. 

Drew Angerer / Getty Images

According to Grusch, thousands of recovered artifacts, some nearly a hundred years old, are stored in undisclosed facilities, guarded by a complex network of agencies and contractors. These artifacts include fragments of alien spacecraft, biological samples, and possibly preserved extraterrestrial lifeforms. Some of these biological specimens are said to be kept in specially designed biocontainment units, possibly stored in underground vaults or remote military bases. Grusch emphasizes that this extensive cover-up involves numerous government agencies, including the Department of Defense, intelligence agencies such as the CIA and DIA, and private defense contractors who have been contracted to develop technology from recovered materials. He also suggests that foreign governments may have knowledge of or even participate in parts of this covert operation, complicating international relations and raising questions about global oversight.

Grusch’s assertions point to a vast and deeply hidden archive of alien-related material, which, if verified, would fundamentally alter our understanding of human history and technological development. He warns that the scope of this concealment is enormous, involving not only military and intelligence agencies but also shadowy corporate entities that profit from the technology’s secrecy. The implications of such a cover-up extend beyond national security concerns, touching on issues of transparency, ethics, and humanity’s right to know about extraterrestrial life. Grusch’s testimonies continue to fuel speculation and investigation, prompting calls for congressional hearings and independent inquiries into the existence and extent of these secret programs.

• Ryan Graves & the Threat of Advanced UAPs

Ryan Graves, a former Navy pilot and now a senior advisor to the Department of Defense, remains a key advocate for transparency regarding Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP). Throughout 2024, he has published detailed analyses and reports emphasizing the potential threats posed by advanced UAPs to national security and aviation safety. Graves’s extensive experience as a pilot gives him a unique perspective on the flight capabilities of these objects, which often exhibit maneuvers and speeds that defy current human technology.

His recent report highlights that many UAPs demonstrate propulsion systems and energy sources that challenge our understanding of physics. Some of these objects can accelerate rapidly, hover silently for extended periods, or perform sharp turns and sudden accelerations that suggest highly advanced propulsion technology—possibly involving anti-gravity or zero-point energy. Such capabilities indicate that these objects could be either non-human or represent a post-human technological evolution that surpasses current human engineering.

Graves advocates for the deployment of more sophisticated detection systems, including networked radar, infrared sensors, and AI-based analysis tools. He emphasizes that improving detection and tracking systems is essential for understanding the origin, purpose, and capabilities of these UAPs. Additionally, he stresses the importance of international cooperation, advocating for a global approach to UAP monitoring and data sharing. This cooperation could help identify patterns, establish early warning systems, and develop strategies to counter potential threats.

Graves also raises concerns about the potential for UAPs to interfere with military operations or commercial aviation, especially as some of these objects have demonstrated the ability to operate near sensitive military sites and airports. He warns that if these phenomena are of extraterrestrial origin, they could represent an unprecedented technological challenge that requires coordinated international research efforts. His work aims to establish a scientific and military framework that can assess and respond to this emerging threat responsibly, prioritizing safety and security while maintaining transparency with the public.

• New Testimonies from Military Personnel

Between 2024 and 2025, a significant wave of anonymous testimonies from military personnel, radar operators, and scientists has emerged, adding new layers to the UFO mystery. These testimonies describe encounters with “intelligent” UAPs that seem to exhibit behaviors indicating purpose, coordination, and even curiosity about human activity. Many of those who have come forward recount experiences where UAPs appeared to respond to human commands or gestures, suggesting a level of awareness and possibly intelligence.

Several military pilots have reported that during their encounters, UAPs adjusted their flight paths to avoid collision, often moving in ways that suggest a calculation of human intentions and movements. Some pilots noted that these objects seemed to follow specific objects or locations, such as military bases or research facilities, raising suspicions about surveillance or reconnaissance activities. Others have described observing UAPs performing complex maneuvers, such as sudden accelerations or hovering at extreme altitudes, that current human-made aircraft cannot replicate.

Radar operators have reported detecting UAPs that appear to outmaneuver conventional aircraft and radar systems. These objects often display sudden changes in direction and velocity, making them difficult to track or predict. In some cases, radar blips have disappeared or reappeared at will, indicating a mastery of electromagnetic or stealth technology that could be of extraterrestrial origin. Scientists involved in analyzing these data sets have suggested that these UAPs show signs of purposeful behavior, such as following specific flight paths or maintaining proximity to sensitive sites, implying that some UAPs may possess a form of intelligence.

The testimonies also describe incidents where UAPs exhibit curiosity about human activity, seemingly observing or even approaching military personnel or equipment. Such behaviors suggest an interest beyond mere observation, possibly indicating a willingness to interact or communicate. These encounters have often left witnesses with a mixture of fascination and concern, as they challenge existing scientific paradigms and raise questions about the intent and origin of these objects. The consistency and detail of these testimonies have prompted calls for more systematic investigation, including the deployment of specialized sensors and the development of protocols for safe interaction.

Overall, these new testimonies underscore the complexity and potential significance of UAP phenomena. They suggest that these objects are not mere anomalies or natural phenomena but may represent an advanced form of intelligence—either extraterrestrial or highly evolved human-made technology. The reports reinforce the urgency for governments and scientific institutions to prioritize research and transparency, ensuring that these encounters are thoroughly documented and understood. As public awareness grows, the hope is that a clearer picture will emerge about the nature, purpose, and capabilities of these mysterious objects, leading to a new era of scientific discovery and security preparedness.

The Scientific Community’s Perspective

While skepticism persists within many scientific circles regarding the true nature of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs), an increasing number of researchers and institutions are advocating for a more open and systematic investigation into these mysterious objects. Historically, UAPs were often dismissed or ridiculed, but recent developments have fostered a shift towards serious scientific inquiry. Notably, organizations such as the International Astrobiology Institute and the Quantum Physics Society have issued joint statements emphasizing the potential significance of unexplained aerial phenomena. They argue that these phenomena could hold the key to revolutionary breakthroughs, ranging from discovering new physics principles to understanding the existence of non-human intelligence. Such statements encourage scientists to approach UAPs without prejudice and to consider multidisciplinary research methods. They highlight the importance of transparency, data sharing, and open collaboration among nations and scientific disciplines. This movement aims to elevate UAP research from speculative fringe science to a credible field that can contribute meaningfully to our understanding of the universe. The recognition of UAPs as phenomena worthy of scientific scrutiny marks a pivotal shift in how these mysterious objects are perceived within the scientific community.

In 2024, a groundbreaking symposium held at the United Nations signified a major milestone in formalizing international cooperation on UAP research. This event brought together scientists, policymakers, military officials, and representatives from various countries to discuss strategies for investigating these phenomena. During the symposium, the proposal for establishing an official International UAP Research Consortium (IURC) was introduced and broadly supported. The IURC aims to serve as a centralized body responsible for coordinating global efforts, sharing collected data, and developing scientifically rigorous hypotheses regarding the origins, nature, and implications of UAPs. The consortium would facilitate data pooling from military, civilian, and academic sources, promoting transparency and avoiding the duplication of efforts. Furthermore, it seeks to standardize research methodologies, establish protocols for data validation, and foster international collaboration to accelerate understanding. The establishment of the IURC signals a paradigm shift in how countries approach the phenomenon—moving from secretive, compartmentalized investigations to an open, cooperative framework aimed at uncovering the truth through scientific rigor. Such an initiative underscores the urgency and global importance of deciphering UAPs, not just as a matter of national security but as a potential doorway to new scientific horizons.

Photograph: Tom Brenner/Getty Images

Theories and Explanations: From Secret Tech to Extraterrestrial Civilizations

Several hypotheses and explanations dominate the ongoing discussions about the nature of UAPs, reflecting the wide range of interpretations and the lack of definitive evidence so far. These theories are rooted in various scientific, technological, and speculative frameworks, each offering different perspectives on what these objects could be.

• Advanced Human or Secret Tech: The first and perhaps most conservative hypothesis suggests that UAPs are secret prototypes or experimental technologies developed by human military or industrial entities. Known as “secret tech” or “black projects,” these could include advanced aircraft, drone systems, or other aerospace technologies that are not publicly acknowledged. Sometimes, these craft are believed to be part of clandestine programs—such as the U.S. Black Budget projects—which operate beyond the oversight of civilian authorities. Proponents argue that some sightings could be explained by highly sophisticated, covert technology designed for intelligence gathering or military advantage. These projects often involve cutting-edge materials, propulsion systems, and stealth capabilities, which might appear extraordinary to observers unaware of their existence. The challenge, however, lies in the lack of concrete evidence linking UAPs to known secret technologies, which keeps this hypothesis speculative. Nonetheless, the possibility that some UAPs represent undisclosed human technological advancements remains a significant consideration among researchers.
• Foreign Spying and Countermeasures: The second prominent theory involves foreign espionage and countermeasures. This explanation posits that UAPs could be advanced surveillance devices operated by foreign adversaries such as China, Russia, or even lesser-known nations. These entities might deploy sophisticated craft or drone systems to probe military installations, gather intelligence, or test defenses. Such devices could be designed to mimic natural atmospheric phenomena or employ stealth technologies to evade detection. The idea is that some sightings could be the result of foreign espionage efforts aimed at understanding or countering national security measures. For example, certain anomalous objects observed near sensitive military sites could be classified as foreign reconnaissance tools, especially if they exhibit flight characteristics or technological features beyond current known capabilities. This hypothesis emphasizes the importance of intelligence, counterintelligence, and technological vigilance, as nations seek to defend against potential espionage threats. While there is limited public evidence to confirm such claims, the possibility remains plausible given the geopolitical landscape and advancements in covert surveillance technology.

• Non-Human or Extraterrestrial Origins: TA highly provocative and widely debated hypothesis suggests that some UAPs originate from extraterrestrial civilizations. This theory is rooted in the possibility of intelligent life beyond Earth and posits that certain unexplained phenomena are actual craft built or piloted by non-human entities visiting our planet. Proponents argue that the extraordinary flight capabilities, lack of identifiable propulsion systems, and unusual behavioral patterns observed in some UAP encounters could point to alien technology. The hypothesis is supported by anecdotal accounts, radar-visual correlations, and some declassified military footage showing objects performing maneuvers impossible with known human technology. If true, such encounters could have profound implications for science, philosophy, and our understanding of our place in the universe. Skeptics, however, call for caution, emphasizing the lack of concrete physical evidence and the need for rigorous scientific validation. Nonetheless, this hypothesis continues to inspire research efforts and public fascination, fueling the hope that UAPs might be visitors from distant worlds rather than terrestrial or natural phenomena.

A sign in Roswell, New Mexico advertising a UFO crash site. 

(Image credit: Getty Images/David Zaitz)

• Interdimensional or Parallel Universe Hypotheses: Finally, an emerging fringe hypothesis involves the idea that UAPs are connected to interdimensional or parallel universe phenomena. This speculative theory suggests that UAPs could originate from other dimensions or alternate realities that coexist alongside our own. According to this perspective, these objects might be manifestations or portals linked to entities or phenomena existing outside the scope of conventional physics. Some proponents argue that the strange flight patterns, inexplicable appearances, and sudden disappearances could be explained by interactions with higher-dimensional spaces. This hypothesis challenges current scientific paradigms, as it involves concepts of multiple dimensions, quantum entanglement, and parallel universes—areas still largely theoretical and unproven. Critics regard this idea as highly speculative due to the lack of empirical evidence, but it remains intriguing for those exploring the boundaries of physics and consciousness. If validated, this theory could revolutionize our understanding of reality itself, opening new frontiers in physics and metaphysics. The interdimensional hypothesis underscores the vast uncertainty surrounding UAPs and highlights the need for open-minded scientific exploration beyond conventional frameworks.

In summary, the scientific community recognizes the complexity and mystery surrounding UAPs, with multiple competing hypotheses ranging from secret human technology to extraterrestrial and interdimensional origins. Each explanation presents unique challenges and opportunities for discovery. As international efforts such as the proposed IURC gain momentum, the hope is that systematic, open-minded research will eventually unravel the true nature of these enigmatic objects, potentially leading to revolutionary scientific breakthroughs and a deeper understanding of our univere.

The Broader Implications

The increasing acknowledgment and investigation of UAPs have profound implications across multiple domains, influencing security, scientific understanding, geopolitics, and cultural perspectives. These developments could potentially reshape our world in fundamental ways, prompting governments, scientists, and societies to rethink long-held beliefs and strategies.

