The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
SpaceX's Starship is under construction at the company's Boca Chica facility, and a new photo suggests SpaceX is already planning trips to the Moon.
SPACEX MAY BE ABOUT TO UNVEIL A NASA-BRANDED PROTOTYPE OF ITS STARSHIP ROCKET, A NEW PHOTO SUGGESTS.
The image, shared by photographer Austin Barnard via his Twitter account Thursday, shows a white Starship nosecone emblazoned with the United States' flag and NASA's recently-revived "worm" logo. Barnard shared the image with the text "NASA Artemis Moon lander anyone?"
It's uncertain what SpaceX plans to do with the nosecone, but Artemis could offer hints. The project covers a wealth of lunar missions, including a crewed mission in 2024 that's expected to send the next man and first woman to the surface. NASA asked SpaceX, along with two other firms, to develop a lander for the mission. SpaceX's proposed plan makes heavy use of the Starship.
"My best guess is this will be a mock up lunar variant for the Starship presentation," Barnard wrote on Twitter, referencing the event expected to take place later this month. CEO Elon Musk has hinted that the event could show a more refined design for the Starship.
SpaceX has big plans for the Starship. The ship is designed to transport up to 100 people or 150 tons to space at a time, powered by a Raptor engine that uses liquid oxygen and methane as its fuel. Prototype versions have reached 500 feet in the air, and SpaceX now plans to reach 50,000 feet with its recent model. The company aims to host a crewed mission to Mars in the 2020s, with a goal of a city on the planet by 2050.
In April, NASA announced it had chosen three companies to develop human landers for Artemis: Jeff Bezos' firm Blue Origin, space technology firm Dynetics, and SpaceX. These fixed-price, milestone-based contracts are worth $967 million in total.
The goal is to develop and demonstrate a human landing system so that one of them can support the crewed mission in 2024. This work will build toward a more sustainable system by 2026. Following the April announcement, NASA started working with the teams in a 10-month base period ending February 2021, where they will continue developing their concepts with added NASA expertise. The agency is expected to choose up to two designs in early 2021 for the 2024 crewed mission.
Beyond crewed missions, Artemis will cover a wide range of Moon-focused projects. It will also cover a small spaceship orbiting the Moon called Gateway, which will help support missions to the surface. The project also covers the Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft, both of which are designed to carry crew to space. NASA has also chosen SpaceX to deliver supplies to the Gateway, using its larger Dragon XL capsule.
SpaceX proposed using multiple Starships for lunar missions. One would sit in low-Earth orbit as a propellant storage ship, supplied by tanker Starships. Another Starship designed for humans would fly to the propellant storage, refuel and continue to the Moon.
A lunar Starship.
NASA
The ship itself would offer "a spacious cabin," alongside two airlocks so astronauts can explore the surface. The concept render shows a lift to the surface. The Starship would use the Super Heavy booster to leave the Earth, while Starships in space could be used to transport crew between the moon's surface and the Orion spacecraft and Gateway spaceship.
Unlike the renders supplied in the April announcement, the new nosecone uses a more recent NASA logo. NASA's more minimalist "worm" logo was introduced in 1975, only to be retired in 1992 in favor of the more complex original "meatball" design. In April 2020, NASA announced it was reviving the logo. The first rocket to use the logo in the modern era was the SpaceX Falcon 9 that sent up the first crewed Crew Dragon mission in May.
THE INVERSE ANALYSIS – It seems SpaceX may indeed be preparing a lunar Starship concept, perhaps for its presentation this month. The event would highlight SpaceX's progress on its contract for NASA's Artemis project.
It would make a welcome change from last year's Starship event. Hours before the unveiling of the first full-size prototype, NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine pointedly tweeted that SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule was "years behind schedule." Bridenstine clarified a month later, during a joint press conference with Musk, that NASA does want to see Starship become a success. With Crew Dragon launched and Starship playing its part in Artemis, this year's event will likely see a warmer reception.
THE STARSHIP’S JOURNEY, SUMMARIZED
November 2018 – BFR, first announced in September 2017, gets renamed to Starship.
December 2018 – Musk confirms the new ship has switched to stainless steel.
Er is water op de maan. Dat heeft NASA zonet bekendgemaakt. De ontdekking werd gedaan met de telescoop Sofia. De idee dat er water op de maan zou zijn, is niet nieuw, maar het bewijs daarvan wél. NASA voegde eraan toe dat het gedetecteerde water op zich niet voldoende is voor leven op de maan. Maar het is interessant voor toekomstige astronauten. Een tussenstop aan een permanent station op de maan onderweg naar Mars behoort tot de mogelijkheden.
Een team wetenschappers heeft voor het eerst het onomstotelijke bewijs van watermoleculen op de oppervlakte van de maan gevonden. Eerdere waarnemingen waren dubbelzinnig: het kon om water (H2O) gaan, maar ook om het moleculaire familielid, hydroxyl. De methode die nu gebruikt werd, leverde ondubbelzinnige bevindingen op. De ontdekking is gedaan met de Sofia, een speciaal vliegtuig met ingebouwde telescoop dat vanaf 12 kilometer hoogte het heelal bestudeert. “Volgens de studie van de Sofia zit het water waarschijnlijk in maanglas verpakt, waardoor het beschermd is tegen de zon”, legt onze wetenschapsexpert Martijn Peters uit. “Maanglas ontstaat als er meteorieten op de maan inslaan.”
Volgens een andere studie van NASA heeft de maan ruim 40.000 vierkante kilometer aan permanente schaduw in de kraters waarin verborgen zakken water in de vorm van ijs kunnen zitten. “De temperatuur aan die schaduwkanten van de maankraters is er zo laag dat er permanent ijs zou kunnen zitten”, zegt onze expert.
Er zou dus véél water op de maan kunnen zijn. Dat is dan weer mogelijk van groot belang voor toekomstige astronauten en ruimtemissies naar, bijvoorbeeld, Mars. Wetenschappers denken al aan een permanent station op de maan. “Als je water splitst in waterstof en zuurstof, dan heb je zuurstof om te ademen op je maanbasis en waterstof om je raket aan te drijven”, legt Peters uit. Ritje naar Mars? Even een tussenstop op de maan!
Of het water daadwerkelijk kan worden gewonnen en gebruikt, moet nog blijken.
Dat de maan waterijs bevat, was op zich al redelijk bekend, maar tot nu toe ging het daarbij vooral om diepe kraters op de noordpool en zuidpool van de maan. Zulke plekken zijn heel moeilijk begaanbaar. De NASA heeft nu vastgesteld dat er ook water voorkomt op plekken waar de zon op schijnt. Bovendien is er waterijs in zogenoemde ‘cold traps’, koude plekken in de schaduwgebieden op de maan. Sommige van die plekken zijn maar een meter groot, maar de maan heeft zo veel van zulke plekken, dat ongeveer 20 procent van al het ijs op de maan daar waarschijnlijk te vinden is.
Het bevroren water zit onder meer in de grote krater Clavius, die vanaf de aarde met het blote oog te zien is. Het gaat niet om grote plassen water: de Saharawoestijn heeft ongeveer honderd keer zo veel water als de maan.
Dat er waterijs verspreid is over de maan, is niet alleen erg aantrekkelijk voor bemande missies, het water kan ook iets vertellen over de geschiedenis van de maan. Vermoedelijk heeft elke plek waar astronauten landen wel water in de buurt, en bovendien is dat water eenvoudiger te winnen dan in een krater.
A truly fringe and controversial subject within the field of ufology is that of alien-human hybrids. There are certain factions of the field who feel that, for whatever reasons, that alien entities are experimenting to mix human and alien DNA to create strange new beings. It all sounds like something out of a science fiction novel, but there is much discussion on just this going on, no matter how absurd it might sound. Mostly this is all regulated to the far fringes of the UFO field, but on occasion it comes blasting to the forefront, and this is certainly the case with an Oxford professor who claims that aliens are interbreeding with us to help save us from the end of the world.
It’s rare that you see the very fringe, outlandish idea of aliens hybridizing with humans taken seriously in the slightest bit by an academic, but that is oddly exactly what happened recently with an Oxford University professor by the name of Dr. Young-Hae Chi, a teacher of Korean at Oxford’s Oriental Institute. Since at least 2012 he has been lecturing on the idea that aliens are not only already here amongst us, where they remain invisible to our eyes, but that there are more than one species of the extraterrestrials and they are interbreeding with us and mixing amongst us.
