The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
09-12-2020
For 3rd data release, Gaia gazed toward galactic anticenter
For 3rd data release, Gaia gazed toward galactic anticenter
The 3rd data release from the Gaia mission will provide astronomers with a “treasure trove” of information they didn’t have before. As they analyze Gaia’s data in the years ahead, we’re sure to learn new and surprising things about our home galaxy, the Milky Way.
Artist’s concept of our Milky Way galaxy. See our sun’s orbit, in yellow, between the galaxy’s center and its outer edge? In its 3rd data release, Gaia focused in the direction opposite the galaxy’s center, toward its nearest outer edge.
Astronomers have released the third set of data (EDR3) from the wonderful Gaia space observatory, the European Space Agency reported on December 3, 2020.
Initial results are presented in four new “demonstration papers” (see the bottom of this post for links), listed as Performance Verification Papers, as well as other related papers and data.
The findings in the demonstration papers focus largely on stars in an interesting direction of space, the direction toward the outskirts of our Milky Way galaxy. There is a point in that direction known as the the galaxy’s anticenter; it happens to be located near the star Elnath in the direction of the constellation Taurus the Bull.
The anticenter is in the exact opposite direction from the center of our galaxy, as seen from Earth. That’s partly where Gaia looked for its third set of data.
If Gaia’s first and second data releases are any indication, the analysis of this data – by astronomers in the years ahead – will provide some of the most interesting insights available about our own Milky Way galaxy.
Gaia is charged with creating a 3D map of the galaxy. Knowing exactly where stars are – and how they’re moving – is already providing new details about our Milky Way galaxy’s past, and indicates significant changes during its evolution.
Other papers reveal more details about the census of nearby stars, derive the shape of the solar system’s orbit around the center of the galaxy, and probe structures in two other nearby galaxies.
The data in EDR3 is extensive, with more than 1.8 billion sources that the Gaia spacecraft detected. That’s 100 million sources more than the previous data release (EDR2), from April 2018, which contained 1.7 billion stars. Indeed, according to Jos de Bruijne, ESA’s Gaia Deputy Project Scientist:
The new Gaia data promise to be a treasure trove for astronomers.
The new release also contains color information for about 1.5 billion sources, 200 million more than in EDR2. The general accuracy and precision of the measurements has also significantly improved from the previous release. EDR3 includes:
– 1,811,709,771 sources with positions to provide the best ever sky maps – 1,467,744,818 sources with parallax and proper motion to reveal their distances and motions – 1,806,254,432 sources with the measurement of their brightness in white light – 1,542,033,472 sources with the brightness of the objects in blue light – 1,554,997,939 sources with the brightness of the objects in red light (a comparison of the blue and the red light provides information of the temperature of the object) – 1,614,173 extragalactic sources to provide a reference frame for measuring ‘absolute’ positions and motions
The data release came with the following very wonderful videos, perfect for all who to think big. This first one (below) is an animation showing the proper motions of 40,000 stars, all located within 100 parsecs (326 light-years) of our solar system. “Proper motion” is a star’s motion across the sky. It’s imperceptible to the eye, but it’s precisely what Gaia is measuring. Read more about the animation below.
This next animation – also from Gaia’s 3rd data release – shows the acceleration of our solar system around the center of the Milky Way. ESA explained:
With the high quality of Gaia EDR3, Gaia is for the first time capable of observing the tiny effect of the acceleration of the solar system with respect to the distant universe. This tiny effect is not measured directly but deduced from the aberration of light seen in 1.6 million quasars observed by Gaia. These quasars are extragalactic sources at extremely large distances and are used to generate an inertial reference frame …
The next video shows the movement of almost 75,000 stars from the Gaia Catalogue of Nearby Stars in their orbits around the center of the galaxy. Their motions for the next 500 million years are shown from 3 different perspectives (face-on, side view, and perspective). Each second on the video corresponds to six million years, and the field of view for each image of the galaxy is 100,000 light-years wide. Read more about the video below.
Gaia uses astrometry to scan the sky repeatedly, observing each of its targeted stars an average of 70 times over its planned five-year mission.
Why is all of this important? With new and improved data, scientists can better understand how our galaxy originated and developed over billions of years. There are several specific results in particular.
First, astronomers can now track the various populations of older and younger stars out toward the very edge of our galaxy. The Milky Way was once much smaller than it is now, and the new data shows the relics of the former galactic disk as it looked 10 billion years ago. The galaxy will also continue to grow larger as new stars are born.