An undated government photo of "a UFO variety" that hovered for fifteen minutes near Holloman Air Development Center in New Mexico. | Bettmann / Contributor/Getty/Getty

• Security and Defense: Understanding these phenomena is critical for national security, especially as some UAPs demonstrate capabilities that could threaten military assets or civilian infrastructure. Governments are investing heavily in research, surveillance, and defense measures to identify, track, and assess these objects. The potential for hostile intent or advanced technology hidden within these phenomena raises concerns about sovereignty and safety. Military installations and aircraft are now equipped with advanced sensors to detect unusual activity, and some nations are developing specialized units to analyze UAP encounters. This focus on security extends to international cooperation and intelligence sharing, aiming to prevent possible threats while also understanding the origin and purpose of these phenomena. The implications for airspace sovereignty and defense protocols are significant, potentially leading to new treaties or regulations.
• Scientific Paradigm Shift: Confirming non-human intelligence or new physics could revolutionize our scientific understanding and technological development. If UAPs are proven to operate on principles beyond our current knowledge, it would prompt a reevaluation of fundamental physics, such as gravity, propulsion, and energy sources. This may lead to groundbreaking innovations in transportation, energy production, and materials science. Researchers would need to develop new theories and models to explain these phenomena, challenging existing scientific paradigms that have persisted for centuries. The potential discovery of extraterrestrial technology or consciousness could accelerate scientific progress exponentially, opening entirely new fields of study and enabling humanity to harness previously unimaginable technologies. Such a shift could also influence academic institutions, funding priorities, and international scientific collaborations.
• Global Politics: Countries are now competing and collaborating in unprecedented ways to uncover the truth, with some nations establishing dedicated agencies or task forces. These efforts reflect the strategic importance of UAPs, as access to advanced technology or intelligence could confer significant geopolitical advantages. Nations like the U.S., China, Russia, and others have increased their investments in UAP research, often leading to classified projects and secretive collaborations. International organizations may eventually play a role in establishing protocols for transparency and data sharing, fostering a new era of global cooperation or competition. Diplomatic tensions could arise if some countries are perceived as withholding information or suppressing findings. Conversely, sharing knowledge could promote peaceful exploration and collective security. The geopolitical landscape is thus being reshaped by these investigations, with new alliances forming based on technological and intelligence capabilities related to UAPs.
• Philosophical and Cultural Impact: The realization that we are not alone challenges humanity’s worldview, religious beliefs, and our understanding of life in the universe. For centuries, many cultures and religions have maintained that humanity is unique or at the center of creation. The confirmation of extraterrestrial life or intelligence would force a reassessment of these beliefs, leading to profound existential questions. It could inspire a new sense of humility, curiosity, and interconnectedness among humans, fostering a global identity rooted in the recognition of our place in the universe. Additionally, art, literature, and popular culture are likely to be influenced, with themes of contact, discovery, and alien civilizations becoming more prominent. Religious and philosophical debates may intensify, questioning humanity’s purpose and the nature of consciousness. This paradigm shift could also influence educational curricula, encouraging a broader and more inclusive perspective on life and our universe, ultimately fostering a more open-minded and inquisitive society.
• The Future Outlook: As research continues, the implications of UAPs will likely deepen, influencing policy, science, and cultural narratives. Increased transparency and international cooperation could lead to groundbreaking discoveries, while ongoing security concerns may result in stricter regulations and defense protocols. The possibility of contact with extraterrestrial civilizations remains a tantalizing prospect, with the potential to unify humanity or cause divisions based on how information is managed and interpreted. Public interest and curiosity are expected to grow, fueling a new era of exploration and understanding. Ultimately, these phenomena challenge us to expand our horizons, rethink our assumptions, and prepare for a future where the unknown may become known, transforming our civilization in ways we can only begin to imagine.

The Path Forward: Disclosure, Research, and Public Engagement

In 2025, the momentum toward full transparency regarding Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) continues to grow. Governments worldwide are increasingly releasing classified materials, often prompted by mounting public pressure and a growing body of credible sightings. Many agencies are declassifying previously restricted documents, videos, and reports, providing the public and researchers with more detailed insights into encounters that have long been shrouded in secrecy. This shift aims to build trust, dispel misinformation, and foster a more open dialogue about the phenomenon.

Simultaneously, independent researchers and scientific institutions are gaining unprecedented access to data that was once tightly guarded. Collaborative efforts between government agencies, universities, and private organizations are expanding, allowing scientists to analyze UAP data more thoroughly. These efforts include advanced sensor analysis, radar tracking, and atmospheric studies, all of which contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of these phenomena. This democratization of information is crucial for moving beyond speculation and towards evidence-based conclusions.

Public interest remains high, with large-scale protests and demonstrations occurring globally. Citizens demand open access to all UAP information, asserting their right to understand what governments may have known for decades. Social media campaigns, public forums, and media coverage continue to amplify calls for transparency, pressuring authorities to release more data and participate in open discussions. Governments are increasingly acknowledging the importance of engaging with the public to foster trust and accountability.

In response to this evolving landscape, the U.S. Congress is actively considering new legislation aimed at formalizing international cooperation on UAP research. Proposed bills seek to establish protocols for sharing information across borders, encouraging a global approach to understanding these phenomena. Funding for scientific research is also on the rise, with grants allocated specifically for studying UAP-related data, atmospheric conditions, and potential technological implications.

The legislation also emphasizes the importance of safety and protocol development for future encounters. This includes establishing guidelines for military and civilian interactions, ensuring that investigations are conducted systematically and without unnecessary escalation. The overarching goal is to create an environment where transparency, scientific rigor, and safety are prioritized, ultimately paving the way for a more informed and collaborative approach to understanding UAPs. As the world moves forward, the hope is that increased openness and scientific inquiry will lead to groundbreaking discoveries and a clearer understanding of the phenomena that continue to intrigue humanity.

Conclusion: Are We Alone? The Future of UAP Research

While definitive proof of non-human intelligence remains elusive, the accumulated evidence, recent discoveries, and credible testimonies suggest that the phenomena we observe may be more than just secret technology or psychological illusions. Over the past decades, numerous eyewitness accounts from military personnel, pilots, and civilians have been documented, often corroborated by radar and sensor data. These reports point to objects exhibiting flight capabilities that surpass current human-made aircraft, with some demonstrating sudden accelerations, abrupt directional changes, and hover capabilities that defy known physics.

In recent years, advanced satellite imagery and high-resolution videos have added credibility to these phenomena, prompting governments and scientific institutions worldwide to take a more serious interest. The U.S. government, for example, has declassified several videos and established dedicated research groups to analyze UAP encounters. This shift indicates a growing recognition that understanding these phenomena could have profound implications for national security, aerospace technology, and our understanding of the universe.

As governments and scientists continue their investigations, humanity stands at the threshold of potentially the most significant scientific and philosophical revolution in history. The pressing questions are no longer if we are being visited or observed, but when and by whom. With ongoing technological advancements, increased international cooperation, and the collection of more comprehensive data, we may soon uncover the truth behind these mysterious visitors. Such discoveries could redefine our understanding of life beyond Earth and influence our future in ways we can scarcely imagine. The quest for answers continues, and the coming years may finally bring clarity to one of humanity’s most profound mysteries.

• Note: The ongoing developments in 2025 indicate that the era of UAP mystery is giving way to one of scientific inquiry and transparency. Whether these phenomena are visitors from another world, manifestations of advanced human technology, or something else entirely, one thing is clear: we are not alone in our curiosity—and perhaps, in reality.

Sources & Further Reading:

• UAP Annual Report 2024, ODNI
• Official statements from NASA, ESA, and DoD
• Whistleblower interviews and declassified documents
• Recent congressional hearings and legislation updates
• Scientific symposiums and international collaborations

 PETER2011 }

18-09-2025 om 23:19 geschreven door peter  

(STORM Lab, University of Leeds)

Scientists say they have developed fully functional miniature robots that can go deep inside the human body to perform ultra-precise laser surgery, in a medical innovation similar to on-screen portrayals from science fiction.

The robots have roughly the same dimensions as microorganisms — like the paramecium. 

Source: Arts & Sciences / Cornell University

Controlled by magnetic fields, the tiny wormlike robotic surgeons were recently demonstrated traveling deeper inside a human cadaver’s lungs than is possible with current state-of-the-art surgical instruments. One of the researchers behind the achievement tells The Debrief that there are a number of organs and systems the incredible “micro-bots” can get inside to perform similar pinpoint explorations and surgeries.

Discover more in the BBC news video below.

Miniature Robots Performing Surgery Has Long Been a Dream of Science Fiction

In some of the more utopian science fiction of the middle 20th century, medicine has advanced to the point that nearly all diseases and ailments have a treatment, if not an outright cure. Some of these futuristic cures involve genetically engineered super drugs, blasts of scientific-sounding rays, or even an injection of alien blood. However, seemingly the most common therapy of the future envisioned by TV writers, movie directors, and novelists involve injecting minuscule robots into the human body and letting them go to work.

Now a team of researchers says they have moved this idea from science fiction to science fact by designing the first pair of tiny surgical roots that can literally go where no surgeon has gone before.

Future tiny robots possibly upgraded with AI

More than a tiny robot army with tricked-out legs, the robots are exceptional because they employ the same fabrication techniques seen in silicon computer chips. This effectively means they may be produced en masse — researchers fit 1 million of these ultra-tiny robots onto a singular four-inch silicon wafer. This also means the robots are easily equipped with increasingly advanced technology as it progresses to smaller and smaller via Moore’s Law, reports Inverse.

Magnetic Fields, Tiny Cameras and Ultra-Precise Lasers

In an email to The Debrief, Professor Pietro Valdastri, Director of the STORM Lab and research supervisor, said that the robots themselves are made of a biocompatible plastic (silicone) with magnetic particles embedded inside them.

The first part is significant so the human body doesn’t have a negative reaction to the otherwise foreign objects operating inside of the body. However, it is the precision placement of the embedded magnet particles that allow the two wormlike robots to maneuver independently.

“Normally, two magnets placed closely together would attract each other, creating a challenge for the researchers,” the press release announcing the breakthrough procedure explains. “They overcame it by designing the bodies of the tentacles in a way that they can bend only in specific directions and by relocating the north and south poles in each magnetic robot tentacle.”

Robotic platform for peripheral lung tumour intervention based on magnetic tentacles

(STORM Lab, University of Leeds/Public Domain)

A pair of magnetic devices operating outside the human body can generate fields strong enough to cause the robots to maneuver deeper inside the lungs than even the most advanced equipment. And by moving independently, one of the robots can carry a camera to assist surgeons, while the second robot can guide a surgical laser with extreme precision.

When asked how a robot that is only 2 millimeters in diameter can carry a laser, Valdastri told The Debrief, “the source of laser is external, but the laser light is sent to the tip of the magnetic tentacle via an optical fiber. So laser energy is delivered at the tip of the tentacle directly on the target.”

In the video released by researchers (below), the pair of miniature robots are seen navigating deep into the lungs of a human cadaver. This is significant, they note, because lung cancer that often requires surgery has the highest mortality rate of any cancer worldwide. Still, when asked by The Debrief if the miniature robots can work in other areas of the body besides the lungs, they said there were a number of biological systems that would accommodate these micro-surgeons perfectly.

“The same approach can be used to reach the deep part of the brain, the pancreas, the bladder, and any other body cavity that is accessible through a narrow lumen,” Valdastri said. “The cardiovascular system is also another potential district of use.”

“Living Tissues” Clinical Trials Are the Next Proving Ground

Now that the robots have been shown to move successfully and independently in a biological environment, the team behind the exciting research effort, which was published in the journal Nature Engineering Communications, says they are working their way toward actual human trials with actual lung cancer patients. However, there is likely one more step along the way.

“For the lung cancer application, (the) next step(s) are trials in a more realistic environment that includes living tissues and respiration, so probably animal model,” Valdastri told The Debrief. “After that, human trials, possibly in 2-3 years from now.”

Given the abilities and functionality of these miniature robots, it seems that one day in the not-too-far distant future, they will actually be in medical facilities around the world exploring and repairing the deepest recesses of the human body like something right out of a movie. Plus, the researchers explain, there is a significant aspect of access for everyone and not just the rich that may make them even more successful

“The key point is that this new magnetic technology can allow us to reach way deeper into the human body than ever before in a way that doesn’t require extremely qualified surgeons (thanks to robotic guidance/assistance),” Valdastri told The Debrief. “We hope this way to democratise cancer treatment and increase access to top quality procedures.”

•  Christopher Plain is a Science Fiction and Fantasy novelist and Head Science Writer at The Debrief. Follow and connect with him on X, learn about his books at plainfiction.com, or email him directly at christopher@thedebrief.org.

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/science/ }

18-09-2025 om 21:57 geschreven door peter  

What we learned from the UFO Congress hearing

Like something from a Hollywood sci-fi drama, on Wednesday 26 July 2023 the US Congress heard claims regarding the existence of non-human entities.

To the bemusement of the rest of the world, the House Oversight Committee in the US Congress held a hearing on UFOs this week, Wednesday 26 July.

Two of the witnesses at the hearing, David Fravor and Ryan Graves, are former US Navy pilots who say they have had UFO encounters.

Forward Looking InfraRed videos of these incidents are posted on the Department of Defense website.

They discussed how numerous military and civil pilots and radar operators see and track UFOs performing speeds and manoeuvres that seem to defy the laws of physics.

Sceptics believe such sightings are either misperceptions, sensor anomalies, or involve secret prototype aircraft, missiles or drones.

• Things commonly mistaken for UFOs

Grusch's testimony

The third witness at the hearing, David Grusch, is a former intelligence officer who served on the US government's Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force.

In testimony reminiscent of the infamous Roswell UFO incident, Grusch says the US government has recovered craft and bodies relating to what he calls a "non-human intelligence".

He undertook to pass specific details about this to Congressional representatives with the appropriate security clearances.

He said he blew the whistle because programs dealing with this are being run illegally, without proper Congressional oversight.

Grusch went further, talking about unspecified injuries that have befallen UFO witnesses, and threats and retribution against whistleblowers - including himself.

Separately, he filed a complaint with the Intelligence Community Inspector General, apparently containing specific details that were frustratingly missing from the hearing, because it was an unclassified session.

David Grusch, former National Reconnaissance Officer Representative of Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Task Force at the U.S. Department of Defense, at the 'Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena: Implications on National Security, Public Safety, and Government Transparency' US Congress hearing on 26 July 2023.

Photo by Drew Angerer/Getty Images

Key takeaways

Unlike pilot sightings, which are multifactorial, there's no middle ground here: Grusch's claims are either true or false.