Dr. Young-hae Chi
According to Dr. Chi, there are four main types of aliens here on Earth living among us as we speak, which he describes as “Small; tall and bold; aliens with scales and snake eyes; and finally, insect-like.” It is these insectoid aliens that he believes are the bosses, and outrank all other types. They are also the ones behind the supposed hybrid programs, wherein human and alien DNA are mixed in top secret experiments. He has also said that abducted humans are routinely forced to engage in “sexually oriented actions with aliens or even other human abductees under the influence of mind control.” And why would they do this, you ask? Well, according to him it is due to several reasons, but chief among them is because they are trying to find a way to help us survive through the catastrophic escalation of global warming in recent years. He has written of this in his book Alien Visitations and the End of Humanity:
One possibility is that they find our DNA valuable for the preservation of the stock. Secondly, to create species which can survive in the future climate conditions. Thirdly, some abductees report that these hybrids are of a very high intelligence, so are they producing these hybrids as a problem-solver, a future leader? It may be more or less assumed that the hybrid project is a response to the impending demise of human civilization. Not only scientists and theologians, but also non-human species who appear to be greatly concerned about the survivability of the human species. So, they come not for the sake of us, but for the sake of them, their survival, but their survival is actually our survival as well — the survival of the entire biosphere. Judging from the way the ETs are acting, they have a better view of our future, perhaps it is pointing to a pessimistic future.
He says that these aliens are all around us, but that we cannot see them for reasons he remains fairly vague about. He says that they are basically invisible to us most of the time, only choosing to show themselves to those they abduct, and has claimed:
If they are far, they shouldn’t be concerned about us. I don’t think they are from far away, they are just next to us, we can’t see them. We can use an analogy of fish which can think and perceive things only in the way they can and humans also perceive only in the way we can, so our perception of the world is limited by our organs.
As far as the hybrids are concerned, Dr. Chi has quite a bit of lore to offer on them, describing how they look more human-like with subsequent generations, saying “The first-generation hybrids still have physical features distinctive to aliens. But from the second generation … they have almost indistinguishable bodily features from those of humans, although they may still carry at least one fourth of alien genes.” Much of his hypothesis is additionally based on thousands of interviews he says he has conducted with alien abductees over the years. He even claims that the increase in UFO sightings and abductee reports in recent years directly correlates with the increase in greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, as this has sped up the need for them to create a “new model of Homo sapiens.” Of course he is aware of the skepticism these claims bring, and he has said of this:
As you might expect, most scientists are dubious. After all, there’s never been any good evidence that the abductions are taking place. No one seems to bring along a cell phone to make photos, or pocket an artifact from the saucers.
Dr. Chi has nevertheless held tight to his bonkers theory that aliens are implementing a breeding program to save us from the rigors of global climate change, and you can watch one of his far-out lectures on the matter here.
Is there anything to this, or is this just the delusional rantings and sci-fi imaginings of an out-of-touch individual? Whatever you may think, Dr. Chi continues to stand by his hypothesis and writes and speaks on it extensively. Is any of this worth looking into at all? In the end it remains a curious piece of strangeness to add to the pile of the already truly bizarre area of alien-human hybrids, and it is a wild ride whether real or not.
ALL RELATED VIDEOS, selected and ôsted by peter2011
The U.S. may be worried about the election, coronavirus and murder hornets, but Belgium is already beyond all of those and is now dealing with a new threat … female mutant self-cloning crayfish in a cemetery! Too long for a movie title but plenty scary for a Halloween headline across Belgium, with many media sources adding “American” to the description because that makes it scarier … and it’s true.
Marbled crayfish are banned by the EU
CREDIT: CTK / Alamy Stock Photo
“The crayfish is similar to the slough crayfish found in Florida in the US, with one important difference: it is parthenogenetic, which means it is able to reproduce without mating, and all offspring are female and genetically identical. That characteristic makes it easy for a large population to spring up quickly, which is what appears to have happened in Antwerp.”
The Brussels Times reports that marbled self-cloning crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) have taken over pools in the historic Schoonselhof cemetery in Antwerp where the bodies of 1577 British commonwealth soldiers killed in World War II are buried. They were investigated by Kevin Scheers from the Flemish Institute for Nature and Woodland Research, who immediately let everyone know he wasn’t there with a net and bucket to get rid of them.
Crayfish fishing
“It’s impossible to round up all of them. It’s like trying to empty the ocean with a thimble.”
These freshwater mutants were discovered somewhere around 1995, possibly in the Everglades, when people who kept crayfish as pets (have they tasted etouffee?) noticed that some female slough crayfish (Procambarus fallax) were reproducing with no male in the aquarium. Researchers confirmed that these were indeed an unexplained mutation – crayfish are not known to be parthenogenetic (reproduce without a mate and all offspring are genetically identical females) – and dubbed them the marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis).
Unfortunately, unscrupulous pet vendors seized upon this and made them popular. That was inevitably followed by unscrupulous pet owners tired of an overflowing aquarium (and not fans of etouffee) dumping them into local ponds. Marbled crayfish can live outside of the water, so the 10 cm (4 inch) crawled and ate their way across Europe after being introduced there in 1995. In 2014, the European Union instituted “a total ban on the possession, trade, transport, production and release” of marbled crayfish, but it was too late for the continent. They’ve also taken over Madagascar, which noticed them in 2018. They’re also banned in Idaho, Missouri, Tennessee, Michigan and the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.
Marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax)
“In Spain they tried some experiments with poison, but that is not permitted in Belgium.”
If poison isn’t an option and they’re reproducing too fast to capture, what can worried Belgium cemetery owners do? While all crayfish look alike, the Louisiana farmers who supply 95% of the crayfish consumed in the U.S. stick to Procambarus clarkii (red swamp crawfish – the most popular) and Procambarus zonangulus (white river crawfish). Could Belgian be persuaded to try marbled crawfish soups, bisques, boils and étouffées? They also are used for fishing bait (bass like them). It’s possible that nature could take care of them (with assistance from humans) with the deadly crayfish plague caused by the North American water mold Aphanomyces astaci. The plague doesn’t affect all species of crayfish, so it may have to be genetically modified for marbled crayfish – and that opens a whole new can of “What could possibly go wrong?” worms.
Can they learn to love the crawfish boil?
Should Belgians learn to live with the mutant self-cloning marble crayfish and hope they stay contentedly in cemetery ponds? Or should they be prepared for the scary movie “Cloning Crayfish Consume a Cemetery!” to go from fiction to documentary?
RH Negative Bombshell: The Boy of Extraterrestrial Origin... The Real Indigo Child Documentary
RH Negative Bombshell: The Boy of Extraterrestrial Origin... The Real Indigo Child Documentary
Ann Andrews is a mother living in England with a unique experience to share about her life and her son, Jason. What sets Jason apart from the many other young children who are now being born with exceptional multi-dimensional abilities, is that Jason is not only an abductee, but is himself of extraterrestrial origin.
After years of uncertainty, Jason progressed from an initial standpoint of fear and to a point in his teens when he began accepting “their” teachings and to acknowledge who he is and what he is here to do All content on this channel is licensed, and or produced by Zohar Entertainment Group/Awakening Expo/Phenomena Magazine.
Huge Disk Hiding In Clouds Over Silay City, Philippines Oct 25, 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Huge Disk Hiding In Clouds Over Silay City, Philippines Oct 25, 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Oct 25, 2020 Location of sighting: Silay City, Philippines
The eyewitness recorded a UFO hiding in the cloud over Silay City, Philippines this week. You can easily see the myst of the cloud the UFO is hiding in. The bottom clouds are rough and make a good base for it, but the top is clearly make to allow them to see through it so that they can see with their own eyes...the ground and life below. I'm sure aliens get tired of looking at computer screens and want to have a more live view...this is evidence of such an event.
Mysterious Glowing Orbs Over Oahu, Hawaii, On Oct 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News
Mysterious Glowing Orbs Over Oahu, Hawaii, On Oct 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Oct 2020
Location of sighting: Oahu, Hawaii, USA
This eyewitness noticed some strange lights passing overhead and was fortunate enough to catch a few seconds of raw footage for us. From the video I see seven glowing orbs, however when I add light to several screenshots I see shadows behind them...other orbs with them. It looks like not 7 but closer to 15 objects in the sky. Some glowing, but most not. The objects are moving strongly fast and the eyewitness even has trouble keeping up with them. The Hawaiian island of Oahu is small and its most likely that these UFOs came from an underwater alien base not far off the coast.
Jet Investigates Possible Jellyfish UFO Over US City, Oct 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Jet Investigates Possible Jellyfish UFO Over US City, Oct 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Oct 23, 2020
Location of sighting: City unknown, USA
The eyewitness refused to say the city that this UFO was taken in. However they do live in the United States. The person is not sure if its a UFO or balloon, but there is a huge jet flying very close to the dark object. The jellyfish shaped UFO is dark with a big mushroom head and what looks like tentacles on its bottom area. Its uncertain if its a UFO because of the poor focus, but its highly possible since a jet did deliberately fly over it to investigate. I believe the airport control tower may have requested a non military jet in the area to take a look on its way to somewhere.