There is also evidence for slow-moving stars that are above the galactic plane of the galaxy, but are moving downward toward it, as well as fast-moving stars below it that are heading upward. The scientists say this may be the result of a near-collision between our galaxy and the nearby satellite Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy in the relatively recent past, cosmologically-speaking. The Sagittarius galaxy is gradually being “eaten” or cannibalized by the Milky Way, which is much larger. Even a near-collision would have perturbed the motions of some stars in our galaxy.
Data from EDR2 had indicated that this close pass occurred about 300 to 900 million years ago. The results from EDR3 now show how strong the effects of it were on our galaxy. Teresa Antoja at the University of Barcelona, Spain, said:
The patterns of movement in the disk stars are different from what we used to believe.
The density of stars in the Milky Way, from the new EDR3 release. The bright horizontal structure that dominates the image is the plane of the galaxy. It is a flattened disc that hosts most of our galaxy’s stars. The bulge in the center of the image surrounds the center of the galaxy.
Image via ESA/ Gaia/DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO/ A. Moitinho and M. Barros.
This is the same view, but showing the colors of the entire Milky Way galaxy (seen edge-on).
Image via ESA/ Gaia/ DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO/ A. Moitinho.
The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, two dwarf galaxies that orbit the Milky Way, as seen by Gaia.
Image via ESA/ Gaia/ DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO/ L. Chemin; X. Luri et al. (2020).
How much of an effect the Sagittarius galaxy actually had is still debated, but according to Antoja:
It could be a good candidate for all these disturbances, as some simulations from other authors show.
Some of the new results are much closer to home. Another of the four papers measures the acceleration of our solar system with respect to the rest of the universe. The velocity has increased by 0.23 nm/second, every second. This means that the trajectory our solar system is traveling on is being deflected by the diameter of an atom every second. That works out to 115 km (71 miles) per year. According to the scientists, this is in good agreement with previous theoretical expectations. This is also the first-ever measurement of the curvature of the solar system’s orbit.
Another paper provides a new census of the number of stars in our sun’s solar neighborhood. The previous census, the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars in 1957, included just 915 objects initially, but was later updated in 1991 to 3803 celestial objects. The new census contains a whopping 331,312 objects, estimated to be 92 percent of the stars within 100 parsecs (326 light-years) of the sun. The census in 1957 was limited to a distance of 82 light-years, but the new one is four times that, with 100 times more stars. The new data is also more accurate in terms of location, motion and brightness of the stars.
Gaia image showing the trails of 40,000 stars within 326 light-years of the solar system. The image depicts the motions of the stars over the next 400,000 years.
Image via ESA/ Gaia/ DPAC; CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO/ A. Brown, S. Jordan, T. Roegiers, X. Luri, E. Masana, T. Prusti and A. Moitinho.
The EDR3 release also looks beyond the Milky Way itself, with the movement of the Large Magellanic Cloud‘s stars – a smaller satellite galaxy of our our Milky Way – measured more accurately than ever before. The new data shows that the LMC has a spiral structure, like the Milky Way does. In the Small Magellanic Cloud, a previously unseen stream of stars being pulled out of it was also found.
There’s more to look forward to as well; this EDR3 data release is just the first of two parts. The full release is scheduled to happen sometime in 2022. As Timo Prusti, ESA’s Gaia Project Scientist, said:
Gaia EDR3 is the result of a huge effort from everyone involved in the Gaia mission. It’s an extraordinarily rich data set, and I look forward to the many discoveries that astronomers from around the world will make with this resource. And we’re not done yet; more great data will follow as Gaia continues to make measurements from orbit.
You can also read a handy, condensed “by the numbers” report about the new discoveries, as well as previous extensive EarthSky coverage of science from Gaia over the past several years.
Jos de Bruijne, Deputy Project Scientist for Gaia.
Gaia was launched in 2013 and began science operations the next year. Its mission is expected to continue until 2022. Here is a map showing the locations of members of the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) across Europe.
This third data release is a major step in learning more about our galaxy and its neighbors, and how it has changed over billions of years and continues to evolve now. What will the upcoming second part of EDR3 reveal?
Bottom line: The 3rd data release from the Gaia mission will provide astronomers with a “treasure trove” of information they didn’t have before. As they analyze Gaia’s data in the years ahead, we’re sure to learn new and surprising things about our home galaxy, the Milky Way.
“Aliens exist and have alliances with Governments, but humanity is not ready,” Says former Israeli Official
“Aliens exist and have alliances with Governments, but humanity is not ready,” Says former Israeli Official
In recent years we have witnessed great revelations from officials, pilots and even astronauts referring to the UFO phenomenon. Now, a former Israeli space security official has revealed not only that aliens exist, they would also have had contact with the US and Israel for many years (alliance), but that they would avoid appearing publicly so as not to unleash a mass hysteria because humanity is not ready for such a revelation.