Could he be a disgruntled former employee trying to cause trouble, or involved in a deception operation - either as a willing participant or as an unwilling dupe?

If his allegations are true, they would have profound implications for humanity.

Congress is trying to verify Grusch's claims - a process complicated by the highly classified nature of some UFO information, and by the fact that multiple committees and sub-committees, both in the Senate and the House of Representatives, are investigating.

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/ }

18-09-2025 om 21:35 geschreven door peter  

Funny How The UFO Narrative Coincides With The Race To Weaponize Space

Caitlin Johnstone

18-09-2025 om 21:17 geschreven door peter  

Vallée’s lecture at the event, titled “The Age of Impossible: Anticipating Discontinuous Futures,” dealt with how the speed at which modern technology accelerates has resulted in events that would have seemed impossible to many people only years before they transpired. With examples ranging from the collapse of General Motors in 2009 to Bernie Madoff’s role in the financial crisis of 2007-2008, Vallee presented what he called a “Typology of the Impossible” that hinged on four main kinds of scenarios: events that escalated too quickly, convergences of “low-p scenarios,” events that appear to violate current cultural norms, and finally, scenarios that involve the appearance of a “completely alien concept within a particular culture.”

“There are many things in our culture today that fit that model,” Vallée said at one point during the talk, as he described historical instances where things that seemed unimaginable at one time later became technological norms. Such things, Vallee said, “are possible, but we cannot imagine them. The public is not aware that they can be done. History provides many examples, and the internet itself is an example of something that was unimaginable.”

After discussing his own part in helping create ARPANET, Vallée went on to share several more examples from recent history where unforeseen scientific advancements occurred, seemingly out of the blue.

“And finally,” the scientist said, never evincing a change in his measured tone and demeanor, “the Pentagon could not imagine that fast, erratic, mobile, oval objects in the sky were anything other than mental illusions, and they…” After a brief pause, Vallée cryptically added, “and you can fill out the answers in the next few years.”

Despite his success as a venture capitalist and “co-creator of the Internet”, most of the attendees at the 2013 TEDx event in Geneva were likely aware of what Vallée is best known for: his decades of involvement with the study of unidentified aerial phenomena. As a young computer scientist and astronomer in the 1960s, Vallee not only worked alongside Northwestern University astronomer J. Allen Hynek, the official scientific advisor to the U.S. Air Force’s Project Blue Book but also authored Anatomy of a Phenomenon, one of the earliest popular books written on the UFO subject by a professional scientist. Though he never uttered any of the popular names or abbreviations for the phenomenon, it was obvious what Vallee had been alluding to during this brief, passing reference to “oval objects” during his talk.

At least at that time, what had not been so obvious had been why Vallée specifically referenced the Pentagon’s relationship to UAP, nor why a series of seemingly impossible future events might come to pass involving this subject “in the next few years.”

THE CALL FROM DR. VALLÉE came through earlier than I expected.

The scientist’s voice, softened by age yet still resonant with the French he learned as a youth in Pontoise before emigrating to America many decades ago, was unmistakable to me, having heard it in many interviews and documentaries over the years. Vallée, now 83, is a man whose work in the study of unidentified aerial phenomena is only one finger on the glove of his impressive resume, spanning decades of work in astronomy, physics, computer science, and venture capitalism.

As evidenced by his billing at the TEDx event in 2013, one could indeed argue that Vallée is partly responsible for the creation of the Internet, although the affable Frenchman is modest on this point, nearly to a fault. This much was evident almost immediately as we began our discussion, and I wasted no time in bringing up the talk in Geneva and some of the intriguing hints he had dropped at that time.

“I’ve seen the development and the unfolding of a number of technologies,” Vallée told me during our call. “Very often what happens is that a discovery is made, and everyone agrees that it is important, and people write papers, and so on. And then it disappears.” 

• Don’t miss Jacques Vallée’s recent interview on Rebelliously Curious with Chrissy Newton over on The Debrief’s YouTube Channel, and linked at the end of this article.

“You know, the Arpanet was essentially dead for a while,” Vallée recalls from his years working on the project decades ago. “Until [the] National Science Foundation picked up the funding, thinking that there would be several internets.” Initially a simple matter of accounting, the NSF initially believed it would be easier to fund three separate projects that looked at using networks through which computers could connect for purposes of communication.

“And then they picked it up from the DOD, and it became the Internet, as we know it now.”

Vallée offered several similar examples of predecessors to the Internet—not all of them American innovations—a point which Vallée emphasized as he shifted back to our subject of greater mutual interest: UAP.

“When I watched the meetings in Congress recently, all they talk about is American cases,” Vallee said. “And among American cases, all they talk about is military cases.”

“I can tell you, having developed a lot of databases over the years, the U.S. is less than 2% of the habitable surface of the Earth,” Vallée said.

“So, if this is extraterrestrial, what about the other 98%?”

THE PATH THAT BROUGHT Vallée into the tempest that is the study of unidentified aerial phenomena is a long one, which stems back to his early years in Pontoise at an age when the world was still at war.

“There are things you don’t forget,” Vallée said during our call, describing his memories of seeing American aircraft being shot down over his town when he was five years old.

“I remember seeing the crew dropping out in parachutes and the Germans shooting at them.”

By 1945, the war had ended, although fears of a return to conflict lingered throughout parts of Europe. To the north, reports of ghostly “rockets” over countries like Sweden in the summer of 1946 kept many guessing whether the Soviets were conducting tests, perhaps with a form of secret new aerial weapon they had captured from the Germans. The following year, an all-new kind of paranoia would erupt across the Atlantic, as American newspapers were flooded with stories of “flying saucers” seen careening through the skies, especially in airspace around sites of importance to U.S. national security.

By the Autumn of 1954, as the wave of sightings of strange objects was cresting over North America, France was having its own torrent of reports of similar phenomena. Major newspapers like L’Aurore and France-Soir were carrying stories about unidentified flying objects almost daily, and Vallée began collecting clippings of stories like those of Marius Dewilde, a railroad worker who described his observation of a pair of diminutive “robots” next to a dark machine resting on the train tracks.

The reports seemed incredible, and very well might have remained so had it not been for what occurred the following year in May 1955, when Vallée had his own sighting.

“My mother saw it first,” he would later recall of the incident. She had been working in the garden when Vallée, sixteen at the time, heard her screaming for him and his father. Vallée made his way from the attic where his father’s woodworking shop was located, and down three flights of stairs just in time to observe a metallic disc-shaped object “with a clear bubble on top” as it hovered over the nearby church of Saint-Maclou.

The object reminded them of the parachutists the family had watched descending from the skies during the war. His mother, who continued watching it, recalled how it sped away, leaving only a few wisps of white vapor where the object had been. Vallée would later learn that a schoolmate nearby had also noticed the object, observing it through binoculars.

Despite his father’s disapproval, Vallée maintained his interest in these unusual aerial objects. “I realized,” he would later write in his journal, “that I would forever be ashamed of the human race if we simply ignored ‘their’ presence.” The young Frenchman began to educate himself on the topic by reading the works of Aimé Michel, one of the earliest serious French researchers to undertake the study of unusual aerial phenomena. It was an interest he maintained through his college years, completing his degree in mathematics at the University of Paris in 1959 and going on to receive his M.S. from the University of Lille Nord de France two years later. By 1961, Vallée was employed at the Paris Observatory as an astronomer with its artificial satellite service, tracking space objects through theodolites by night.

“Naively, I started work here with great enthusiasm, assuming that we would be engaged in genuine research,” Vallée would recall of his years at the observatory. “That is not what I found.” In July of 1961, he and the other astronomers recalled a few instances where they observed objects passing overhead that they could not identify. “The next morning,” he recalled of one incident, his superior “simply confiscated the tape and destroyed it.” Vallée inquired as to why they hadn’t sent this seemingly important information along with their normal Telex tape dispatches to U.S. Navy officials in Paris.

“The Americans would laugh at us,” his superior scoffed.

Having his fill of the prevailing attitudes in Paris, by 1962, Vallée had emigrated to the United States, first working at the University of Texas, Austin, as a research associate in astronomy, and thereafter for a short stint at the McDonald Observatory, where he helped to compile the first informational map of the planet Mars with fellow French astronomer Gérard de Vaucouleurs. However, by the summer of 1963, Vallée was looking ahead at new opportunities, one of which arrived following a meeting in September with astronomer J. Allen Hynek, chair of Northwestern University’s astronomy department, who helped the young scientist find work as a systems analyst on campus. Hynek, at the time the scientific advisor to the U.S. Air Force’s Project Blue Book UFO investigation, was a natural ally; not only would he serve as a mentor to Vallée, who went on to receive his Ph.D. from the institution in 1967, but for years thereafter the two would remain close colleagues in the pursuit of their mutual interest.

An undated photo of astronomer J. Allen Hynek and Jacques Vallée

(public domain).

However, by the late 1960s, it seemed evident that scientific opinions on the UFO subject in the United States had finally begun to sour, despite the efforts of Hynek, Vallée, and a close network of like-minded scientists looking into the problem. By the end of 1968, the University of Colorado UFO Project, a U.S. Air Force-funded study headed by physicist Edward U. Condon, had delivered its findings; in an introductory summary to the lengthy report, Condon wrote that “nothing has come from the study of UFOs in the past 21 years that has added to scientific knowledge,” adding that “further extensive study of UFOs probably cannot be justified in the expectation that science will be advanced thereby.”

Vallée, musing over the Condon study during our call, remembered his incredulity at the time he first heard about its conclusions.

“That’s an interesting chapter in science,” he said. “Or the failure of science.”

By then, Vallee had already returned to France. As he, his wife Janine, and their son, Oliver, were acclimating to life in Europe again, Vallée was quietly readjusting his approach to the UFO question.

“Once I was back in France, in a way, it served to give me the space to rethink what we had done,” Vallée told me. “I mean, I knew the Condon Committee was a joke… and that science was somewhere else. So it forced me to ask some fundamental questions that I would not have asked if I had stayed at Northwestern.”

“So I thought, where does all this come from, anyway?”

Vallée began haunting the old Paris bookshops, acquiring rare historical texts and early treatises on the sciences. An interesting question had begun to form in his mind, as he recorded in a journal entry on October 29, 1967: What about the forgotten accounts of Little People, of Elementals, of Leprechauns? If these beings are part of the same phenomenon we see now, what does that mean for their nature? Are we necessarily dealing with extraterrestrials?

“I found that the phenomenon has always been there,” Vallée says of his years spent mining observations of unusual aerial phenomena from texts that date back to classical antiquity. “Of course, they are describing it in the language of the time,” he notes, “but they are describing something that’s very, very much like what I get from witnesses today.”

The fruits of such musings culminated in Vallée’s seminal 1969 effort, Passport to Magonia, widely regarded as one of his most influential early works and, paradoxically, the effort that cast him as a pariah in the eyes of many of his ufological peers.

“At first, it was completely rejected.” he says, recalling one UFO magazine that featured his likeness shortly after Magonia was published, accompanied by the headline, “Vallée has gone off the deep end.” Today, Vallée laughs about the chiding he received from his peers, and I note a hint of nostalgia about those early works behind the dry chuckle that emerges.

“Maybe the truth was in the deep end.”

OVER THE COURSE OF the ensuing decades, Vallée would continue to challenge the extraterrestrial hypothesis favored particularly among American UFO researchers. Parallel to this effort, his professional career brought him into work with the Institute for the Future in the mid-1970s, where he worked as principal investigator on the National Science Foundation computer networking project that gave rise to one of the earliest iterations of the ARPANET conferencing system. In the following decade, Vallée would become involved in venture capitalism, first as a partner at Sofinnova, then moving on to become a general partner in multiple different Silicon Valley funds, including his involvement in private investments today.

As his professional career flourished, Vallée never lost sight of his fascination with strange aerial phenomena. He authored a string of follow-ups to Magonia on the topic of UFOs throughout the 1970s and 80s, each continuing to build on the premise that the phenomenon could be far more complex than conventional opinions on UFOs would offer. His pioneering work continued to garner attention along the way, even serving as the inspiration for Claude Lacombe, a French scientist portrayed by actor François Truffaut in Stephen Spielberg’s classic film Close Encounters of the Third Kind. 

In the 1990s, Vallée authored a trilogy of books that focused on the prospects of alien contact. However, he always maintained a healthy distance from drawing conclusions about what any exotic technologies behind UFOs might represent. It was also during this period that Vallée began working with real estate developer Robert Bigelow’s National Institute for Discovery Science (NIDS), a privately funded scientific research effort that looked at UFOs and related phenomena.

In July 2014, Vallée presented a paper at the GEIPAN International Workshop in Paris, France, titled “Unidentified Aerial Phenomena: A Strategy for Research,” offering both a snapshot of what he had learned about the complexities of the phenomenon over several decades of study, as well as what he believed might be a path toward more fruitful future research.

“After years of ideological arguments based on anecdotal data the field of UAP research appears ready to emerge into a more mature phase of reliable study,” Vallée wrote in the paper’s abstract. Citing the mounting scientific interest in UAP around the world, based in part on documents conveying an official military interest in these phenomena, the scientist argued that the path forward would require the analysis of hard data, paired with intelligently informed theoretical studies.

“Without pre-judging the origin and nature of the phenomena, a range of opportunities arise for investigation,” Vallée wrote, warning that “such projects need to generate new hypotheses and test them in a rigorous way against the accumulated reports of thousands of observers.”