Three UFOs Over Hillside At DeBeque, Colorado Oct 19, 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Three UFOs Over Hillside At DeBeque, Colorado Oct 19, 2020, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Oct 19, 2020 Location of sighting: DeBeque, Colorado, USA
Here is an interesting video from Colorado last week. The eyewitness noticed two glowing objects in the distance, but there is also a third to the far right. Colorado is famous of its large glowing white orbs, notorious for it even. These look like those same orbs appearing again. Often UFOs will appear in a location, after transporting from underground bases...and not move for a while. This fits past UFO sighting descriptions from police and other eyewitnesses years ago of the description of UFOs they saw. 100% alien.
Scott C. Waring
Eyewitness states:
So two nights ago my girlfriend called me and told me to go outside and look to the east sky. What I saw was somewhat unusual. I’m not big into ufos but something about the way these lights were pulsating was strange to me. Made no noise and were moving very slow. What do you think? Leave your thoughts in the comments.
On Sunday, October 25, 2020 Jaime Maussan and Carlos Clemente presented on the Mexican television channel Tercel Milenio images of extraterrestrial entities, shadow beings and other mysterious life forms captured by surveillance (night vision - infrared) cameras from all over the world.
Carlos Clemente who investigated the cases and analysed the images of all these strange beings comes to the conclusion that they are not spirits or humans but suggests that these entities are more likely multi-dimensional beings or other intelligent life forms who have the capacity to travel through space and time.
The 6 1/2 foot tall Salamanca Humanoids - Close encounter of the Third Kind
The 6 1/2 foot tall Salamanca Humanoids - Close encounter of the Third Kind
Five years after the closing of Project Blue Book, U.S. intelligence was still paying attention to UFOs. Declassified files from 1974 show something even stranger — monitoring of a Close Encounter of the Third Kind, a case involving 6 1/2 foot tall humanoid occupants of a disc-shaped craft.
The case occurred in Western Spain, in the province of Salamanca. A Defense Intelligence Agency analyst compiled an account of this and other strange sightings from that year, and sent them to European Command and other "parties interested."
The witness, Maxi Iglesias, claims U.S. officials visited the site to analyze trace evidence left behind, telling him they were from "NASA." For years, this was laughed off, but we now know officials really were monitoring the case.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
End of the world: NASA’s doomsday plan for planet-destroying event exposed
End of the world: NASA’s doomsday plan for planet-destroying event exposed
NASA has a plan to save mankind as the end of the world becomes more than just a possibility, a scientist revealed in a sobering interview.
First announced by the space agency in 2016, the Planetary Defence Coordination Office is part of NASA’s Planetary Science Division to plan against possible life-ending events. Their job is to catalogue and track Potentially Hazardous Objects (PHO) such as asteroids and comets. But the team is also running simulations should such a threat slip through unnoticed, to study the possibility of diverting a space rock, while also looking at the consequences if one does hit in the future.
YouTube channel “Wired” revealed the details of the project on their page last year.
Presenter Robbie Gonzalez said: “In Washington DC there’s this thing called the Planetary Defence Conference, which is actually going on.
“Here’s the thing, that asteroid is not real.”
NASA is planning for a end of the world scenario
(Image: GETTY)
PHO are objects that threaten Earth
(Image: GETTY)
I use supercomputers to model what happens when an asteroid or a comet hits the Earth
Cathy Plesko
The team are using supercomputers to play-out numerous outcomes in the hope it will help better prepare them for the future.
Cathy Plesko, who is in charge of watching over some of these scenarios, explained why the project is so important.
She said: “I’m a planetary scientist at Los Alamos and I use supercomputers to model what happens when an asteroid or a comet hits the Earth and how to stop one.
“Just like you have a fire drill or when you sit down on a plane and they tell you about the oxygen masks, we practice this every two years.
“We learn from practising, we learn from our mistakes.
Cathy Plesko is working on a supercomputer to defend the planet
(Image: YOUTUBE)
“We are doing this now because this is the first time we have really been capable of doing this and we’ve been buzzed a few times.”
Dr Plesko said much more work is needed before NASA is confident they can deflect an asteroid.
She added: “You can’t deflect a tornado or a hurricane, you can’t glue a fault shut to stop earthquakes.
“But with an asteroid or a comet, it looks like we are pretty much there.
“There is some technology that needs to be developed yet, a few things we still need to learn about how these objects are composed and how they respond to being hit by a kinetic impactor, or being ablated by a nuclear device, or shot with a laser.
“We still need to study that very carefully, that’s why we’re doing a lot of this on the computer. because if it goes sideways, I can push delete and go home for dinner.
“It’s better to do the homework before it’s an issue.”
Asteroid 101955 Bennu, formally known as 1999 RQ36, is a Potentially Hazardous Object listed on the Sentry Risk Table with the second-highest cumulative rating on the Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale.
Investigators have already warned the space agency that it could be devastating if they do not act.
According to a study by scientist Maria Eugenia Sansaturio, the 1999 asteroid may impact the Earth.
Dr Sansaturio warned in a report for the Solar System journal Icarus that there is a good chance of the asteroid striking.
She told Universe Today in 2010: “The total impact probability of asteroid 1999 RQ36 can be estimated as 0.00092, approximately one-in-a-thousand chance, but what is most surprising is that over half of this chance (0.00054) corresponds to 2182.”
However, NASA has a less destructive move for Bennu.
The space agency is currently running a mission with its OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to find out more about the rock.
The spacecraft spent two years chasing Bennu down, before orbiting it for another two years and taking samples.
Then, in 2023, it will blast back to Earth to allow scientists from around the world to study it.
The mission team is particularly interested in learning the role that asteroids like Bennu – dark, primitive and apparently carbon-rich – may have played in creating life on Earth.
It will also help scientists to refine the odds of a strike on Earth.
Planetary systems with both super-Earths and Jupiter-type planets may be common, according to a new study. As in our own solar system, the giant planets would act as “bodyguards” protecting the smaller planets from asteroid impacts.
Artist’s concept of a planetary system with 2 super-Earths and 1 giant Jupiter-like planet. New computer simulations suggest that such systems may be common.
The largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter, has often been credited for helping life to exist on Earth, by deflecting dangerous asteroids from entering the inner solar system and colliding with our world. So what about in other solar systems? Do other Earth-type habitable planets also have, or need, larger Jupiter-like worlds protecting them? Is this Earth-Jupiter dynamic just a fluke, or is it a normal part of the development of planetary systems?
An international group of astronomers, led by Martin Schlecker of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), has just announced a new study showing that this kind of planetary arrangement may be more common that previously known. The results suggest that rocky Earth-type planets – at least super-Earths as in this study – will often be accompanied by larger Jupiters orbiting further out, just like in our own solar system.
The findings are detailed in a new peer-reviewed paper that has been accepted for publication in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics. The latest version of the paper, submitted on October 13, 2020, is available on arXiv.
The research focuses on super-Earths in particular, rocky planets that are just a bit larger and more massive than Earth but significantly smaller and less massive than Neptune. New computer simulations suggest that these planets will often form in their solar systems along with Jupiter-like planets in outer orbits, reminiscent of the arrangement in our own solar system. As Schlecker said in a statement:
We call such gas giants cold Jupiters. They grow at a distance from the central star, where water exists in the form of ice.
The smaller, rocky worlds are referred to as dry super-Earths, with thinner atmospheres and relatively little water or ice. Even Earth is considered to be a dry planet overall, since the oceans and other water and ice only make up very little of the planet’s volume. Schlecker said:
Also, the Earth is, despite the enormous oceans and the polar regions, with a volume fraction for water of only 0.12%, altogether a dry planet.
Comparison diagram of the scenarios of how, according to the simulations, icy super-Earths (a) or rocky (ice-poor) super-Earths form together with a cold Jupiter (b). The mass of the original protoplanetary disk determines the result.
This cold Jupiter and dry super-Earth dynamic is therefore quite similar to what we see in our own solar system, except that our planet is just a bit smaller than a super-Earth. However, we don’t know yet if this is also true for planets actually about the same size as Earth as well, since the study focused more on super-Earths.
How did the researchers come to these conclusions?
They made a statistical evaluation of new computer simulations involving 1,000 planetary systems in the process of evolving around sun-like stars. According to Christoph Mordasini, a paper co-author from the University of Bern:
During the simulations, the planetary embryos collected material, grew into planets, changed their orbits, collided or were ejected from the system.
Such simulations support the investigation of exoplanetary systems, since planets like cold Jupiters require a lot of time to orbit their mother star in their wide orbits. Simulations, on the other hand, are in principle independent of such limitations.