According to retired Israeli general and current professor Haim Eshed , the answer to the question ‘ do aliens exist? “Is YES, but this has been kept secret because” humanity is not ready . ”
Speaking in an interview with Yediot Aharonot , Eshed, who served as head of Israel’s space security program for almost 30 years and has received the Israel Security Award three times, explained that both Israel and the US have been dealing with aliens for years.
And this in no way refers to immigrants, with Eshed clarifying the existence of a “Galactic Federation”, that is to say, aliens or non-human entities from outside the Earth.
An alliance between aliens and the US?
The 87-year-old former head of space security gave more descriptions of exactly what kind of deals have been made betweealiens and the US, apparently made because they want to investigate and understan nd “the structure of the universe.” This cooperation includes a secret underground base on Mars , where there are American and alien representatives.
If true, this would coincide with the creation of the Space Force by the president of the United States, Donald Trump, as the fifth branch of the armed forces of that country, although it is not clear how long this type has been happening. relationship, if any, between the US and its extraterrestrial allies.
But Eshed insists that Trump knows them and was “about” to reveal their existence. However, the Galactic Federation allegedly prevented him from doing so, saying they wanted to avoid mass hysteria as they felt humanity needed to “evolve and reach a stage where … we will understand what space and spacecraft are,” Yediot Aharonot reported.
Eshed said:
“US President Donald Trump was about to reveal the situation, but the aliens from the Galactic Federation say wait, people calm down first. They don’t want to start a mass hysteria. They first want to prepare us for greater understanding. They have been waiting for humanity to evolve and reach a stage where we generally understand what space and spaceships are. There is an agreement between the US government and the aliens. They signed a pact with the governments to do experiments here ”.
Outstanding career
Eshed served in the technology unit of the Intelligence Division of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), in research and development positions.
In 1969, he was posted by the IDF military intelligence to study for a doctorate in aeronautical engineering in the US He then returned home where he was appointed head of the Intelligence Corps Research and Development department.
In 1970 he retired from military service with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He was later hired as a professor at the Technion’s Space Research Institute.
In 1981, Eshed founded and became the first Director of the Challenge Program of the Israel Administration for Research, Weapons Development and Technological Infrastructure (MAPAT).
He has recently released a book entitled The Universe Beyond the Horizon – conversations with Professor Haim Eshed , in which he argues about the extraterrestrial presence on our planet.
He recently published the book “The Universe Beyond the Horizon – conversations with Professor Haim Eshed”. As for why he has chosen to disclose this information now, Eshed explained that the timing was simply due to how much the academic landscape has changed and how respected it is in the academic world.
The professor acknowledged that his claims are strange and can be heard as coming from the mentally insane.
Eshed said to Yediot Aharonot :
“If what I am saying today had occurred to me five years ago, I would have been hospitalized. Today the subject is treated differently. I have nothing to lose. I have received degrees and awards, I am respected in universities abroad, where the trend is also changing ”.
Eshed provided more information in his most recent book, The Universe Beyond the Horizon – conversations with Professor Haim Eshed , along with other details such as how aliens have prevented nuclear apocalypses and “facts about the Men in Black.”
While it’s unclear if there is any evidence that can back up Eshed’s claims, they came just before a recent announcement by SpaceIL, the group behind Israel’s failed attempt to land a spacecraft on the moon in 2019. The unsuccessful attempt by Israel’s exploration of the Moon, and the creation of the US Space Force, would not be by chance, according to Eshed.
The truth may be out there — but nowhere near as out there as this tale.
Space aliens have reached an agreement with the US government to stay mum on the experiments they conduct on Earth — as well as their secret base on Mars — until mankind is ready to accept them, the former head of Israel’s space program claimed in a new interview.
“The aliens have asked not to announce that they are here [because] humanity is not ready yet,” Haim Eshed told Israeli paper Yedioth Aharonoth, according to the Jewish Press.
The Jewish Press — speculating that Eshed, 87, may have gone to insanity and beyond — goes on to unspool his tangled web, which claims the involvement of President Trump and interplanetary diplomacy.
“Trump was on the verge of revealing [aliens existence], but the aliens in the Galactic Federation are saying, ‘Wait, let people calm down first,'” Eshed, who helmed Israel’s space security program from 1981 to 2010, reportedly said. “They don’t want to start mass hysteria. They want to first make us sane and understanding.”