The problem was that in 2014, despite the existence of several notable independent catalogs containing information on historical incidents, there was no single collection of reliable UAP reports—a centralized database, in other words—upon which such studies could rely. This had been part of what prompted Vallée to assemble such a database for NIDS, work that would later carry over as Bigelow’s efforts moved out of the private sector and into the official world as part of the Defense Intelligence Agency’s Advanced Aerospace Weapons Systems Application Program (AAWSAP).

“In the United States the National Institute for Discovery Science (“NIDS”) and the Bigelow Aerospace Corporation have initiated a series of special catalogues to safeguard their own reports from public sources and from their staff,” Vallée wrote in his 2014 paper, adding that he had been asked to develop a UAP data warehouse containing 11 individual databases.

“The project is known as ‘Capella,’” it stated.

According to slides accompanying Vallée’s 2014 presentation, the Capella project focused on several areas that ranged from patterns emerging from UAP data to possible physics underlying the phenomenon and its impact on humans.

During our call, Vallée spoke candidly about the project and what he hopes it might still be used to achieve.

“There is such a database. It is the one we built as part of the AATIP/BAASS project in Las Vegas,” Vallée told me. Comprising roughly 260,000 cases from countries around the world, the scientist said during our call that the Capella database had been one of the major focal points of the program.

“Contrary to what people believe, [Capella] is the largest part of the budget that was spent on the classified project,” Vallée said. This included paying for translations of incident reports from Russian, Spanish, Portuguese, and several other languages into English, and providing funding for teams that conducted additional research on-site.

“It was a large effort for two years, Vallée said, though he added that in reality, “probably close to fifty or sixty years of work went into the database.” Although Capella constitutes what is arguably the most extensive database containing information on UAP ever built, don’t expect to see it any time soon; it remains classified as a part of the data developed under the DIA’s AAWSAP program managed by James Lackatski between 2008 and 2010.

“The database is still classified, to my knowledge,” Vallée said during our call, prompting me to ask whether such a vast amount of historical information on the UAP subject shouldn’t be made publicly available.

Speaking with The Debrief in December 2021, Mark Rodeghier, Ph.D., director of the J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO Studies and a longtime colleague of Vallée, expressed frustration over previous statements made by Colm Kelleher, Ph.D., another of the scientists who worked on the AAWSAP program, who noted that much of the AAWSAP data will likely remain classified.

“I mean, isn’t that discouraging, disappointing, [and] ridiculous,” Rodeghier told The Debrief. “It’s not work on how we can get a hypersonic missile. It’s UFO investigations. How can that be classified at this point? And the answer, of course, is that it shouldn’t be classified now.”

During our call, Vallée expressed similar sentiments to Rodeghier’s, although he also defended Capella’s current classified status on account of some of the information it protects.

“You make a good point,” Vallée told me. “That’s the kind of thing that should be accessible to science,” although adding that “it will be accessible to very highly competent people who can continue to look at it under the proper classification.”

“I think it’s properly classified,” Vallée added, “because it contains a lot of medical data that should be private.” However, he said that he thinks that over time, perhaps portions can be “sanitized” for release to the public, “so that we don’t invade the privacy of individuals who have reported those things, especially their medical data.”

“It’s not classified for any military or intelligence reason as far as I know,” Vallée said. “But I’m not part of the project anymore.” Vallée noted that even he no longer has access to Capella, although several longtime colleagues of his who still work in government do.

“I’m very proud to have worked on that,” Vallée said. “It’s probably the high water mark in the computer study of UFOs so far.”

“But as we know, the high water mark is going to go even higher after this.”

DESPITE HIS OWN LEVEL of involvement with government UAP studies, as well as the level of interest generated by videos of unidentified objects collected by the U.S. military—the existence of which Vallée himself hinted at in Geneva as early as 2013—the 83-year-old scientist still doesn’t necessarily hold military UAP data in higher regard than that collected by civilians.

“The military cases in the databases I know of are less than ten percent in every country,” Vallee said during our call. “They are really good because the military has radar. They have, of course, planes that can chase the objects… pilots who are very well trained and very well positioned to give a description.”

“Those are excellent reports,” Vallée concedes. “But what about the farmer in the field, who sees [an object] close to him, and has traces, and has materials? Who has felt physiological reactions?”

“What about those cases?” he asks. “They are full of information.”

Vallée’s appreciation for UAP information collected from non-governmental sources is particularly evident in his latest book, Trinity: The Best-Kept Secret, coauthored with Italian journalist Paola Leopizzi Harris. In it, they unravel the story of two men, Jose Padilla and Reme Baca, who claim to have witnessed the crash of an unusual aircraft near San Antonito, New Mexico, in August 1945. Padilla, who went on to become a State Trooper in Rowland Heights, California, maintained that as children, he and Baca had seen a large, dull-gray avocado-shaped object—along with its frantic occupants—where it had apparently crashed near his family’s ranch. The object, they say, was later recovered by the military.

In a newly updated second edition of the book, Vallée and Harris present additional witness testimony they have gathered about the alleged incident, which includes an observation of the crash remembered by the family of Lt. Colonel William J. Brothy, who at the time had been piloting a B-25 on a training mission. According to Brothy, he and his crew had flown over the site and recalled, “There were a lot of pieces.”

In Trinity, Vallée emphasizes what he believes are undeniable similarities between descriptions of the 1945 incident and a UAP landing in New Mexico observed by police officer Lonnie Zamora in 1964. Then, the following year another strikingly similar incident occurred near Valensole, France, involving the close observation of a landed craft and its apparent pilot or occupant.

“There is a case in Valensole, in France, and the case in Socorro. The object is identical to the Trinity object,” Vallée said. “And the [occupants] are identical to the creatures that Mr. Padilla is describing to me at Trinity, that he saw.”

“I was involved in Socorro, and I was involved in Valensole. Those are cases I know very well,” Vallée said, adding that Trinity contains new information on the Socorro case, once referred to by Hector Quintanilla, director of the U.S. Air Force’s Project Blue Book at the time of the incident, as being “the best documented case on record.”

Today, much of Vallée’s research is focused on the collection and study of material samples believed to have been collected from UAP. Compared with his earlier work, which challenged popular notions about extraterrestrials being associated with UAP, this might surprise longtime followers of the scientist’s work. For Vallée, however, it is only the next phase in the many decades he has spent working toward resolving the mystery.

{ https://thedebrief.org/category/science/ }

18-09-2025 om 21:04 geschreven door peter  

A nearly 22-minute video titled 'The Roswell Incident' has been quietly uploaded to the National Archives, reigniting interest in the infamous 1947 crash.

The footage combines still images and motion-control camera shots sourced from the published Roswell Report, as well as various magazines and books about UFOs. 

It opens with a shot of the book 'The Roswell Report: Fact Versus Fiction in the New Mexico Desert' and ends with a stark black-and-white image that appears to show a crash site, with debris scattered across a massive crater in the ground.

The video has flooded the internet, with users claiming the crater bears a striking resemblance to eyewitness reports, suggesting it could be 'the first pictures of the 1947 UFO crash site.'

Major Jesse Marcel, who recovered debris from the crash, described the scene as 'a large area heavily scattered with metallic debris from a single impact point that scarred the earth.' 

Some viewers have also pointed to a dark formation on the right side of the image, claiming it resembles an alien body. 

UFO expert Mark Lee told the Daily Mail that the crater image was likely included to add intrigue. 

'In my opinion, it's either a hoax,' he said. 'Just because it's been added to the National Archives doesn't give it scientific validation. If it came out as a release from the military or Congress, I would take it a lot more seriously.'

Lee also noted that the 'alien' in the photo is nothing more than a case of pareidolia, a psychological response to seeing faces and other significant and everyday items in random stimuli.

A video titled 'The Roswell Incident' was uploaded to the National Archives. Social media users claim an image in the footage shows UFO debris (left) and an alien body (right)

The newly uploaded video appears to focus on 'The Roswell Report: Fact Versus Fiction in the New Mexico Desert,' a 1995 book that attributes the crashed 'UFO' debris to Project Mogul.

Project Mogul was a top-secret US military program from 1947 to 1949 that used high-altitude balloons equipped with microphones to detect sound waves from Soviet atomic bomb tests. 

A 1994 military investigation concluded that the debris found at the Roswell site was likely pieces of a high-altitude balloon from Project Mogul, not an extraterrestrial spacecraft. 

Despite this official explanation, the newly uploaded video has sparked debate online, with viewers offering widely differing interpretations.

'National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) has uploaded a video of the Roswell 1947 UAP Crash site,' one user shared.

Another user posted on X: 'Like noted UFO researcher Grant Cameron has stated plenty of times, sometimes the disclosure of the real deal is a purposefully placed needle in the haystack. Roswell: slow drip…drip, drip, drip.'

In addition to the debris spotted in the footage, one user shared: 'Grey alien in the official video from the Roswell crash site.'

However, some social media suggested the footage 'is B-roll for the Roswell Report, and the images being posted do not show the Roswell debris site, nor does it even claim it's the actual debris site.'

Major Jesse Marcel, who recovered debris from the crash, described the scene as 'a large area heavily scattered with metallic debris from a single impact point that scarred the earth.' He said the debris could not melt or heat up and could not be punctured

One user posted: 'It’s clearly B-roll for that Roswell presentation the government put together in 1996. Someone must have found this and uploaded it in the last couple of days.'

Others have suggested a dead alien can be seen in the image, pointing to what Marcle said following the Roswell incident.

'I later found out that the pilot of the aircraft was a Captain Henderson, who apparently saw far more than just the debris from the impact site... he may in fact have seen the remains of a crew,' the now deceased major said. 

In July 1947, a rancher reported pieces of debris scattered over his land.

Authorities were called to the scene and, after investigating the wreckage, determined the pieces were from a flying saucer.

The local paper's front page story reported that the Roswell Army field recovered a flying saucer on a New Mexico Ranch after metallic-looking, light but strong material was scattered across the land

The local paper's front page story reported that the Roswell Army Field recovered a flying saucer on a New Mexico Ranch after metallic-looking, light but strong material was scattered across the land.

Read More

•  Air Force makes shock admission over mystery UFOs swarming site tied to Roswell crash 

'The intelligence office of the 509th Bombardment Group at Roswell Army Air Field announced at noon today that the field has come into the possession of a Flying Saucer,' Roswell Daily Record reported on July 8, 1947.

The statement was given by Marcel, who was the first on the scene and led the investigation, which he determined were pieces from an extraterrestrial vehicle. 

He also said that the material spread out from this point into a triangular-shaped area 200 to 300 feet wide at the end of the field, and 3/4 of a mile long.

Shortly after the 'UFO' discovery made headlines, the War Department in Washington released a statement claiming the debris was the remains of a weather balloon.

The US Air Force stated the weather balloon was part of Project Mogul's airborne system invented by Columbia University, New York University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

It was designed to search the atmosphere for weak reverberations from nuclear-test blasts.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

18-09-2025 om 20:32 geschreven door peter  

Evidence Suggests Bob Lazar Was Telling Truth About UFOs & Anti-Gravity Propulsion

By Vicky Verma

On May 15, 1989, KLAS-5 TV did a live interview with an anonymous man who made some extraordinary claims about UFOs and anti-gravity technology. Bob Lazar, who hid his identity under the pseudonym “Dennis,” claimed that the United States military was conducting covert research on alien technology in the Nevada desert, close to a base now commonly referred to as “Area-51.” Lazar’s claims seem to be true after a 2020 New York story, “No Longer in Shadows, Pentagon’s U.F.O. Unit Will Make Some Findings Public,” that included some information about how astrophysicist and the Pentagon contractor Eric W. Davis gave a classified briefing to government officials in March 2020 about retrieved “off-world vehicles not made on this earth.”

In an interview with Las Vegas investigative writer George Knapp in 1989, Lazar claimed unbelievable things about Area-51 that catapulted the topic into the public consciousness. Lazar said he had reverse-engineered crashed alien flying saucers at a top-secret military station called S-4 near Papoose Lake. His claims sounded like sci-fiction, but in 30 years, everything he said in his interviews seems to become quite realistic.

Knapp stated in an interview with KNPR’s State of Nevada that he was unable to verify some of the information that Lazar provided to him. For example, he asserted that Lazar studied in MIT; however, Knapp checked with the institution, and it does not have any records of Lazar there. In addition, Lazar stated that he held a position at Los Alamos National Lab; when Knapp inquired about Lazar’s employment at the lab, Los Alamos responded that Lazar did not hold a position there. (Source)

On the other hand, Lazar showed Knapp and a photojournalist around the national lab after taking them there himself. Knapp reported that everyone, including the security guard at the front gate and other scientists, greeted him as if he was a familiar face there. So, if Lazar really worked at Los Alamos, is there any record of him?

Medium user SignalsIntelUFO has done great work by transcribing over 50 interviews of Bob Lazar with in-depth information. Bob claimed to have been hired as a physicist at Los Alamos in May 1982. For evidence about his employment, there is an article written by Terry England on June 30, 1982. “To Lazar, a physicist at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility, the important thing is the jet engine. It’s something he’s been working on for years,” England wrote.

In July 2020, during Joe Rogan’s podcast with Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, Corbell said he asked Terry England about Bob Lazar’s occupation as a physicist at Los Alamos. Corbell said: “Look, here’s the point, you said Bob Lazar was a physicist at Los Alamos. So how did you base that? You’re writing a paper…” and he [England] goes “yeah,” — and it got picked up by AP news — he goes “if I [England] had misrepresented that he was a physicist at Los Alamos I would have been blackballed by everybody at Los Alamos. They take that very seriously. He was a physicist. I reported it. AP News picked it up, they repeated it. Not word one from anybody saying he wasn’t a physicist at Los Alamos.”