Super-Earths come in a range of sizes, as shown in this artist’s concept.
Observations of actual planetary systems had found something surprising: ones with a cold Jupiter almost always had a super-Earth as well. Schleckler explained:
We wanted to verify a surprising finding following observations made in recent years that planetary systems with a cold Jupiter almost always contain a super-Earth.
But the simulations seemed to show something different, that only about 1/3 of cold Jupiters should also have a super-Earth in the same system. Synthetic solar system models appeared to have even less, with only 10% of them having both types of planets.
Why the discrepancy? Scientists have several ideas, but a main one has to do with the rate at which giant Jupiter-like planets gradually migrate inward closer to their stars. According to current planetary formation theory, this should result in more gas giant planets in intermediate orbits, between the outer solar system and the inner solar system. These warm Jupiters should interfere with the orbits of inner super-Earths and either collide with them or cause them to be ejected out of their planetary systems. But that is not what has been observed. Therefore, scientists think that the rate is probably slower than first thought, which would allow more super-Earths to remain in close orbits around their stars, just as has been observed many times now.
In that scenario, more planetary systems should end up having both Jupiters and super-Earths.
Jupiter as seen by NASA’s Juno spacecraft in February 2019. The giant planet has long been thought to be a “bodyguard” of Earth, protecting it from asteroid impacts with its immense gravity.
Image via NASA/ JPL-Caltech/ SwRI/ MSSS (Processing: Kevin M. Gill)/ APOD.
The results are fairly general in nature, since current observations have not yet been able to specifically categorize the differences between different super-Earths. Some are thought to be mostly rocky, while others may have global oceans, depending on their size and mass. Nevertheless, the results of the simulations show that many planetary systems should have both a cold Jupiter and a dry super-Earth, as stated by Schleckler:
We found a significant excess of planetary systems containing both a cold Jupiter and at least one dry super-Earth, i.e. with little water or ice, and a thin atmosphere at most.
Which planetary systems do end up having both depends largely on the mass of the protoplanetary disk, the huge rotating cloud of gas and dust that planets form from around a newborn star. Medium mass disks, for example, would have too little material to form either super-Earths in the inner solar system or cold Jupiters farther out. However, super-Earths could form in the outer regions of the system, and contain large amounts of ice. If a protoplanetary disk is massive enough, then it could form both super-Earths closer to the star and cold Jupiters farther out from the star.
The new simulations have made some interesting predictions for how many planetary systems should have both types of planets. But verifying them and reconciling them with current observations will take time. Two upcoming telescopes will be able to help do that, the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) of the European Southern Observatory and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Schleckler said:
Theoretical predictions must be able to fail in the face of empirical experience. With the next-generation instruments that are about to be deployed, we will be able to test whether our model will hold up or whether we have to go back to the drawing board.
Martin Schlecker at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, lead author of the new study.
It will be interesting to see if these computer models hold up, or not. Our own solar system, for example, has a Jupiter, but no super-Earths. Instead we have good ol’ Earth, which is a little smaller than the planets that the study focused on. If the results are verified, does that mean there may also be many planetary systems with both a Jupiter and an Earth-sized world as well? Could well be, but we will just have to wait a bit to find out!
Bottom line: Planetary systems with both super-Earths and Jupiter-type planets may be common, according to a new study.
WATCH THE MOON PHOTOBOMB THE SUN IN THIS RIDICULOUS VIDEO
WATCH THE MOON PHOTOBOMB THE SUN IN THIS RIDICULOUS VIDEO
Talk about stealing the limelight.
THE SUN IS A STAR, one that is constantly in the spotlight. It's not easy to steal attention away from the giant burning ball of plasma that lights up our world, but another, rather smaller cosmic object tried anyway.
NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recently caught the Moon being cheeky, photobombing the Sun during its closeup view.
Perhaps nobody knows the Sun better than the scientists who operate the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The space observatory has been staring at the star non-stop for 10 years now, snapping a picture of the Sun every 0.75 seconds, and beaming it back to Earth for analysis.
Over the past decade, the observatory has captured 425 million high-resolution images of the Sun.
But on October 16, the space observatory found its view interrupted as it tried to capture our star in all its glory.
What the observatory captured instead was a lunar transit. This is when the Moon passes between the observatory and the Sun, blocking the satellite's view of the star.
This particular lunar transit lasted for about 50 minutes, between 3:05 p.m. and 3:53 p.m. Eastern. When it was at its peak, the Moon was covering around 44 percent of the Sun.
The Moon didn't just ruin the Sun's closeup — it also distorted the solar observatory's instruments. During the transit, the Moon covered two of the observatory's guidance sensors, which caused its view of the Sun to be slightly jumbled up for a few short seconds.
But once the Moon was out of frame, the Sun appeared in just as sharp detail as ever.
The video holds other curious information, too. It reveals two regions in the lower half of the Sun, one on each side, that appear to be active — coinciding with the beginning of Solar Cycle 25.
Every 11 years or so, the Sun begins a new solar cycle, which is typically marked by periods of violent eruptions and magnetic explosions that can send flashes of radiation into space.
Changes in the solar cycle are measured by changes in the Sun's activity. Periodically, our star ejects boiling-hot plasma, in the form of solar flares and solar wind, across the Solar System. Halfway through each cycle, the Sun's activity starts increasing, meaning more solar flareups and outflow of radiation from our host star. As the solar cycle winds down, the Sun becomes less active.
The latest solar cycle appears to have kicked off in December, 2019, and will peak in the year 2025.
Around that time, more regions of the Sun will appear to be flaring up with solar eruptions.
Let's hope the Moon will not attempt another photobomb around that time, blocking our view of our host star's raging activity.
HET MEEST ONVERWOESTBARE DIERTJE OP AARDE IS ZOJUIST NOG ONVERWOESTBAARDER GEWORDEN
HET MEEST ONVERWOESTBARE DIERTJE OP AARDE IS ZOJUIST NOG ONVERWOESTBAARDER GEWORDEN
Vivian Lammerse
Een nieuw soort beerdiertje blijkt een voor menig organisme dodelijke dosis ultraviolet licht prima te kunnen verdragen.
Beerdiertjes zijn niet kapot te krijgen. Je kunt ze blootstellen aan extreme hitte, invriezen, in een vacuüm stoppen of compleet uit laten drogen: het doet het beerdiertje weinig. Dit maakt hen dan ook een van de meest onverwoestbare diertjes op onze planeet. Maar het kan nog extremer. Onderzoekers hebben namelijk op een universitaire campus een voorheen onbekende soort aangetroffen. En dit beerdiertje weet zelfs raad met de meest dodelijke dosis ultraviolet licht.
Meer over beerdiertjes
Beerdiertjes zijn microscopisch kleine organismen die onder meer te vinden zijn in de grond en op planten. Ze bereiken een lichaamslengte van ongeveer een halve millimeter en een breedte van ongeveer 1/5 millimeter, waardoor ze met het blote oog bijna niet te zien zijn. Beerdiertjes komen wijdverspreid in de natuur voor. Een pluk mos kan bijvoorbeeld al zeker duizenden exemplaren herbergen. Daarnaast zijn het taaie rakkers. Je kunt ze bijvoorbeeld meer dan dertig jaar invriezen: na ontdooiingpakken ze hun leven gewoon weer op.
De onderzoekers baseren zich op tamelijk gruwelijke experimenten. In de nieuwe studie speurden onderzoekers van het Indian Institute of Science hun campus af op zoek naar beerdiertjes die ze vervolgens blootstelden aan extreme omstandigheden. “Het belangrijkste doel van ons project was om verschillende mechanismen voor de waargenomen stresstolerantie bij beerdiertjes te gaan begrijpen,” vertelt Sandeep Eswarappa in een interview aan Scientias.nl. De onderzoekers hadden toevallig een kiemdodende ultraviolette lamp in hun laboratorium staan. En dus besloten ze de onfortuinlijke beerdiertjes onder deze wrede lamp – die regelmatig gebruikt wordt om korte metten te maken met moeilijk te doden virussen en bacteriën – te leggen.
Dosis De meeste soorten beerdiertjes bleken nog aardig taai. Een dosis van 1 kilojoule per vierkante meter – een dosis die voor bacteriën en rondwormen al na vijf minuutjes fataal is – bleek pas na ongeveer een kwartiertje dodelijk voor de Hypsibius exemplaris. De meeste beerdiertjes stierven echter na 24 uur. Een vreemde, roodbruine soort wist zich verrassend genoeg staande te houden. De onderzoekers besloten daarom de dosis ultraviolet licht vier keer te verhogen. En ook deze keer gaven de mysterieuze beerdiertjes zich niet zomaar gewonnen. Ongeveer zestig procent van deze kranige beerdiertjes leefde na toetakeling nog zeker een maand door.
