UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN

IN BRIEF

For the first time in history, astronomers found cold, dense clouds raining on a supermassive black hole, feeding it and making it bigger. This contradicts the long-standing belief that black holes only consume hot ionized gases.

NOT A PICKY EATER

Black holes have been, and still are, one of the universe’s biggest enigmas. Perceptions over what they are and what they eat keep flipping from one side to the other. After decades of declaring them bald, next thing we know, they have hair.

It was also previously thought that supermassive black holes only consume hot ionized gases. And now, for the first time ever, astronomers caught one red-handed, feeding on cold, dense clouds.

“Although it has been a major theoretical prediction in recent years, this is one of the first unambiguous pieces of observational evidence for a chaotic, cold ‘rain’ feeding a supermassive black hole,” said Yale astronomer Grant Tremblay, who lead the study.

Tremblay and his team saw the clouds, traveling as fast as a million kilometers per hour, heading towards a black hole in a galaxy located at the center of Abell 2597, a cluster of about 50 galaxies one billion light years away from Earth.

WILL THE BLACK HOLE FINISH ITS “DESSERT”?

Artist’s impression of a black hole rain.

NRAO/AUI/NSF; Dana Berry/SkyWorks; ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)

Megan Urry, co-author of the study, says while she is not certain whether all of these cold gas clouds will be consumed by the black hole, the observation, captured by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile, is an important find.

“We can’t know whether all or only part of this ‘meal’ of cold gas will ultimately fall into the black hole, but the ALMA data spectacularly highlights the importance of this kind of cold accretion,” she says.

Abell 2957's black hole.

Credit: B. Saxton (NRAO/AUI/NSF)/G. Tremblay et al./NASA/ESA Hubble/ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)

The cold dense clouds are condensing around the supermassive black hole, and this cold rain is therefore feeding it, making the already massive black hole even bigger.

Co-author Louise Edwards, says this “a real step forward” in further understanding how the active galactic nuclei (AGN), or the luminous centers of galaxies, interact with the rest of the galaxy.

The researchers plan on using the ALMA to keep a lookout for similar “rainstorms” to establish if they are a common phenomenon in the universe.

IN BRIEF

A new paper asserts that a physical body might be able to pass through a wormhole in spite of the extreme tidal forces that are at play.

A physical object, such as a person or a spacecraft, could theoretically make it through a wormhole in the centre of a black hole, and maybe even access another universe on the other side, physicists have suggested.

In what looks like the logical extension of the plot of Interstellar – where astronauts try to hunt down another universe after the catastrophic effects of climate change destroy Earth – physicists have modelled what would happen to a chair, a scientist, and a spacecraft, if each one ended up inside the spherical wormhole of a black hole.

“What we did was to reconsider a fundamental question on the relation between the gravity and the underlying structure of space-time,” said one of the team, Diego Rubiera-Garcia from the University of Lisbon in Portugal.

“In practical terms, we dropped one assumption that holds in general relativity, but there is noa priori reason for it to hold in extensions of this theory.”

So let’s take a step back first, and go through some of the basics. According to Einstein’s theory of general relativity, at the centre of a black hole lies a singularity – the point at which the forces of gravity are at their most intense, and time and space effectively end.

Watch: What are Wormholes?

If an object approaches the event horizon, it would be crushed in one direction, and stretched in another, thanks to the extreme tidal forces of gravity at play inside a black hole. If the object stays intact long enough to make it to the centre of a black hole, it will be infinitely long and thin: basically, it’s been spaghettified beyond recognition.

Physicists have been playing around with the assumption of a singularity in the centre of a black hole for years, because until we can actually prove it exists, there could be any number of possibilities that still work – in theory.

Earlier this year, physicists from the University of Cambridge in the UK argued that there’s no reason why a singularity necessarily has to be on the inside of a black hole. They suggest that in a universe with five or more dimensions – which isn’t out of the question for us – a ‘naked’ singularly could exist, which is not bound by an event horizon.

Of course, this would mean big, huge things for our current understanding of how the laws of physics govern our Universe, because it basically needs Einstein’s theory of general relativity to be wrong.

“If naked singularities exist, general relativity breaks down,” said one of the team, Saran Tunyasuvunakool, back in January. “And if general relativity breaks down, it would throw everything upside down, because it would no longer have any predictive power – it could no longer be considered as a standalone theory to explain the Universe.”

If you feel you are in a black hole, don’t give up. There’s a way out.

Einstein being wrong isn’t out of the question, either. Stephen Hawking has been battling for decades with the way general relativity appears to clash with quantum mechanics in black holes – a problem known as the information paradox.

So assuming that the stipulations of general relativity aren’t set in stone, the new study from Rubiera-Garcia’s team argue that if you remove singularity from a black hole, what you get in the centre instead is a finite-sized wormhole.

Then, they figured out what could happen if various objects – a chair, a scientist, and a spacecraft – made it beyond the event horizon and into the wormhole. These objects are referred to as ‘observers’.

They modelled these observers as an aggregation of points connected by physical or chemical interactions that hold everything together as the object travels along a geodesic line. A geodesic line is simply the path in spacetime that a free-falling object follows.

“Each particle of the observer follows a geodesic line determined by the gravitational field,”says Rubiera-Garcia. “Each geodesic feels a slightly different gravitational force, but the interactions among the constituents of the body could nonetheless sustain the body.”

Publishing in the journal Classical and Quantum Gravity, the researchers demonstrate this by showing how the time spent by a light ray in a round trip between two parts of the body is always finite.

This means that finite forces, no matter how strong, could compensate for the impact of the gravitational field near and inside the wormhole on a physical body travelling through it.

“Thus, different parts of the body will still establish physical or chemical interactions and, consequently, cause and effect still apply all the way across the throat of the wormhole,” they explain.

So while the theory of general relativity predicts that an object approaching a black hole will be crushed along one direction and stretched along another infinitely, if we assume that the centre of a black hole is a wormhole with a finite radius, the object can only be crushed just as much as the size of the wormhole.

This means according to Rubiera-Garcia’s hypothesis, an object could survive a journey through a wormhole and make it out the other side – and potentially to another universe – technically intact, but it would be crushed to the size of the finite wormhole. At least it’s not completely destroyed, right?

“For a theoretical physicist, the suffering of observers is admissible (one might even consider it part of an experimentalist’s job) but their total destruction is not,” Rubiera-Garcia and his team quip in an opinion piece.

Until we figure out how to actually see a black hole, all of this is going to remain well and truly in the realm of pure hypotheticals. But we’re beginning to see how black holes might not be the horrible, existence-obliterating death traps we thought they were.

As Hawking said at a conference back in August 2015 about his solution to the information paradox: “The message of this lecture is that black holes ain’t as black as they are painted. They are not the eternal prisons they were once thought. … If you feel you are in a black hole, don’t give up. There’s a way out.”