Read also:

• Ex-CIA Agent Deathbed Confession On UFOs: Visited Area-51 & Saw Living Aliens
• Ex-NASA Specialist Claimed US Govt. Possesses Several Operational Alien Spacecraft
• Italy Had UFO Crash & Recovered Alien Bodies Prior To Roswell: Is USA Holding Them?
• Ex-Apollo Astronaut Claimed Humans Are Ancient Aliens, Visited Earth From Space

In July 2020, during Joe Rogan’s podcast with Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, Corbell said he asked Terry England about Bob Lazar’s occupation as a physicist at Los Alamos.  There are two former lab employees who worked directly with Bob. The first one is a physicist named John Jarmer, and the second one, according to SignalsIntelUFO, had an administrative role but remained to be unidentified. Jarmer worked at the lab for over two decades in the Polarized Proton section. Besides, Joe Vaninetti, who worked alongside Bob,is listed as an author on multiple original research papers with John Jarmer.

There are other documents and accounts stating that Lazar had worked at S-4, a government laboratory near Groom lake. Richard Geldreich has done great research in connecting the dots to Bob Lazar’s mystery.

Exactly as Lazar had described it in the 1980s, a craft of unknown origin can be seen spinning and flying belly-up in one of the US Navy’s declassified UFO videos. “The craft that I worked on, that when it’s going to travel a long distance, that is how it operates. It puts its belly to the target and then brings all of the amplifiers to power, and you know it shoots off in that direction It doesn’t fly as it would in a science-fiction movie. It flies with the belly, the bottom, forward,” Lazar said. (Source )

Take a look at the so-called Gimbal UFO if the preceding description of a tilting spacecraft seems at all familiar to you. In 2017, the Pentagon made a video available online. In 2015, naval pilots flying off the coast of Florida came face to face with a fleet of unknown ships. Since then, they have had scores of further encounters of a similar nature.

“In the Gimbal video, there’s a mechanistic turn against the wind without deceleration, and so we have a craft without rotors, without heat signatures, without plums, without tail fins, and certainly no tail number, moving in a way that is counterintuitive to our aeronautics,” filmmaker Jeremy Corbell said. “When Bob saw it, he said it has to be a gravity-propelled craft. That it does mimic the propulsion system, Bob Lazar described.”

It is eerie. When Lazar initially began discussing the possibility of using Element 115 as a power source for antigravitational propulsion, the element was not even included on the periodic table. Now it is. It does not seem like much of a coincidence, does it?

“The study of UFOs did not end in 1969 with Project Blue Book. That was a lie, and it was an admitted lie by our own Pentagon,” Corbell said. “We are living in a world where it is understood that there are craft technologically advanced from an unknown origin that are performing maneuvers that far exceed human technology. It’s been going on a long time, and our government has been studying it.”

Bob Lazar further explained in his interviews that bombarding Element 115 with protons leads to it creating Element 116 (Livermorium), which immediately decays and produces antimatter. The antimatter collides with normal particles creating a massive energy burst, which can be used for propulsion. It is quite likely Element 115 could also be the famed exotic matter that is needed to create traversable wormholes that physicists such as Drs. Kip Thorne and Carl Sagan have speculated, and was the subject of a recently leaked Defense Intelligence Reference Document titled “Traversable Wormholes, Stargates, and Negative Energy.”

In September 2020, Corbell shared a photo of Lazar holding Aerogel that was used to package Element 115 for transport. He said that he could not include this part in his Netflix documentary but promised to publish the clip on his YouTube channel, discussing Element 115 and how he observed it functioning (Editor’s note: I have searched throughout Corbell’s channel but could not find a clip explaining Element 115).

“It’s reported that a distortion occurs – a gravitational distortion. This is highlighted by how these vehicles appear to negate the effects of inertia. You’ve heard it thousands of times from credible witnesses regarding their UFO encounters… ‘It shot off at an IMPOSSIBLE speed.’ Cmdr. Fravor & Cmdr. Select Underwood used those exact words to me when describing their encounters with the TIC TAC UFO. The craft displayed instantaneous acceleration – and was immediately gone from both sight and radar. Even the Princeton with it’s SPY-1 radar system confirmed this in real-time.

So what’s up with these transmedium machines – these UFOs that fly with impunity in our airspace? Maybe ELEMENT 115 can give us a glimpse into the UFO presence on Planet Earth,” Corbell wrote.

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://howandwhys.com/ }

18-09-2025 om 17:39 geschreven door peter  

Chinese scientists uncover strange life forms at 31,000 feet below the Pacific Ocean

Researchers documented a variety of life in the newly discovered system in the Pacific northeast of Papua New Guinea. 

(Image credit: Image by Prof. SUN Weidong, et al., 2025.)

A research team led by scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences has discovered extraordinary deep-sea life in one of the most extreme environments on Earth. Using a manned submersible, the team explored ocean trenches in the northwest Pacific, reaching depths of over 31,000 feet. 

There, they recorded stunning footage of strange ecosystems, including beds of clams, mats of bacteria resembling ice, and fields of tube worms. The discovery, published in a study in the journal Nature, sets a new milestone in deep-sea exploration, surpassing the previous record for filmed marine vertebrate, which included a snailfish spotted at 27,350 feet deep off the coast of Japan in 2023.

Map locating the Mariana Trench

The study area, situated in the northwest Pacific, is demarcated by a white rectangle in the inset. Orange dots represent dive sites where chemosynthesis-based communities were observed and sampled and crosses indicate dive sites lacking such communities. Open orange circles delineate potential seep sites characterized by black sediments. White arrows illustrate the direction of subduction for the Pacific Plate beneath the Okhotsk Plate and the Bering Sea Plate. The dashed white lines indicate the transitional connection zones between the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench and the Aleutian Trench. Bathymetric data were acquired using the KM-EM122 multi-beam bathymetric system during the research expedition. Scale bar, 200 km.

Credit: map created using Global Mapper 14 software, with background data sourced from GeoMapApp (http://www.geomapapp.org), under a CC BY 4.0 licence.

a, Free-moving polychaetes Macellicephaloides grandicirra (white; reaching 6.5 cm in size) navigate among dense colonies of frenulate siboglinids, with tubes 20–30 cm in length and approximately 1 mm in diameter, at 9,532 m at The Deepest. b, Clusters of frenulate siboglinids extending red haemoglobin-filled tentacles, with small Gastropoda (white spots) on tops of the tubes near the tentacles, at 9,320 m at Wintersweet Valley. c, Tightly packed frenulate siboglinids are home to abundant free-moving polychaetes M. grandicirra (white) at 9,332 m at Cotton Field. d, Dense aggregation of vesicomyid bivalves A. phaseoliformis (reaching 23 cm in size) in the sediment, with approximately 6–8 cm of valves exposed and often hosting Actiniaria, at 5,743 m at Clam Bed. e, Tube-dwelling polychaetes Anobothrus sp. and Actiniaria are dominant at 6,870 m at Aleutian Deepest, with spots of white microbial mats. f, Dense aggregation of vesicomyid bivalves I. fossajaponicum (reaching 3 cm in size) associated with black sediments and accompanied by tube-dwelling polychaetes Anobothrus sp. at 6,928 m at Aleutian Deepest. g, Dark blue muds surrounded by clusters of frenulate siboglinids, mark methane seeps at 6,800 m at Blue Marsh. h, Large patches of white, snow-like microbial mats stretch tens of metres, accompanied by frenulate siboglinid tubeworms at 6,700 m at Icy River. The images were taken by the manned submersible equipped with a high-definition camera system. The name of each cold seep indicated in the lower left corner. The distance between laser beams is 10 cm. An expanded showcase of cold-seep fauna is given in Supplementary Video 1.

Life found where sunlight never reaches

Hadal trenches are deep-sea depressions between 19,700 and 36,100 feet, formed where one tectonic plate dives beneath another. These remote regions—among the least explored on the planet—have long been suspected of supporting life that relies on chemosynthesis rather than sunlight. 

The new findings confirm that these extreme environments do, in fact, harbor unique and resilient biological communities. The research team documented thriving species of deep-sea life fueled by chemosynthesis, clustered around abundant methane seeps in the Kuril-Kamchatka and western Aleutian Trenches. 

As per the study’s findings, these ecosystems are sustained by methane and hydrogen sulfide–rich fluids rising through faults in deep sediment layers. Isotopic analysis suggests that the methane is generated by microbes breaking down organic material buried in the seabed. 

Recent discoveries challenge long-held beliefs about life’s limits at extreme depths. Reflecting on the experience of descending into the pitch-black depths, Du added that while some might find it frightening, she encourages her students to look out the submersible’s window—where the view can be truly inspiring.

The research itself is part of the Global Hadal Exploration Programme (GHEP), a decade-long international project led by the Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering. The program focuses on exploring the Earth’s deepest oceans using advanced deep-diving technology.

You can view the full study here.

The mission on November 10 beamed up the world's first live video from Challenger Deep.

RELATED VIDEOS

{  https://interestingengineering.com/news }

18-09-2025 om 17:13 geschreven door peter  

UFO over Los Angeles, California Aug 30, 2025 UAP sighting news 👽 it’s the battle of LA again! 🛸

Date of sighting: Aug 30, 2025

Location of sighting: Los Angeles, California, USA

Source: NUFORC website

 

Hey all, this UFO looks amazing. Its V shape really stands out and it has glowing lights along the whole craft. It's 100% similar in appearance to the famous Phoenix lights UFO, just smaller. This craft looks to be about 30 meters across, like that of a passenger jet. Fantastic detail and over a city with millions of people, but I have to say, I'm from LA and people have seen it all and just shrug the strange or unusual off like its just another day. But this is absolute a real alien UFO. 

Scott C. Waring - UFO sightings Daily 

 

• Shape: Chevron 
• Color: black w white lights 
• Estimated Size: Not sure 
• Viewed From: Land 
• Direction from Viewer: South 
• Angle of Elevation: 45 
• Closest Distance: Not sure. Maybe 2-3 miles 
• Estimated Speed: Not sure 
• Characteristics: Lights on object V shaped craft with 9 circular white lights.  

Eyewitness states: 

While sitting on my balcony I saw a light in the sky bigger than stars usually appear. I took out my phone to zoom in to see what it was and started taking pictures and videos. It stayed in the same area for about 25–30 minutes for the first time I saw it. It moved around a little bit but didn’t go too far. At the end it just flew off in the south direction until I couldn’t see it anymore.

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

18-09-2025 om 14:47 geschreven door peter  

UFO over Yellowknife, Canada on August 30, 2025. UFO UAP Sighting News.

• Shape: Triangle 
• Color: White/Grey glowing 
• Viewed From: Land 
• Angle of Elevation: 13 
• Characteristics: Aura or haze around object.

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

18-09-2025 om 14:36 geschreven door peter  

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

18-09-2025 om 14:13 geschreven door peter  

Solar storms set to batter Earth sparking blackouts and Northern Lights as NASA warns the sun is 'waking up'

• MORE: Massive 250,000-mile-long 'canyon of fire' erupts on the sun

By CHRIS MELORE, US ASSISTANT SCIENCE EDITOR

Our sun has unexpectedly begun to ramp up its activity, which could lead to more severe solar storms that cause blackouts and disrupt global communications.

NASA revealed that our solar system's home star had been getting quieter and weaker for about 20 years, but that surprisingly changed in 2008 and scientists are still trying to figure out why.

Scientists found that since 2008, the sun's solar wind, which are streams of charged particles, has grown stronger, with increases in speed, density, temperature, and magnetic field strength.

This increased solar activity could lead to more powerful solar storms, which regularly hit Earth and cause disruptions.

Geomagnetic storms have the potential to damage power grids, leading to blackouts, interfere with satellites, and disrupt communication systems like GPS.

Stronger storms could also make the Northern Lights visible in more places further south of the north pole, but the risk to technology and infrastructure will require careful monitoring.

The exact timing and strength of these storms are hard to predict, but they could become more frequent as the sun's current 11-year cycle peaks between 2025 and 2026.

Lead study author Jamie Jasinski of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California said: 'All signs were pointing to the sun going into a prolonged phase of low activity. So it was a surprise to see that trend reversed. The sun is slowly waking up.'

A new study has discovered a massive shift in solar activity which scientists weren't expecting

More solar activity could cause intensified storms that disrupt power grids on Earth (Stock Image)

More activity means more sunspots, solar flares, and potentially hazardous ejections of material from the sun.

This could make the sun’s outer atmosphere, called the heliosphere, expand as the pressure from the solar wind increases.

On Earth, this could shrink our magnetosphere, the protective magnetic bubble around our planet, exposing us to more solar particles.

The increased solar particle exposure can pose a risk for astronauts, who could face higher radiation levels during space missions, potentially leading to health issues.

It could also damage satellites and spacecraft, disrupting communications and navigation systems critical for daily life.

Elon Musk's Starlink satellite internet service suffered widespread issues during the peak of a strong geomagnetic storm late Sunday night.

The problems started just before midnight, with more than 50,000 reports from Starlink users as a fresh barrage of solar storms hit Earth.

Additionally, solar particles could interfere with Earth's upper atmosphere, potentially affecting ozone levels and increasing ultraviolet radiation reaching people outdoors. 

Solar storms striking Earth are often caused by coronal mass ejections sent out by the sun days before they affect our planet (Stock Image)

A severe solar storm could have the potential to cause power grid problems that lead to blackouts or satellite communication issues

The NASA team explained that the sun goes through an 11-year cycle of activity, marked by changes in sunspots.