Nieuwe soort De onderzoekers realiseerden zich dat ze een nieuw soort beerdiertje hadden ontdekt, onderdeel van het geslacht Paramacrobiotus. En die zat gewoon in wat mos op een betonnen muur. “Het zijn vleesetende beerdiertjes,” karakteriseert Eswarappa. “We gaven ze rondwormen als voedsel en ze bleken over een enorme eetlust te beschikken. Onder laboratoriumomstandigheden planten ze zich voor door middel van parthenogenese (maagdelijke voortplanting, red.).” Overigens is het ontdekken van nieuwe soorten beerdiertjes niet heel gemakkelijk. “Soms kan een bepaald monster heel veel beerdiertjes bevatten en soms geen één,” legt Eswarappa uit. “Zodra we een gebied hebben gevonden waar we weten dat ze zitten, is het gemakkelijker om ze te isoleren. Maar tot op heden is dit een spel met vallen en opstaan.”
Blauw Om erachter te komen hoe dit weerbarstige beerdiertje in staat was om de dodelijke dosis ultraviolette straling te overleven, voerden de onderzoekers nog een aantal aanvullende experimenten uit. Door middel van fluorescentiemicroscopie namen ze de beestjes wederom onder de loep. Tot grote verbazing van het team werden de roodachtige beerdiertjes onder het UV-licht blauw. “Het meest verrassende aan de studie was toen we ontdekten dat de beerdiertjes onder het UV-licht oplichtten,” zegt Eswarappa. “Dit was bovendien cruciaal. Want het bracht ons tot de theorie dat de beerdiertjes fluorescentie gebruiken om zich te beschermen tegen UV-straling.” Fluorescerende pigmenten die zich waarschijnlijk onder de huid van de beerdiertjes bevinden, transformeren het UV-licht in onschadelijk blauw licht, zo schrijven de onderzoekers. En dus biedt dit een hoge mate van bescherming. Paramacrobiotus met minder pigment stierven daarentegen ongeveer 20 dagen na blootstelling.
Een blauw gekleurd beerdiertje.
Afbeelding: Suma et al., Biology Letters (2020)
Het lijkt er dus op dat de nieuw ontdekte soort beerdiertjes een zogezegd fluorescerend ‘schild’ gebruiken om dodelijke UV-straling te kunnen overleven. En hoewel dit indrukwekkend klinkt, blijft Eswarappa koel. “Eigenlijk is het niet heel verwonderlijk,” zegt hij ontnuchterend. “We weten dat beerdiertjes bestand zijn tegen heel wat stressvolle omstandigheden.” Om de doeltreffendheid van het fluorescerende schild nader te onderzoeken, ontdeden de onderzoekers verschillende exemplaren van de nieuw ontdekte soort van hun fluorescerende pigmenten en hevelden deze over naar de bekendere H. exemplaris en verschillende rondwormen. De diertjes met deze opgetuigde schilden leefden vervolgens bijna twee keer zo lang als de exemplaren zonder schild.
Waarom? De grote vraag is natuurlijk waarom het nieuw ontdekte beerdiertje over dit wonderlijke maar doeltreffende schild beschikt. “De beerdiertjes leven in het zuiden van India,” legt Eswarappa desgevraagd uit. “In de zomer worden ze daarom gebombardeerd met hoge dosissen UV-straling. Mogelijk gebruiken de beerdiertjes dus het fluorescerende molecuul als een schild om schadelijke UV-straling te absorberen en onschadelijk licht uit te zenden, waardoor ze zichzelf beschermen.” Kortom, de beerdiertjes hebben mogelijk een manier gevonden om hoge dosissen UV-straling te verdragen die kenmerkend zijn voor de hete zomerse dagen in Zuid-India.
Hoewel beerdiertjes al bijna 245 jaar bestudeerd worden en ons inmiddels meer dan 1200 soorten bekend zijn, blijven we nieuwe exemplaren en verrassend kranige kenmerken ontdekken. Dat het taaie diertjes zijn, moge duidelijk zijn. Maar wist je dat ze mogelijk toch een achilleshiel hebben? Want hoewel beerdiertjes één van de meest veerkrachtige en weerbarstige organismen zijn die op onze aarde voorkomen, blijkt dat ze ook een zwakke kant hebben.
WIST JE DAT…
…er mogelijk ook beerdiertjes op de maan te vinden zijn? Ze liftten mee met de Israëlische maanlander die in april 2019 op de maan crashte. En mogelijk hebben ze die crash overleefd…
BUITENAARDS LEVEN: WAARSCHIJNLIJKER EN DIVERSER DAN WE DACHTEN!
BUITENAARDS LEVEN: WAARSCHIJNLIJKER EN DIVERSER DAN WE DACHTEN!
Monique Siemsen
Grijze slanke mannetjes met zwarte ogen die allerhande snode plannen met de mensheid voor hebben. Dat is ons beeld bij buitenaards leven. Een ongeloofwaardig beeld, zo blijkt.
“Er zijn aardig wat planeten zoals de onze, ook in de Melkweg. Planeten die ongeveer net zo groot en net zo warm zijn als de aarde. Het lijkt me plausibel dat we daar dan ook bacteriën zouden aantreffen. Die zijn vrij simpel om te maken.” Aan het woord is professor in de Submillimeter-sterrenkunde dr. Floris van der Tak van de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Van der Tak werkt tevens voor SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research.
Bacteriën zijn er als de kippen bij Hij gelooft in het bestaan van buitenaards leven, maar hoe moeten we dat voor ons zien? “We moeten wel wat onderscheid maken als we kijken naar de kansen op leven buiten de aarde. Als het gaat om bacteriën, dan lijkt me dat niet onaannemelijk. Dat is geen complex leven en ook op aarde, waren zij er relatief snel bij. De aarde bestaat zo’n 4,5 miljard jaar en wordt al sinds 4 miljard jaar bevolkt door bacteriën, die er in tegenstelling tot complexer leven zoals planten en dieren, dan ook als de kippen bij waren. Sterker nog: als het gaat om gewicht bestaat het menselijk lichaam uit voornamelijk menselijke cellen, maar als we kijken naar aantallen, dan bestaan we voornamelijk uit bacteriën.”
“Planten en dieren kent de aarde nog maar een half miljard jaar. Als we over buitenaards leven praten, lijkt me de kans het grootst, dat we het dus over bacteriën hebben. Er zullen betrekkelijk veel planeten zijn, waarop dat leven voor komt. Ga je kijken naar complexer leven, zoals inderdaad planten en dieren: tja, dat is toch wel bijzonder. De kans dat je dat gaat aantreffen op een andere planeet, wordt al een stuk kleiner.”
Aarde is bijzonder, maar niet uniek “En dan hebben we het tenslotte nog over intelligent leven. Je kunt er over debatteren wat dat dan precies is, maar we hebben het dan over een beschaving, die over techniek beschikt. Dat we dat hebben op aarde is heel bijzonder, maar ik moet zeggen dat het me zeer sterk lijkt dat de aarde de enige planeet is in het universum, waar dat trucje gelukt is. Er zullen wel degelijk nog andere planeten zijn met intelligent leven. Dat dit intelligent leven echt nergens anders gelukt is, nee, dat is echt onwaarschijnlijk.” Een concept dat wellicht lastig te bevatten is en Van der Tak denkt dan ook niet dat dit leven eerdaags voor een kopje suiker aan de deur komt. “De beelden die we hebben van aliens, ufo’s en area 51: dat lijken me schrik-fantasieën. Zo’n alien vind ik, met een aantal kleine aanpassingen, toch wel mens-achtig. Deze aliens hebben ook vaak een agressief imago. Dat komt wellicht omdat de mensheid zichzelf vrij vaak agressief heeft opgesteld als we bijvoorbeeld denken aan kolonisatie. Ook zouden ufo’s bij ons in de lucht zijn waargenomen, die zweven dan boven de grond en verdwijnen weer, waar ze vandaan komen. Dan kom je als intelligent buitenaards leven dus helemaal naar de aarde toe, heb je een immense reis afgelegd, om op 100 meter voor aankomst op de aarde te zeggen: ‘Kom, ik zoef weer terug naar mijn eigen planeet.’ Dat lijkt me niet handig. Na zo’n reis, wil je toch ook wel even landen op de plek van bestemming, lijkt me.”