After a weak cycle (number 24) from 2008 to 2019, the current cycle (number 25) is showing noticeably more activity.

The study, published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, suggested this increase in solar activity might be part of a longer 22-year cycle, and the sun is now making up for its mysterious two-decade decline rather than entering an anticipated quiet period.

Since 2008, the solar wind's speed has increased by six percent, its density rose by 26 percent, its temperature soared by 29 percent, and pressure skyrocketed by 45 percent.

This more dynamic solar environment results in increased solar storms and enhanced interactions with Earth's magnetic field.

This isn't the first time in history that the sun has seen a mysterious quiet period before ramping back up, but the cause of these declines have baffled scientists, who also don't know when they're coming.

Records show one of the quietest solar periods in recent history was a four-decade window from 1790 to 1830.

'We don't really know why the sun went through a 40-year minimum starting in 1790,' Jasinski said in a NASA statement. 'The longer-term trends are a lot less predictable and are something we don't completely understand yet.'

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

18-09-2025 om 13:46 geschreven door peter  

17-09-2025 om 23:18 geschreven door peter  

Het "Hall of Records" en het Bewijs van Geavanceerde Oude Beschavingen

In de zoektocht naar de geschiedenis van de mensheid en de evolutie van beschavingen, stuiten velen op mysterieuze en intrigerende theorieën die de mainstream geschiedenis vaak tegenspreken. Een van de meest fascinerende onderwerpen op dit gebied is het concept van het zogenaamde "Hall of Records" — een vermeende grote archiefkamer die bewijs zou bevatten van oude, geavanceerde beschavingen die duizenden tot honderdduizenden jaren geleden op aarde hebben bestaan. Deze theorieën roepen vragen op over de aard van onze geschiedenis, de technologische ontwikkeling van oude volkeren en zelfs over de mogelijkheid dat buitenaardse beschavingen een rol hebben gespeeld in het vormgeven van onze geschiedenis.

De Sphinx van Egypte EN De Hal van Archieven onder de Sphinx, Egypte?

Wat is het "Hall of Records"?

Het idee van het "Hall of Records" (letterlijk vertaald: hal van de archieven) is gebaseerd op het bestaan van een enorme verzameling van kennis, documenten en artefacten die de geschiedenis van de mensheid en de aarde zelf documenteren. Volgens sommige onderzoekers en spirituele tradities zou deze 'hal' zich bevinden op een geheime locatie, mogelijk onder de piramides van Egypte, onder de Sfinx, of zelfs diep onder de oceaan. Het zou een soort universeel archief bevatten dat informatie bevat over de oorsprong van de mens, de oude beschavingen, technologische kennis, en misschien zelfs over buitenaardse interventies.

Hoewel er geen concreet fysiek bewijs is voor het bestaan van zo’n archief, worden er steeds vaker aanwijzingen en legendes aangehaald die de aanwezigheid ervan suggereren. Bijvoorbeeld, oude teksten, mythes en legendes uit verschillende culturen spreken over geheime locaties vol kennis en wijsheid, die slechts door ingewijden kunnen worden gevonden of geopend. Sommige onderzoekers geloven dat het Hall of Records niet letterlijk een fysieke ruimte is, maar eerder een symbolische representatie van de sluier die onze geschiedenis bedekt.

Bewijs voor geavanceerde oude beschavingen

Het bestaan van een oude, geavanceerde beschaving vóór de bekende beschavingen zoals de Egyptenaren, de Mesopotamiërs en de Indusbeschaving, wordt ondersteund door een groeiend aantal archeologische vondsten en megalithische structuren. Deze structuren, die vaak duizenden jaren ouder blijken te zijn dan de eerste beschavingen die we kennen, suggereren dat de mensheid ooit over een niveau van technologische kennis beschikte dat niet overeenkomt met de primitieve technologieën waarmee we ze doorgaans associëren.

Een bekend voorbeeld hiervan is de piramides van Gizeh in Egypte. Hoewel deze piramides vaak worden beschouwd als symbolen van oude Egyptische beschavingen, wijzen sommige onderzoekers op de technische precisie, de grote schaal en de complexe bouwmethoden die mogelijk wijzen op kennis en technieken die verloren zijn gegaan. De Grote Piramide van Cheops, bijvoorbeeld, is zo nauwkeurig uitgelijnd dat het bijna onmogelijk is te verklaren met de technologie van die tijd, wat leidt tot speculaties dat er nog oudere en meer geavanceerde kennis achter schuilgaat.

Daarnaast zijn er de megalithische structuren zoals de Stonehenge in Engeland, de Nazca-lijnen in Peru, en de megalithische tempels in Malta. Deze structuren vertonen astronomische oriëntaties en precisie in constructie die niet eenvoudig te verklaren zijn met de technologische kennis van de tijd. Sommige onderzoekers geloven dat deze monumenten bewijs zijn van een oude, wereldwijde beschaving die beschikte over geavanceerde technologieën, mogelijk verloren gegaan door de eeuwen heen.

De bouwgeheimen van Göbekli Tepe kunnen verbonden zijn met de sterren.

(Afgeleid) (Brian Weed /Adobe Stock)

De invloed van buitenaardse beschavingen

Een andere aantrekkelijke theorie is dat deze oude beschavingen niet volledig door de mens zelf zijn ontwikkeld, maar dat ze beïnvloed zijn of zelfs geholpen zijn door buitenaardse wezens. Volgens deze visie zouden buitenaardse intelligences, vaak aangeduid als "ancient astronauts" of "oudere hemelreizigers", contact hebben gehad met de oude mensheid en deze hebben geholpen met technologieën en kennis die toen nog niet door de mens konden worden ontwikkeld.

Deze theorie wordt ondersteund door bepaalde oude kunstwerken, mythes en symboliek die mogelijk verwijzen naar buitenaardse wezens en technologieën. Bijvoorbeeld, de beroemde tekeningen en beeldhouwwerken uit het oude Egypte en Mesopotamië bevatten mogelijk afbeeldingen van buitenaardse wezens of technologieën die niet kunnen worden verklaard met de beschikbare kennis uit die tijd. Daarnaast wijst de constructie van de piramides en andere megalithische structuren op een kennis van astronomie en geotechniek die ver boven de capaciteit van de oude volkeren zou uitstijgen.

Montage van representaties van sphinx-wezens.

(CC BY-SA 3.0); (CC BY 2.0); (CC BY-SA 3.0); (CC BY 2.5)

De rol van de "Hall of Records" in het bewijzen van deze theorieën

Volgens sommige onderzoekers en spirituele tradities zou het vinden van het "Hall of Records" de ultieme bevestiging bieden dat oude beschavingen veel geavanceerder waren dan we denken, en dat zij mogelijk kennis bezaten die verloren is gegaan in de loop der eeuwen. Het zou ook kunnen bewijzen dat onze geschiedenis niet lineair is, maar complexer en verweven met buitenaardse invloeden, verloren technologieën en geheime kennis.

Het zoeken naar de "Hall of Records" is dan ook een missie geworden voor vele archeologen, esoterici en avonturiers. Ze geloven dat de sleutel tot het begrijpen van onze ware geschiedenis ligt verborgen in oude teksten, ondergrondse tunnels, verborgen kamers in piramides, of zelfs in de diepe oceanen en bergen. Sommige theorieën suggereren dat de kennis in het "Hall of Records" niet alleen over het verleden gaat, maar ook aanwijzingen bevat over de toekomst en de evolutie van de mensheid.

Yonaguni-monument, Japan.

(nudiblue / Adobe Stock).

Bewijzen en skeptici

Hoewel de theorieën over het "Hall of Records" en oude geavanceerde beschavingen fascinerend en intrigerend zijn, blijven ze controversieel. Tot op heden is er geen onweerlegbaar archeologisch bewijs dat het bestaan van een dergelijk archief bevestigt. Veel mainstream archeologen en wetenschappers beschouwen deze ideeën als speculatief en gebaseerd op interpretaties van oude mythes en symboliek in plaats van op harde feiten.

Desalniettemin blijven de verborgen en mysterieuze kenmerken van oude structuren, samen met de consistentie van bepaalde mythologische verhalen uit verschillende culturen, de nieuwsgierigheid en het onderzoek stimuleren. Het blijft een intrigerend vraagstuk: was onze voorouderlijke geschiedenis veel complexer en technologische vooruitstrevender dan we ons kunnen voorstellen? En bestaat er misschien nog een verborgen reservoir van oude kennis dat ooit gevonden moet worden?

Conclusie

Het idee van het "Hall of Records" en de bewijzen van oude, geavanceerde beschavingen opent een fascinerend venster op de mogelijkheid dat onze geschiedenis niet volledig bekend is. Het roept vragen op over de oorsprong van de mens, de evolutie van technologie en de rol van buitenaardse invloeden in onze ontwikkeling. Hoewel er momenteel geen definitieve bewijzen zijn, blijven onderzoekers, archeologen en enthousiastelingen zoeken naar aanwijzingen die de theorie kunnen bevestigen.

Het verhaal van de oude beschavingen en het vermeende "Hall of Records" blijft een boeiend mysterie dat ons uitdaagt om verder te kijken dan de gevestigde wetenschap en onze eigen geschiedenis opnieuw te onderzoeken. Misschien ligt de sleutel tot het begrijpen van onze ware verleden in het ontrafelen van de geheimen die nog verborgen zijn onder de eeuwenoude stenen en in de legendes die door de eeuwen heen zijn doorgegeven. Het is een zoektocht die de menselijke nieuwsgierigheid en het verlangen naar kennis blijft voeden, en die misschien ooit tot verrassende ontdekkingen zal leiden.

{ PETER2011 }

17-09-2025 om 22:56 geschreven door peter  

When you go this deep, you'd expect any sign of life to be pretty terrifying.

So scientists were delighted to discover an adorable new species of snailfish thousands of feet below the ocean's surface.

The large–eyed pink creature was first detected in 2019 by researchers who were exploring the seafloor off California using a remotely operated vehicle at a depth of 3,268m (10,722ft).

They came across this individual, an adult female 9.2cm (3.6 inches) long, happily swimming along amongst the crushing pressure, frigid cold and perpetual darkness.

New analysis now reveals this animal was a species previously unknown to science – and has been named the bumpy snailfish (Careproctus colliculi).

The snailfish family tend to have a large head, a jelly–like body covered in loose skin, and a narrow tail. Many have a disk on their belly that allows them to grip the seafloor or hitchhike on larger animals.

Fans of the snailfish described it as 'adorable' and 'the cutest sea monster' they've ever seen.

Commenting on a YouTube video of the new species, one even compared it to a 'real life Pokémon'.

Analysis now reveals this animal was a species previously unknown to science – and has been named the bumpy snailfish

These creatures tend to have a large head, a jelly–like body covered in loose skin, and a narrow tail

Some fans said the new species looked like a Pokémon. Pictured: Whiscash, a water/ground-type Pokémon

'The deep sea is home to an incredible diversity of organisms and a truly beautiful array of adaptations,' Mackenzie Gerringer, associate professor at the State University of New York at Geneseo said.

'Our discovery…is a reminder of how much we have yet to learn about life on Earth and of the power of curiosity and exploration.'

A team from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) first made the discovery during an expedition to the outer reaches of Monterey Canyon, approximately 100km (62 miles) offshore of Central California.

They collected this individual but noticed it had features unlike other deep–sea snailfishes they had encountered.

Scientists used microscopes, micro–CT scans and careful measurements to determine it was different from any other known species.

They also analysed two other specimens and found they, too, were new to science – the dark snailfish and the sleek snailfish.

The bumpy snailfish has a distinctive pink colour, a round head with large eyes, wide pectoral fins with long uppermost rays, and a bumpy texture.

The dark snailfish has a fully black body with a rounded head and horizontal mouth.

The robotic submersible used in the expedition which first uncovered the new species of bumpy snailfish

Many deep–sea snailfishes are hard to identify from video alone. MBARI researchers have observed a snailfish that appears to be the newly described slender snailfish, but without collecting a specimen for closer analysis, they say they can't be sure

The sleek snailfish is distinguished from other snailfishes by a long, black, laterally compressed body, absence of a suction disk, and prominently angled jaw.

This encounter is the only confirmed observation of the bumpy snailfish, so further detail on their full geographic distribution and depth range are unknown.

Steven Haddock, senior scientist at MBARI, led the research expedition that first  encountered the bumpy snailfish.

He said documenting deep–sea biodiversity is 'critical to detecting any changes that may be occurring in this environment'.

Scientists have described more than 400 different species of snailfish worldwide.

These fish make their homes in a variety of ocean habitats, from shallow tide pools to deep–sea trenches.

They also hold the record for the deepest–dwelling fish.

The new species was described in the journal Ichthyology and Herpetology. 

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/index.html }

17-09-2025 om 22:31 geschreven door peter  

Waarom bestaat het universum? De reden ligt in de onvriendelijke relatie tussen materie en antimaterie

Inleiding

De vraag waarom het universum überhaupt bestaat, is een van de meest fundamentele en intrigerende vragen uit de kosmologie en de theoretische fysica. Ondanks onze uitgebreide kennis over de natuurwetten en de kosmische geschiedenis, blijft het bestaan van het universum een mysterie dat ons uitdaagt tot diepgaande reflectie en wetenschappelijke zoektocht. Een van de meest gangbare verklaringen binnen de moderne wetenschap betreft de asymmetrie tussen materie en antimaterie. In dit essay wordt onderzocht waarom het universum bestaat vanuit het perspectief dat materie en antimaterie niet ‘goede vrienden’ zijn, en hoe deze onvriendelijkheid heeft geleid tot het bestaan van de wereld zoals wij die kennen.