Buitenaards leven mogelijk zeer divers “Ik schaar deze beelden onder de samenzweringstheorieën die we niet al te veel serieuze aandacht moeten geven. Hoe planten, dieren of zelfs intelligent leven er uit zal zien op een andere planeet, is namelijk sterk afhankelijk van de omstandigheden op die planeet. De levensvorm zal zich daaraan hebben moeten aanpassen. We zien al aan de diversiteit op onze planeet dat er heel veel mogelijk is! Is het er heel zonnig en droog, dan vergt dit een andere levensvorm dan een bergachtig landschap. Bij het eerste denk je aan reptiel-achtigen, de tweede vergt een goed ontwikkeld soort berggeit. En zijn er veel vulkanen, dan zijn er organismen, die tegen goed bestand zijn tegen zeer hoge temperaturen. Er is dus veel mogelijk als het gaat om leven op andere planeten.”
Radiostilte uit de ruimte Of de mensheid binnen luttele generaties in contact zal komen met intelligent buitenaards leven, daar zet de professor wat vraagtekens bij. “We hebben tot nu toe geen aanwijzingen gevonden dat er beschaving in onze buurt is. We luisteren nu al zo’n 100 jaar naar de ruimte en vangen geen radiosignalen op. Dat wil niet zeggen dat ze er niet zijn, maar wel dat ze niet in een nabijheid worden uitgezonden die aan te reizen is. Een planeet waar beschaving is, bevindt zich dus in ieder geval niet in onze buurt,” aldus Van der Tak.
Een leven in de wolken Wel tamelijk in de buurt zijn Mars en Venus. Beide planeten zouden mogelijk levensvatbaar kunnen zijn. Dat wil zeggen voor bacteriën. Niet voor die grijze kereltjes. Op Mars is er ondergronds water ontdekt en bevindt zich methaan in de atmosfeer. Op Venus is er door de telescopen op Hawaii en Chili een stof waargenomen die lijkt op fosfine. “Gaaf nieuws, dacht ik meteen. Maar daar is nog wel wat meer onderzoek voor nodig.” Van der Tak is gematigd hoopvol. “Fosfine is fosfor met waterstof en wordt op aarde geproduceerd door bacteriën. Nu is het natuurlijk de vraag of de waargenomen stof inderdaad fosfine betreft en zo ja, of dit dan wel echt van bacteriën afkomstig is. Chemici kunnen uitzoeken of de stof echt op geen enkele andere manier ontstaan kan zijn. Wat het enthousiasme tempert, is dat de stof in wolken hoog in de dampkring van Venus is aangetroffen. Nu kan dat wel, dat er bacteriën in de wolken leven. Dat gebeurt op aarde ook. Maar dat zijn dan grondbacteriën, die met de verdamping in wolken terecht gekomen zijn en het daar niet lang volhouden. Er is veel zonlicht, maar weinig voedsel. Of bacteriën op Venus wel een leven lang in de wolken kunnen leven, is nog maar de vraag.”
Wat een buitenaardse bacterie voor een mens betekent Kunnen ze dit echter wel, dan heeft dat tamelijk grote implicaties. “Mars en Venus zijn verder dan een uurtje lopen, maar in principe niet ver weg. Relatief gezien, zijn ze eigenlijk om de hoek. Dan denk ik dat het een goed idee is, als we er heen gaan en heel voorzichtig de bacteriën meenemen en onderzoeken.”
Het onderzoek naar buitenaards leven is van betekenis voor de mensheid, besluit de professor. “Ons DNA zijn koolstofketens die genetische informatie dragen. Als we buitenaards leven onderzoeken, kunnen we antwoorden op de vragen krijgen hoe het leven ontstaat. Wat is leven? Wat zijn wijzelf? Buitenaards leven kan ons, mensen, mogelijk veel vertellen over wat wij zijn. En dat is belangrijk.”
Bronmateriaal:
Interview prof. dr. F.F.S. van der Tak, bijzonder hoogleraar Submillimeter-sterrenkunde, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen – SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
252 MILJOEN JAAR GELEDEN VERDWEEN BIJNA AL HET LEVEN VAN DE AARDE - EN NU WETEN WE WAARDOOR
252 MILJOEN JAAR GELEDEN VERDWEEN BIJNA AL HET LEVEN VAN DE AARDE - EN NU WETEN WE WAARDOOR
Vivian Lammerse
Het begon allemaal met een flinke stijging van de concentratie CO2…
Het leven op aarde heeft een lange, maar ook uiterst turbulente geschiedenis. Meer dan eens stierven talloze soorten uit en kromp de reeds sterk ontwikkelde biodiversiteit opnieuw tot een minimum, waarbij de loop van de evolutie telkens veranderde. De grootste massa-extinctie ooit vond ongeveer 252 miljoen jaar geleden plaats. En nu krijgen we dankzij een nieuwe studie voor het eerst een uniek inkijkje in de belangrijkste gebeurtenissen die hebben geleid tot deze mega-catastrofe.
Vulkaanuitbarstingen De grootste massa-extinctie aller tijden markeerde het einde van het Perm-tijdperk en luidde het begin van het Trias in. Talloze dieren werden onverhoeds van de planeet weggevaagd: ongeveer driekwart van al het landleven en zo’n 95 procent van het leven in de oceaan verdween binnen slechts enkele duizenden jaren. Tot nu toe werden altijd gigantische vulkaanuitbarstingen in het huidige Siberië als schuldige aangewezen. Grote hoeveelheden methaan zouden uit de zeebodem de atmosfeer in zijn gepompt en voor onleefbare situaties hebben gezorgd. De exacte oorzaak en volgorde van de gebeurtenissen die tot de massale uitsterving hebben geleid, bleven echter zeer controversieel.
Schelpen Een team van onderzoekers heeft daar nu voor het eerst verandering in gebracht. In een nieuwe studie zijn ze in staat geweest om de hele cascade van gebeurtenissen nauwgezet te reconstrueren. Hiervoor gebruikten ze de schelpen van gefossiliseerde armpotigen. “Dit zijn mossel-achtige diertjes die al meer dan 500 miljoen jaar op aarde voorkomen,” legt onderzoeker Hana Jurikova uit. “We hebben voor onze analyses goed bewaard gebleven fossiele armpotigen gevonden in de Nieuw-Zeelandse Alpen gebruikt. Deze schelpen zijn 252 miljoen jaar geleden afgezet op de bodem van ondiepe gedeeltes van de Tethysoceaan en hebben de omgevingscondities kort voor, en aan het begin van, de massa-extinctie goed vastgelegd.”
Borium De onderzoekers concentreerden zich met name op verschillende isotopen van het element borium in de kalkhoudende schelpen. Hierdoor slaagde het team erin om de veranderingen van de pH-waarden in de 252 miljoen jaar oude oceaan te bepalen. Omdat de pH-waarde van zeewater nauw verbonden is met de CO2-concentratie in de atmosfeer, konden de onderzoekers tevens de veranderingen in de atmosferische CO2 aan het begin van de massa-extinctie in kaart brengen. Vervolgens gebruikten ze een innovatief model om de impact van CO2 op het milieu te bestuderen.
Tijdlijn De bevindingen tonen aan dat vulkaanuitbarstingen vanuit de toen nog actieve vulkanische vlakte die de Siberische Trappen wordt genoemd, enorme hoeveelheden CO2 naar de atmosfeer transporteerde. Deze grote CO2-uitstoot duurde enkele millennia en leidde tot een sterk broeikaseffect, met extreme opwarming en verzuring van de oceaan tot gevolg. Dramatische veranderingen in chemische verwering op het land veranderden de productiviteit en de kringloop van voedingsstoffen in de oceaan, waardoor uiteindelijk al de zuurstof uit de zeeën verdween. En dit werd tal van dier- en plantensoorten fataal. “We hebben te maken met een trapsgewijze tragedie waarbij de stijging van CO2 in de atmosfeer een reeks gebeurtenissen in gang zette die vervolgens bijna al het leven in de zeeën uitroeide,” aldus Jurikova. “Deze domino-achtige ineenstorting van onderling verbonden cycli en processen leidde uiteindelijk tot de waargenomen immense massa-extinctie op de grens tussen het Perm en het Trias.”
Toekomst Het onderzoek trekt ook sombere lessen voor onze toekomst. Want ook op dit moment zijn de CO2-concentraties in onze atmosfeer bijzonder hoog en verzuurt de oceaan in rap tempo. “De uitstoot van de vulkaanuitbarstingen uit die tijd is niet direct vergelijkbaar met antropogene koolstofemissies,” zegt Jurikva. “En in feite zijn alle moderne fossiele brandstofreserves niet in staat om gedurende honderden jaren evenveel CO2 in de atmosfeer te pompen als 252 miljoen jaar geleden. Het is echter wel verbazingwekkend dat de CO2-uitstoot van de mensheid momenteel veertien keer hoger is dan de jaarlijkste uitstoot op het moment van de grootste biologische catastrofe in de geschiedenis van de aarde.”