Het kosmische web bestaat omdat de hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie oorspronkelijk niet gelijk waren.

(Afbeelding krediet: MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO BIBLIOTHEEK via Getty Images)

1. De fundamenten: Materie en antimaterie

Om te begrijpen waarom het universum bestaat zoals wij dat kennen, is het essentieel om eerst de aard van materie en antimaterie onder de loep te nemen. In de wereld van de kwantumfysica worden alle elementaire deeltjes beschreven door een aantal fundamentele eigenschappen, waaronder massa, elektrische lading en spin. Elke deeltje heeft een antimaterie-tegenhanger, die precies dezelfde massa bezit, maar tegengestelde kwantumgetallen heeft. Een duidelijk voorbeeld hiervan is het elektron en het positron: het elektron heeft een negatieve elektrische lading, terwijl het positron dezelfde massa heeft, maar een positieve lading.

Volgens de theorieën zouden, kort na de oerknal, gelijke hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie ontstaan. Bij contact tussen deze tegengestelde deeltjes zou volledige annihilatie plaatsvinden, waarbij enorme hoeveelheden energie vrijkomen. Deze energie-uitwisseling wordt beschreven door Einstein’s beroemde vergelijking E=mc², die aangeeft dat massa kan worden omgezet in energie. Als materie en antimaterie in gelijke mate zouden bestaan en volledig zouden annihileren, zou dat leiden tot een heel ander soort universum: één dat vrijwel volledig uit straling bestaat, zonder de complexe structuren zoals sterren, planeten en levende wezens.

Het feit dat ons universum niet volledig uit straling bestaat en dat er toch een lichte voorkeur lijkt te zijn voor materie, vormt een van de grootste raadsels in de fysica. Deze zogenaamde materie-antimaterie asymmetrie is de sleutel tot het bestaan van het universum zoals we dat kennen. Het begrijpen van waarom materie de overhand heeft gekregen, motiveert wetenschappers om verder te zoeken naar de fundamentele oorzaken achter deze asymmetrie, en daarmee een dieper inzicht te krijgen in het ontstaan en de evolutie van het heelal. Het is een fascinerend vraagstuk dat ons inzicht in de natuurwetten en de oorsprong van alles wat bestaat, kan veranderen.

De stervormende nevel W51 is een van de grootste 'sterfabrieken' in het Melkweg-stelsel. 'Sterfabrieken' zoals deze kunnen miljoenen jaren operationeel zijn. De grote rode regio aan de rechterkant van W51 is ouder, wat duidelijk te zien is aan de manier waarop deze al is uitgehold door de winden van generaties zware sterren (die minimaal 10 keer de massa van onze Zon hebben). Het stof en gas in de regio worden nog meer in beweging gebracht wanneer die sterren sterven en exploderen als supernova's. Aan de jongere linkerkant van de nevel beginnen veel sterren net het gas en stof op te ruimen.

NASA/JPL-Caltech

2. De asymmetrie: Waarom bestaat er meer materie dan antimaterie?

Een van de meest intrigerende vragen in de kosmologie en de natuurkunde is waarom het universum grotendeels uit materie bestaat, terwijl de theorie ervan uitgaat dat er bij de oerknal gelijke hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie werden gevormd. Dit fenomeen wordt de materie-antimaterie asymmetrie genoemd en vormt een van de grote raadsels die wetenschappers proberen op te lossen. Als de oerknal inderdaad gelijke hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie had geproduceerd, zou je verwachten dat deze zich zouden hebben annihileerd, waardoor het heelal leeg en kaal zou zijn gebleven. Toch is dat niet het geval: er bestaat een overwicht aan materie, wat heeft geleid tot de sterren, planeten en uiteindelijk het leven zoals wij dat kennen.

Wetenschappers vermoeden dat er tijdens de allereerste momenten na de oerknal een kleine asymmetrie moet zijn geweest in de omstandigheden waarin materie en antimaterie werden gevormd. Deze kleine afwijking, die zich heeft uitgedrukt in een lichte voorkeur voor materie, is cruciaal geweest voor de evolutie van het universum. Het fenomeen dat deze asymmetrie mogelijk verklaart, wordt beschreven door de zogenaamde CP-schending (Charge-Parity-schending), een concept uit de deeltjesfysica dat aangeeft dat natuurwetten niet volledig symmetrisch zijn onder bepaalde omkeringen van ladings- en pariteitspectra.

De CP-schending betekent dat de natuur op subtiele manieren verschillen laat zien tussen materie en antimaterie. In theorie zouden de natuurwetten hetzelfde moeten zijn voor deeltjes en hun antimaterie-tegenhangers, maar experimenten tonen aan dat dit niet altijd het geval is. Deze afwijkingen, hoe klein ook, kunnen een grote impact hebben gehad tijdens de eerste momenten van het universum, waardoor een lichte overproductie van materie ten opzichte van antimaterie ontstond. Het is deze kleine, maar belangrijke, asymmetrie die zich heeft uitgebreid en uiteindelijk heeft geleid tot het materie-overschot dat wij vandaag de dag waarnemen.

De theoretische modellen die proberen deze asymmetrie te verklaren, zijn onder andere ontwikkeld door de Russische natuurkundige Andrei Sakharov in 1967. Hij formuleerde drie essentiële voorwaarden waaraan voldaan moet zijn om de materie-antimaterie asymmetrie te kunnen verklaren. Ten eerste moet er sprake zijn van CP-schending: natuurwetten moeten onder bepaalde omstandigheden symmetriebreuk vertonen. Zonder deze breuk zou er geen voorkeur ontstaan voor materie of antimaterie. Ten tweede moeten er grote kwantumfluctuaties plaatsvinden, die leiden tot kleine voorkeuren voor materie in het proces van de vroege evolutie van het universum. En ten slotte moet de asymmetrie ontstaan tijdens niet-thermische processen, zoals tijdens de oerknal, wanneer het universum niet in evenwicht was en de normale regels van thermodynamica niet volledig golden.

Dus de theoretische modellen, ontwikkeld door Andrei Sakharov, geven drie voorwaarden voor het ontstaan van deze asymmetrie:

1. Bovengenoemde CP-schending: Natuurwetten moeten symmetriebreuk vertonen bij het ontstaan van materie.
2. Uitgebreide kwantumfluctuaties: Er moeten processen zijn die leiden tot een kleine voorkeur voor materie.
3. Niet-thermische processen: De asymmetrie moet ontstaan tijdens niet-evenwicht situaties, zoals tijdens de oerknal.

Dit waar-kleurbeeld toont Noord- en Zuid-Amerika zoals ze eruit zouden zien vanuit de ruimte op 22.000 mijl (35.000 km) boven de aarde. Het beeld is een combinatie van gegevens van twee satellieten. Het Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument aan boord van NASA's Terra-satelliet verzamelde de landoppervlaktegegevens gedurende 16 dagen, terwijl NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) een momentopname van de aardse wolken en de maan produceerde.

Reto Stöckli, Nazmi El Saleous en Marit Jentoft-Nilsen, NASA GSFC.

Hoewel experimenten in de deeltjesfysica, zoals in de Large Hadron Collider, aanwijzingen hebben gevonden voor CP-schending, is de mate waarin dit fenomeen plaatsvindt nog niet genoeg om volledig de materie-antimaterie asymmetrie te verklaren. De waargenomen effecten zijn te klein en er blijven vragen over waarom de asymmetrie zo subtiel is, maar toch voldoende om het materie-overschot te creëren dat wij vandaag de dag zien. Onderzoekers blijven daarom actief zoeken naar nieuwe deeltjes en processen die meer inzicht kunnen geven in deze fundamentele kwestie.

Kortom, de materie-antimaterie asymmetrie is een complex en fascinerend vraagstuk dat onze kennis over de fundamentele natuurwetten uitdaagt. Het begrijpen van waarom er meer materie bestaat dan antimaterie, kan niet alleen ons inzicht in het ontstaan van het universum verdiepen, maar ook leiden tot nieuwe ontdekkingen in de fysica en kosmologie. Ondanks de vooruitgang blijven er nog veel vragen openstaan, en het onderzoek hiernaar is een van de grootste uitdagingen van de moderne wetenschap.

3. Waarom is deze asymmetrie cruciaal voor het bestaan van het universum?

De asymmetrie die we in het universum waarnemen, is van fundamenteel belang voor het bestaan en de structuur ervan. Zonder deze kleine maar cruciale asymmetrie zou het universum er heel anders uitzien en zou het leven zoals wij dat kennen, niet mogelijk zijn. Om dit beter te begrijpen, moeten we teruggaan naar de oorsprong van het heelal en de processen die hebben geleid tot de vorming van materie en structuur.

In de eerste momenten na de oerknal was er een bijna perfecte gelijkheid tussen materie en antimaterie. Deze twee vormen van deeltjes zijn elkaars spiegelbeeld en zouden, als ze bij elkaar komen, volledig kunnen vernietigen. Als er geen asymmetrie was geweest, zouden materie en antimaterie in gelijke mate aanwezig zijn geweest, wat zou hebben geleid tot een universeel veld van straling zonder enige materiële structuur. In dat scenario zou er geen vorming van sterren, planeten of leven mogelijk zijn. De universele materie zou simpelweg zijn verdwenen in een gigantische explosie van energie en straling, waardoor een leeg en uniform heelal overbleef.

De kleine asymmetrie die daadwerkelijk heeft bestaan, gaf echter een kleine overtolligheid aan materie ten opzichte van antimaterie. Deze afwijking mag dan klein lijken, maar het was voldoende om het verschil te maken. Door deze ongelijkheid konden de meeste antimateriedeeltjes worden vernietigd, terwijl de materie overbleef en zich begon te clusteren. Deze overgebleven materie vormde uiteindelijk de eerste atomen, die later samensmolten tot sterren, melkwegstelsels en planeten. Zonder deze asymmetrie zou het heelal dus niet de complexe en gevarieerde structuur hebben ontwikkeld die wij nu zien.

Het is alsof een klein verschil in de beginvoorwaarden een kettingreactie heeft veroorzaakt die zich heeft uitgebreid tot het hele universum. Deze kleine asymmetrie fungeert als de katalysator voor alles wat wij ervaren: de sterrenhemel, de aarde en zelfs het bestaan van leven zelf. Het benadrukt ook hoe kwetsbaar en gevoelig het ontstaan van het universum was voor kleine veranderingen, die uiteindelijk grote gevolgen hadden. Zonder deze asymmetrie zou ons heelal niet de rijkdom en complexiteit bezitten die wij nu kennen. Het is dus van onschatbare waarde dat de eerste momenten van het universum niet perfect symmetrisch waren, omdat deze asymmetrie de fundamenten heeft gelegd voor alles wat wij kennen en ervaren.

In deze grafiek wordt een antimaterie-uitbarsting die door een onweersbui in de atmosfeer van de aarde is vrijgegeven, gedetecteerd door een NASA-ruimtevaartuig.

(Afbeelding krediet: NASA)

4. Het belang van de ‘onvriendelijkheid’: materie en antimaterie als slechte vrienden

De metafoor dat materie en antimaterie ‘niet goede vrienden’ zijn, biedt een krachtige en visueel aansprekende manier om hun fundamentele interactie te begrijpen. In werkelijkheid zijn materie en antimaterie elkaars ‘tegenpolen’, die, wanneer ze elkaar ontmoeten, onmiddellijk een vernietigende reactie veroorzaken. Deze reactie resulteert in de volledige annihilatie van beide deeltjes, waarbij enorme hoeveelheden energie vrijkomen in de vorm van gammastraling. Het is deze destructieve kracht die een centrale rol speelt in de evolutie van het universum en die de basis vormt voor veel van de fundamentele processen in de kosmos.

Deze ‘onvriendelijkheid’ tussen materie en antimaterie is niet zomaar een willekeurig conflict, maar een essentieel kenmerk dat diep verweven is met de oorsprong van alles wat bestaat. Tijdens de oerknal, ongeveer 13,8 miljard jaar geleden, ontstonden gelijktijdig grote hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie. Volgens de theorieën over de vroege kosmologie was er aanvankelijk ongeveer evenveel materie als antimaterie. Echter, door een kleine asymmetrie – een minuscule onevenwichtigheid – bleef er na de annihilatie een kleine overschot aan materie over. Die overgebleven materie vormde de basis voor alle sterren, planeten, en uiteindelijk ook voor leven. Het feit dat materie en antimaterie zo ‘slechte vrienden’ waren, zorgde dus indirect voor de structuur en complexiteit van het universum zoals wij dat kennen.

Het is fascinerend om te bedenken dat deze ‘slechte relatie’ tussen materie en antimaterie essentieel was voor het ontstaan van alles. Had de natuur niet zo’n conflict tussen deze deeltjes gekend, dan had er mogelijk geen overlevende materie overgebleven na de grote vernietigingsreacties. Het zou kunnen dat het universum dan een lege, stralingsrijke ruimte was geweest zonder de complexe structuren die wij nu kennen. Deze gedachte onderstreept dat conflicten en tegenstelling niet altijd negatief hoeven te zijn; soms zijn ze juist de drijvende kracht achter ontwikkeling en evolutie.

Kortom, de ‘onvriendelijkheid’ tussen materie en antimaterie is een fundamenteel gegeven dat ons inzicht geeft in de oorsprong van het universum. Het conflict, dat op het eerste gezicht negatief lijkt, heeft juist geleid tot de schepping van alle materiële structuren en het bestaan van het heelal zoals wij dat kennen. Deze metafoor helpt ons niet alleen om de complexe fysische processen beter te begrijpen, maar benadrukt ook dat in de natuur conflicten vaak de motor zijn van verandering en groei. Zonder deze ‘slechte vriendschap’ zou er geen rijk universum zijn, geen sterrenstelsels, geen planeten en geen leven. Het is een mooi voorbeeld van hoe schijnbare tegenstellingen kunnen leiden tot het ontstaan van iets moois en waardevols.

5. De rol van de oerknal en de evolutie van het universum

De rol van de oerknal en de evolutie van het universum is essentieel om te begrijpen hoe alles begon en zich vervolgens heeft ontwikkeld tot de complexe kosmos die wij vandaag de dag waarnemen. De oerknal wordt algemeen erkend als het beginpunt van ons universum, ongeveer 13,8 miljard jaar geleden. Dit betekent dat alles wat we kennen – sterren, planeten, melkwegstelsels, en zelfs de ruimte en tijd zelf – uit deze ene gebeurtenis is voortgekomen. Het is een fascinerende en complexe theorie die onze kijk op het bestaan ingrijpend heeft veranderd.

In de allereerste fractie van een seconde na de oerknal ontstonden de eerste fundamentele deeltjes. Tijdens deze extreem korte periode, bekend als de Plancktijd, waren de omstandigheden onvoorstelbaar heet en dicht. De eerste deeltjes die gevormd werden, waren onder andere quarks en elektronen. Bovendien ontstonden antimaterie deeltjes, zoals antiprotons en positronen. Het ontstaan van antimaterie was cruciaal omdat het de basis vormde voor de latere interacties in het universum. Echter, de relatie tussen materie en antimaterie bleek niet symmetrisch. Toen de eerste deeltjes en antideeltjes elkaar ontmoetten, leidde dat tot annihilatie, waarbij enorme hoeveelheden energie vrijkwamen.

Wat deze gebeurtenissen bijzonder maakt, is dat er een kleine asymmetrie ontwikkelde tussen materie en antimaterie. Deze asymmetrie, ook wel bekend als baryon-asymmetrie, betekent dat er uiteindelijk meer materie overbleef dan antimaterie. Deze kleine maar belangrijke onevenwichtigheid was de katalysator voor de vorming van de structuren die we nu kennen. Zonder deze asymmetrie zou het universum mogelijk volledig uitgestorven zijn van materie, en zou er geen sterren, planeten of leven bestaan.

Door de tijd heen evolueerde het universum enorm. Tijdens de eerste honderden miljoenen jaren na de oerknal was het heelal nog zeer heet en dicht. Materie klonterde samen onder invloed van de zwaartekracht, waardoor er eerst gaswolken ontstonden. Deze gaswolken vormden de basis voor de eerste sterren en sterrenstelsels. Naarmate de tijd verstreek, groeiden deze structuren uit tot enorme melkwegstelsels, met daarin miljarden sterren. De complexe processen van nucleosynthese binnen sterren leidden tot de vorming van zwaardere elementen, essentieel voor de opbouw van planeten en leven.

Kortom, de oerknal en de daaropvolgende evolutie van het universum vormen de kern van onze kosmologische kennis. De asymmetrie tussen materie en antimaterie was niet zomaar een toevalligheid, maar een essentiële factor die de weg vrijmaakte voor het bestaan van alles wat we kennen. De voortdurende studie naar deze gebeurtenissen helpt ons niet alleen om onze oorsprong te begrijpen, maar ook om onze plek in het heelal beter te plaatsen. Het is een fascinerend verhaal van chaos, creatie en ontwikkeling, dat nog steeds volop in onderzoek en debat is.

Uit praktische overwegingen categoriseren mensen groepen materie op basis van hun eigenschappen. Galaxieën, sterrenclusters, planeten, dwergplaneten, rogue-planeten, manen, ringen, ringetjes, kometen, meteorieten, wasberen - het zijn allemaal verzamelingen van materie die verschillende kenmerken vertonen, maar zich aan dezelfde natuurlijke wetten houden.

6. Conclusie: het universum als resultaat van conflict en asymmetrie

De conclusie dat het universum ontstaat uit conflict en asymmetrie is zowel fascinerend als diepgaand. Het lijkt misschien tegenintuïtief dat de schepping van alles wat bestaat voortkomt uit een soort kosmisch conflict tussen deeltjes, maar deze gedachte wordt ondersteund door de fundamentele natuurwetten en observaties. De aanwezigheid van een kleine maar belangrijke overmaat aan materie ten opzichte van antimaterie vormt namelijk de kern van ons bestaan.

In de eerste instantie waren er gelijke hoeveelheden materie en antimaterie in het vroege universum. Volgens de theorieën over de oerknal en de daaropvolgende evolutie van het heelal, zouden deze deeltjes elkaar moeten hebben vernietigd bij contact, waarbij enorme hoeveelheden energie vrijkwamen in de vorm van straling. Maar waarom bleef er dan toch een klein overschot aan materie over? Waarom was het universum niet volledig uitgewist door de antimaterie? Het antwoord ligt in een subtiele asymmetrie tussen deeltjes en antipartikels, een kleine afwijking in de symmetrie die de loop van de kosmische geschiedenis heeft veranderd.

Deze asymmetrie, ook wel bekend als CP-schending (Charge-Parity schending), betekent dat materie en antimaterie niet precies spiegelbeelden van elkaar zijn. Hierdoor ontstond er een kleine voorkeur voor materie, wat op zijn beurt leidde tot het overgrote deel van materie dat wij nu waarnemen. Zonder deze asymmetrie zou het universum er heel anders uitzien, mogelijk volledig leeg en ongeschikt voor het ontstaan van sterren en planeten.

Het conflict tussen materie en antimaterie kan dus worden gezien als een soort kosmische strijd, waarbij de onvriendelijkheid tussen deeltjes leidde tot vernietiging, maar tegelijkertijd ook tot de schepping van een complex en rijk universum. Deze strijd en asymmetrie vormden de noodzakelijke condities voor het ontstaan van de structuur van het heelal. Zonder dit conflict zou er geen sterrenstelsels, geen planeten en geen leven kunnen bestaan.

Kortom, de universele werkelijkheid is niet slechts het resultaat van een evenwichtige en harmonieuze werking van natuurwetten, maar eerder van een fundamenteel conflict en asymmetrie. Het universum zoals wij dat kennen, is ontstaan uit een delicate balans tussen vernietiging en creatie, tussen strijd en schepping. Het is juist door de onvriendelijkheid en de strijd tussen materie en antimaterie dat het mogelijk werd om een rijk en gevarieerd heelal te vormen, waarin alles bestaat. Deze inzichten maken duidelijk dat conflict en asymmetrie niet altijd negatief hoeven te zijn; ze kunnen juist de drijfveer zijn achter grote kosmische en natuurlijke ontwikkelingen.

Met behulp van de Event Horizon Telescope hebben wetenschappers een afbeelding verkregen van het zwarte gat in het centrum van de melkweg M87. Samenwerking van de Event Horizon Telescope et al.

Eindwoord

Het begrijpen waarom het universum bestaat, blijft een fascinerende zoektocht. De rol van materie en antimaterie als onvrienden die niet goed met elkaar kunnen opschieten, blijkt cruciaal te zijn voor het ontstaan van alles. Deze onvriendelijkheid, die leidt tot vernietiging in plaats van harmonie, was daarom de ultieme voorwaarde voor ons bestaan. Het is een herinnering dat conflicten en asymmetrie in de natuur soms de voorwaarden scheppen voor complexiteit en emergentie, en dat de kosmische geschiedenis wordt geschreven door de interactie van tegengestelde krachten.

Bronnen

• Sakharov, A. D. (1967). Violation of CP invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe. Soviet Physics Uspekhi.
• Riess, A. G., et al. (1998). Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant. The Astronomical Journal.
• GDW. (2020). Materie en antimaterie: De strijd tussen deeltjes. Fysica in Perspectief.
• Koupelis, T., & Kuhn, F. (2014). Inleiding tot de fysica.

Literatuur en verdere lezing

• Carroll, S. M. (2004). Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity.
• Steinhardt, P. J., & Turok, N. (2007). The Cyclic Universe: An Informal Introduction. Scientific American.

Twee beelden van Hubble van de enorme sterrenstelselcluster Cl 0024+17 (ZwCl 0024+1652) worden getoond. Links is het zicht in zichtbaar licht met vreemde blauwe bogen die verschijnen tussen de geelachtige sterrenstelsels. Dit zijn de vergrote en vervormde beelden van sterrenstelsels die ver achter de cluster liggen. Hun licht wordt gebogen en versterkt door de immense zwaartekracht van de cluster in een proces dat gravitatiekracht lensing wordt genoemd. Rechts is er een blauwe schaduw toegevoegd om de locatie aan te geven van onzichtbaar materiaal dat donkere materie wordt genoemd, wat wiskundig vereist is om rekening te houden met de aard en plaatsing van de gravitatief gelensde sterrenstelsels die te zien zijn.

NASA, ESA, M.J. Jee en H. Ford (Johns Hopkins University)

{ PETER2011 }

17-09-2025 om 22:12 geschreven door peter  

Skyscraper-size asteroid previously predicted to hit us in 60 years will zoom past Earth on Thursday (Sept. 18) — and you can see it live

By Harry Baker

The "potentially hazardous" asteroid 2025 FA22 will fly close past Earth at more than 24,000 mph on Thursday (Sept. 18). The space rock was previously predicted to have a slim chance of impacting our planet in 2089, temporarily earning it the top spot on a major risk list.

A giant asteroid first spotted earlier this year will make its closest approach to Earth on Sept. 18. 

(Image credit: Getty Images)

A skyscraper-size, "potentially hazardous" asteroid is set to make a close approach to Earth this week — and you can see it zoom past for yourself, either by using a backyard telescope or via a free online livestream.

The asteroid, which was discovered earlier this year, was initially predicted to have a slim chance of hitting our planet in 2089 — temporarily earning it a spot at the top of the European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) impact risk list. But, following new observations, it is no longer considered an imminent threat.

The space rock, dubbed 2025 FA22, is somewhere between 427 and 951 feet (130 and 290 meters) across, making it large enough to wipe out a major city were it to collide with Earth. It will reach its minimum distance to us in the early hours of Thursday (Sept. 18), coming within 520,000 miles (835,000 kilometers) of our planet — just over twice as far away from us as the moon — and will be traveling at around 24,000 mph (38,600 km/h).

2025 FA22 was initially discovered in March by the Pan-STARRS 2 telescope in Hawaii. The asteroid quickly made headlines when it was revealed that it has a 0.01% chance of hitting Earth when it returns for another close flyby on Sept. 23, 2089. (This story was somewhat overshadowed by fellow asteroid 2024 YR4, which was briefly predicted to have a much higher chance of impacting our planet in 2032 at around the same time 2025 FA22 was first spotted.)

Despite the low odds of a collision, space agencies took the threat of 2025 FA22 seriously, and the asteroid was briefly bumped to the top spot on ESA’s Risk List, which monitors all near-Earth objects predicted to have a non-zero chance of impacting our planet.

"However, high-priority follow-up observations soon allowed astronomers to refine the asteroid’s trajectory and rule out any impact risk," according to a new ESA statement. Asteroid 2025 FA22 was removed from ESA's Risk List entirely in May.

Related: 

• NASA's most wanted: The 5 most dangerous asteroids to Earth

The now totally safe flyby of 2025 FA22 will be shared on a free livestream by the Virtual Telescope Project, which will track the object using a telescope in Manciano, Italy. The livestream will begin at around 23:00 p.m. EDT on Wednesday (Sept. 17).

During its close approach, the asteroid could reach an apparent magnitude of 13, which will make it just bright enough to spot with a decent backyard telescope or a pair of stargazing binoculars, according to IFLScience. You can find where it is in the night sky using TheSkyLive.com.

Researchers will be keeping a close eye on the asteroid from observatories across the globe, including NASA's Goldstone radar telescope in Barstow, California, which has the capability to reveal more about the space rock's true size and shape.

The International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) is also taking 2025 FA22's flyby as an opportunity to practise its emergency protocols by running a practice scenario under the pretence that the asteroid will still impact us in 2089. This mock test, named the 2025 FA22 IAWN Campaign, will involve measuring as many of the asteroids' characteristics as accurately as possible, in preparation for a hypothetical mission to deflect the space rock in the future.

RELATED STORIES

• An 'invisible threat': Swarm of hidden 'city killer' asteroids around Venus could one day collide with Earth, simulations show
• 'City killer' asteroid 2024 YR4 could shower Earth with 'bullet-like' meteors if it hits the moon in 2032
• No, NASA hasn't warned of an impending asteroid strike in 2038. Here's what really happened.

"While 2025 FA22 poses no danger, practicing our ability to measure these properties is important, as they influence how an asteroid will react to any attempt to deflect it off of a collision course with Earth," ESA representatives wrote about the campaign.

In reality, 2025 FA22 will not get very close to us in 2089. The latest calculations from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory suggest that it will only come within 3.7 million miles (6 million km) of Earth, more than seven times further away than its current flyby.

However, the asteroid will return for a super close approach in 2173, when it will reach a minimum distance of around 200,000 miles (320,000 km), bringing it closer to us than the moon.

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://www.livescience.com/space }

17-09-2025 om 21:19 geschreven door peter