Hoewel de meteoriet-inslag van 66 miljoen jaar geleden die tevens het einde van het dino-tijdperk markeerde tot nu toe als bekendste massa-extinctie werd gezien, krijgen we nu dankzij de nieuwe studie ook meer inzicht in eerdere noodlottige en wereldwijde catastrofes. En zo lossen onderzoekers steeds meer mysteries uit de geschiedenis van de aarde op.
WIST JE DAT…
…de grootste massa-extinctie ooit ook leidde tot een soort biologische wapenwedloop? En deze mondde uit in warmbloedige zoogdieren en vogels. De overlevende dieren moesten zich namelijk zien te redden op een barre en onverbiddelijke planeet. En omdat een paar van de overlevenden op primitieve wijze al endotherm waren, moesten alle andere ook endotherm worden om zo te kunnen overleven in de nieuwe en snel veranderende wereld.
NASA’s upcoming news conference on October 26, 2020, promises “an exciting new discovery about the moon,” with references to the agency’s ambitious Artemis program, a plan to send the first woman and next man to the lunar surface in 2024.
NASA wants you to get excited about the moon … or more specifically, about a mysterious new science result the agency plans to unveil via a news conference on Monday, October 26, 2020, at 16:00 UTC (12 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time). Tune in below:
More details are expected to be announced during the news conference. A NASA statement promoting the event promises “an exciting new discovery about the moon” and references the agency’s ambitious Artemis program, which aims to land astronauts at the moon’s south pole in the year 2024.
What could it be? It’s possible the announcement relates to water ice around the moon’s south pole, considered a possible future resource for astronauts on the moon. Scientists have also predicted that – beneath the surfaces of Mars, Venus and our own moon – there are majestic volcanic caves, or lava tubes, formed by flowing magma and covered in tiny crystals. These lunar caves could provide shelter for future lunar explorers, and NASA has been testing an exploratory cave rover toward that end.
The announcement also relates to an airborne observatory, called the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, aka SOFIA. The observatory rides aboard a German-American aircraft that made its first flight in 2007. The telescope itself saw first light in 2010.
SOFIA is an infrared telescope packed aboard a modified 747 jet plane that carries its instruments up above most of Earth’s atmosphere, which offers some unique advantages. Earth’s atmosphere is both turbulent and turbid. For example, only radio and visible light pass easily through the different atmospheric layers, meaning that otherwavelengths of light, such asinfrared, are not easily captured using ground-based cameras. Infrared light, in particular, is absorbed at many wavelengths by water vapor in the Earth’s atmosphere, so most infrared telescopes are at high elevations in dry places, above as much of the atmosphere as possible. SOFIA’s instruments focus on infrared light, studying objects in our own solar system and beyond.
Unlike infrared telescopes in space – such as the Spitzer Space Telescope and the Herschel Space Observatory (both now retired) – SOFIA is relatively easy to upgrade since it returns routinely back to Earth, where it’s operated and maintained as necessary at NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center in Palmdale, California. Each of the observatory’s flights last approximately 10 hours. SOFIA was grounded in mid-March 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and only began flying again in mid-August, according to NASA statements. SOFIA has also struggled in the budgetary process over the past decade, as presidential budget requests have repeatedly selected the project for cancellation; Congress has reinstated it each time.
Naseem Rangwala, project scientist for the SOFIA mission at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California, will be one of four speakers during Monday’s news conference. She’ll be joined by Paul Hertz, who leads NASA’s astrophysics division; Jacob Bleacher, a chief exploration scientist; and Casey Honniball, an astronomy postdoctoral fellow.
Revisit this page on Monday for updated coverage on NASA’s new moon discovery!
Bottom line: NASA wants you to get excited about a mysterious new science result the agency plans to unveil via a news conference on Monday, October 26, 2020; the discovery comes from the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA).
Earlier this month, Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel, and Andrea Ghez split the 2020 physics Nobel Prize for decades of work on black holes. Click here to learn more about their monumental achievement and about the history of our understanding of these exotic objects in space.
Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez. They are joint winners of 2020’s Nobel Prize in physics for their work on black holes.
Image via Nobel Media.
Earlier this month (October 6, 2020), the Nobel Prize in physics was announced for two groundbreaking discoveries in astrophysics, both centered on black holes. Half of 2020’s prize went to mathematician Roger Penrose of the University of Oxford “for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity.” The other half went jointly to Reinhard Genzelof the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany and Andrea Ghez of University of California, Los Angeles, “for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the center of our galaxy.”
It was a great moment for black hole physics as well as for the astronomy and astrophysics field in general. And it’s a wonderful time to contemplate the fascinating history of black hole science.
Black holes are exotic objects in space. The classic scenario for black hole formation centers on a massive star that runs out of the internal fuel it needs to shine. The star collapses under the pull of its own self-gravity, leaving behind a high-density, compact object with an immense gravitational pull. A black hole is a place in space containing an object so dense and so compact that it forms a region around itself from which light cannot escape. The boundary of this region is known as an event horizon. Once past a black hole’s event horizon, the gravitational pull of the hole is inexorable.
If there is material in space near the black hole – and if this material draws too close – it’s pulled inside. But it doesn’t just drop all at once into the hole; instead, it forms a glowing disk surrounding the black hole called an accretion disk. Friction within the accretion disk can heat the disk to billions of degrees, causing it to emit radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. Thus, although no light can escape a black hole, astronomers can observe black holes in space via their accretion disks.
What’s more, in the process of conservation of angular momentum, black holes can cause outbursts which come out perpendicular to the accretion disk. These outbursts are called jets by astronomers, and they can propel material out into space at relativistic speeds, that is, speeds that are a significant fraction of the speed of light (186,000 miles or 300,000 km per second). Astronomers can study black hole jets, too, to learn more about black holes.
Development of theories of black holes
All of the above was theory, developed in the 20th century. Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity, published in 1916, contained the seeds of the modern concept of black holes, although the first ever mention of a similar concept is found in 1783, when an English natural philosopher by the name of John Michell theorized the existence of massive objects from which light cannot escape.
Einstein’s theory of relativity discusses the curvature of space-time as a result of gravity. This curvature causes an object to move along a curved path equivalent to a straight line in the absence of gravity. The theory allowed for the existence of matter packed in small and infinitely warped space. The theory was published as The Field Equations of Gravitation in 1915.
While serving in the German Army during World War I, astronomer and director of the Astrophysical Observatory in Potsdam Karl Schwarzschild was the first to solve Einstein’s field equations. His solution successfully described how space-time is curved, not just around a planet or a star, but also around theoretical high-density masses, such as black holes. In the space around an object that’s dense enough, and massive enough, gravity is so strong that even light – the fastest-moving stuff in the universe at 186,000 miles (300,000 km) per second – cannot escape. Thus it was Schwarzschild who first conceived of the event horizon, or boundary region around a black hole. Today, physicists speak of the Schwarzschild radius, which is (basically) the radius of a black hole’s event horizon. Schwarzschild’s solution to Einstein’s field equations also elegantly explained the concept of a singularity – the central point of a black hole – a point in space where all the laws of physics break down.
At first, this concept was considered a mathematical curiosity. Scientists, including Einstein, had no idea such objects could exist in nature.
But 50 years later, in 1965, Roger Penrose, working with the great theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking, showed that the black holes can indeed exist in nature and that they can form through a stable and robust process. And in fact, for some stars, black holes are the ultimate fate, an unavoidable outcome of stellar collapse.
The momentous work by Penrose and Hawking opened a new era in the study of black holes. Penrose’s work was also pivotal in showing how black holes emit energy through the Penrose process, in the form of jets and outbursts.
In the meantime, it was physicist John Wheeler who, in 1967, popularized the term black hole. Wheeler summarized Einstein’s equations as:
Space-time tells matter how to move; matter tells space-time how to curve.
Observations of black holes
Astronomers didn’t discover the first stellar-mass black hole – Cygnus X-1 – until after the middle of the 20th century. A 1964 rocket flight revealed Cygnus X-1 as one of the strongest sources of X-rays that had yet been seen from Earth. By the 1970s, most astronomers believed Cygnus X-1 was indeed a black hole. It’s now thought to be a black hole with a mass some 14.8 times that of our sun and an event horizon with a radius of around 27 miles (44 km). That’s in contrast to our sun’s radius of about 433,000 miles (696,000 km).
Stellar-mass black holes are hard to find because of their quiescent nature. They might display short and unpredictable outbursts when some passing material strikes their accretion disks, after which they might go quiet for decades.
That is why it took the discovery of supermassive black holes at the centers of most galaxies, including our own Milky Way, to give black hole science its real boost.
Left: Cygnus X-1 as observed by the Chandra X-ray observatory. Right: Artist’s concept of black hole accreting matter from its companion star.
Image via (left) NASA/ CXC/ SAO; (right) NASA/ CXC/ M.Weiss.
Supermassive black holes
Today, astronomers believe that most galaxies harbor supermassive black holes in their centers. Supermassive black holes have masses equivalent to millions to billions of solar masses and are believed to form in the centers of galaxies around the same time as the galaxy is forming. Over 100,000 supermassive black hole candidates have been observed to date, many more than the number of known stellar-mass black holes.
Among the many observed black hole candidates, the one at the center of our own Milky Way galaxy is called Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*, pronounced Sagittarius A-star). Two independent studies carried out in the last 25 years, led by Andrea Ghez and Reinhard Genzel – joint winners of half of 2020’s Nobel prize in physics – mapped the stars orbiting an invisible object at the center of our Milky Way. Using the powerful telescopes at Keck Observatory in Hawaii and the Very Large Telescope in Chile, the teams focused on one star known as S0-2. S0-2 orbits closer to our galaxy’s central supermassive black hole than any other observed star.
Knowing the orbital period of the star S0-2, its very elongated elliptical orbit and the distance of its closest approach to our galaxy’s central black hole enabled scientists to calculate the mass of Sgr A* as the equivalent of 4 million solar masses. The teams were able to observe two full orbits of the star S0-2 around the central black hole, which further bolstered their claims and also proved, through observations, what Einstein, Schwarzchild, and Penrose had predicted in theory about black holes.
The region around Sagittarius A* in the center of our galaxy. Left: X-ray (blue) and infrared emission (red and yellow). The inset (X-ray only) shows the hot gas captured by the central black hole, Sgr A*.
µImage via NASA/ UMass/ D.Wang et al./ NASA/ STScI. Right: orbits of stars in the galactic center observed over 15 years. Image via Andrea Ghez/ UCLA Galactic Center Group.
Further validation of Einstein’s general theory of relativity came when, on April 10, 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration released the first-ever image of a black hole in the relatively nearby (by cosmic standards) galaxy known as M87, visible in the constellation Virgo. The gargantuan black hole in M87’s center weighs a whopping 6.5 billion solar masses. The galaxy M87 and its famous jet – an energetic outflow of high energy particles from its center – had been observed for several decades. However, this was the first ever successful attempt at direct imaging of its black hole. The image shows a bright ring formed by the bending of light at the boundary of the black hole’s event horizon, caused by its extreme gravitational pull.
A follow-up of these observations came in September 2020, when the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration released more images of M87’s black hole taken in 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2013. These images reveal interesting and exciting information about the swirling of the bright ring caused by bending of light, and also a crescent-like feature which seems to be changing its orientation over the period of observations, giving the ring an appearance of wobbling.
These latest images by the Event Horizon Telescope team have opened a new window to our understanding of the physics of black holes and their gravity.
With this new knowledge and the emergence of more advanced ground- and space-based telescopes and technologies in the next decade or so, we are on the cusp a new, exciting era in the research in black hole physics and astronomy. We still have no observational evidence whether normal physics is valid inside black holes. Future observations of black holes and their surroundings will very likely add greatly to our understanding of black holes and may bring us new theories in physics and astronomy.
Snapshots of the M87* black hole obtained through imaging / geometric modeling, and the Event Horizon Telescope array of telescopes in 2009-2017. The diameter of all rings is similar, but the location of the bright side varies.
Bottom line:The 2020 Nobel prize in physics went to Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel, and Andrea Ghez for their groundbreaking work in the observation and theory of black holes. This article traces the history of our understanding of black holes.
Some UFO and alien encounters can be even stranger than usual. In some cases we have accounts that just seem on the surface to be particularly absurd and outlandish, often leaving us with no idea what to make of them. Such accounts can serve to generate much controversy and debate, and one of these is certainly the time a farmer in Wisconsin supposedly met a trio of aliens that gifted him some pancakes from space.
One of the weirdest UFO encounter cases I’ve ever come across started on the morning of April 18, 1961, in a rural area of Eagle River, Wisconsin. On this morning, a 60-year-old chicken farmer by the name of Joe Simonton sat down out on his porch to enjoy his breakfast on a calm, peaceful morning, but the day was about to deviate into the strange. As he sat there eating and looking out over his chicken farm, Simonton allegedly had his peace ruined by a loud sound like “knobby tires on wet pavement” coming from behind the house. It was an odd enough sound that he went back there to investigate, and it was then that he saw a silver disc measuring about 12 feet high and 30 feet in diameter and with something like come “exhaust pipes” on the side came down out of the sky to hover over his property, and as it did things would get even more bizarre.
According to Simonton, a hatch opened on the bottom of the otherworldly craft, and out crawled three little dark-skinned men about 5 feet in height, dressed in what looked like two-piece black suits, turtlenecks, and helmets sitting atop their heads. Simonton would say the strange little men were “Italian-looking,” and they were holding something that looked somewhat like a jug. The beings approached him and gestured with their jug, and although they were completely silent Simonton was hit by the strong message in his mind that they wanted him to fill it with water. He took the jug from them, which he described as “a beautiful thing, a Thermos jug-like bottle quite unlike any jug I have ever seen here on Earth,” and filled it with water, and as he was doing that two of the entities took out a device that was sort of like a flameless gas grill. When Simonton returned with the water, the aliens were hard at work purportedly cooking something on their little grill, which on closer inspection looked something like pancakes. The creatures then popped a stack of the “pancakes” off of the grill, each of them roughly 3 inches in diameter and perforated with small holes, and gave it to Simonton, before saluting him and getting back into their craft to fly off at such speeds that it was “gone in two seconds.” The farmer was left there with this stack of alien pancakes in his hands, and he would later tell reporters:
If that was their food, God help them, because I took a bite of one of them and it tasted like a piece of cardboard. If that’s what they lived on, no wonder they were small. … When they left I stood there in the driveway with a pile of greasy pancakes and my mouth open wondering what the heck I just saw, what happened.
Joe Simonton
Although it sounds far too weird to be true, amazingly there were other eyewitnesses who saw the same UFO fly over the area, and this caused the whole thing to draw the attention of the United States Air Force and the National Investigating Committee for Aerial Phenomena. The mysterious pancakes were analyzed by the Food and Drug Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, who came to the rather mundane conclusion that they were made up of hydrogenated fat, starch, buckwheat hulls, soya bean hulls and wheat bran. Did that mean they weren’t from aliens? No, but it certainly didn’t paint them as anything that proved they were from otherworldly beings either. As this was going on, the story was being picked up in newspapers, with many of the reports decidedly tongue in cheek, and Simonton and his space pancakes were becoming a sort of laughing stock. However, he stuck by his story, and the Air Force investigator Dr. J. Allen Hynek would come to the conclusion that the man at least really believed what he was saying. Hynek would say:
There is no question that Mr. Simonton felt that his contact had been a real experience. Simonton answered questions directly, did not contradict himself, insisted on the facts being exactly as he stated and refused to accept embellishments or modifications. He stated he was sure that we wouldn’t believe him but that he didn’t care whether he was believed. He stated simply that this happened and that was that. He appeared quite sincere to me, did not appear to be the perpetrator of a hoax.
Simonton with his alien pancake
An odd detail to the case that doesn’t seem to be mentioned too often in articles on the matter is that in the days after the encounter Simonton would claim that dozens of his chickens got suck and died. He was sure that it had to do with the UFO he had seen, and told a local Judge Frank W.Carter about it, who would then write:
Simonton informed me that 23 chicken died since April 18th and thought maybe I that may have been caused by the alleged Saucer. He sells eggs to customers in town here, and the sheriff, County Agricultural Agent and myself drove out, from a Health standpoint, to see IF the eggs might’ be affected by Radiatiol. We took one diseased chicken to a local vet who “thought” the chicken MIGHT be sick from Food deficiency, and becoming cannibals, pecking at each other I where feathers drop off and kill each other. No Geiger was used however.
Making it all even odder still was that there were many rumors surrounding the case, including one perpetuated by pulp flying saucer magazine publisher and UFO researcher Raymond Palmer, who put out the rather bizarre theory that Simonton had been hypnotized by an Eagle River real estate broker and the whole thing planted in his head as a part of a real estate scam to get the farmer off his property so that a “miniature Disneyland” could be built. Right. In the meantime, as far as the U.S. Air Force was concerned, the case was labelled as simply “unexplained,” and then sort of swept away and forgotten. Considering that the pancakes are ling gone and the case has mostly faded away, we are left to wonder just what went on here. Was this a hoax perpetuated by Simonton or some sort of delusion? Or was there perhaps something more to it all? We will probably never know, and it remains one of the weirdest alien encounter cases there is.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.