Until that day, aliens have secured an agreement to keep their moves under wraps, said Eshed, noting that the extraterrestrials come in peace.
“They have been waiting for humanity to evolve and reach a stage where we will generally understand what space and spaceships are,” said Eshed, according to the Jewish Press.
“There’s an agreement between the US government and the aliens. They signed a contract with us to do experiments here. They, too, are researching and trying to understand the whole fabric of the universe, and they want us as helpers.”
One of the hubs of the cooperation is a base on Mars — where, by the way, Eshed claims American astronauts have already set foot.
“There’s an underground base in the depths of Mars, where their representatives are, and also our American astronauts,” Eshed reportedly said.
Eshed acknowledged that it all sounds like science fiction, but claimed that some of his peers are coming around.
“If I had come up with what I’m saying today five years ago, I would have been hospitalized. Wherever I’ve gone with this in academia, they’ve said, ‘The man has lost his mind,'” he reportedly said. “Today they’re already talking differently. I have nothing to lose. I’ve received my degrees and awards, I am respected in universities abroad, where the trend is also changing.”
Former President Barack Obama recently refused in an interview with “Late Show” funnyman Stephen Colbert to confirm or deny the existence of extraterrestrial life based on top-secret US records — a move Colbert jokingly took as tacit confirmation.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
1967 Crestview Elementary School UFO Sighting Seen By Hundreds
1967 Crestview Elementary School UFO Sighting Seen By Hundreds
I spent several minutes typing up this UFO story out several different ways on ATS's search engine, in an attempt to locate something, but nothing came up, which is very surprising. My apologies if this story was posted before, but I was unable to find anything.
The 1967 Crestview Elementary School UFO Sighting
Back in 1967, three UFOs were spotted coming through several clouds, on a mostly clear day in Florida. Hundreds of students and several teachers witnessed this event at the Crestview Elementary School, located in Miami Gardens, FL.
The larger, oval craft was said to be as large as "a cruise ship," with the other two darting around the larger craft. One of the students stated that the larger craft landed in a field that was near the school.
Afterwards, members of the Miami news press and several military personnel started to interview the witnesses. The story was published in the Miami Herald the following day and stated that the sighting was nothing more than helicopters performing "maneuvers from the nearby Homestead Air Force Base."
I was in the 6th grade at Crestview Elementary School, in Miami, (Post Office, Opa-Locka, Fla,) During recess in April 1967, I and hundreds of others students from Crestview and a few teachers, witnessed 3 oval shaped objects coming through a few clouds, on a mostly a clear day, directly over our heads. My teacher gathered our class into a line. We watched as the two smaller of the three oval objects, appeared to be dancing around the larger oval shaped object coming down towards us. The larger object, seemed to be the size of a cruise ship, but it's shape was oval and cigar shaped and shiny metal like. I saw the large object land in the field near our school. I didn't see where the other two objects went.
Before long, men in uniforms and news press started to interview kids. I listened to a boy who had the same accounting as me. The following day, the Miami Herald told the story and said that it was helicopters on maneuvers from the nearby Homestead Air Force Base. I knew otherwise, and understand now that they had to state that to avoid mass hysteria.
Another interesting tidbit of information, is that a month before the Crestview Elementary School sighting, "a series of strange events occurred in South Florida involving several unidentified flying objects, U.S. and Cuban military personnel, and hundreds of civilian witnesses." This was written about in a book entitled, "Unknown Down," which is available for purchase on Amazon.
On the night of March 31, 1967, a series of strange events occurred in South Florida involving several unidentified flying objects, U.S. and Cuban military personnel, and hundreds of civilian witnesses. Bill Schroeder, a young Army fire control operator at B Battery HAWK missile site in Key West, tracked several objects on radar traveling at impossible speeds. These “bogeys” evaded both U.S. and Cuban fighter jets scrambled to intercept them. Even more disturbing, the UFOs emitted an electromagnetic countermeasure that disabled B Battery’s electronic surveillance and caused the destruction of one of the Cuban MiG-21s. Told by his superiors the incident was part of a NORAD drill and not to discuss it with anyone, Bill Schroeder lived with this secret for years before finally coming forward with his story. Author Jack Roth shares Schroeder’s incredible account, along with other witness testimony and details that have been brought to light over the years as a result of Schroeder’s persistent research.
µHere's some more information on the March 1967 incident involving the Cuban MiG-21 fighters:
One day in March, 1967, the Spanish-speaking intercept operators of Detachment “A” located at Key West Naval Air Station in Florida heard Cuban air defense radar controllers report an unidentified “bogey” approaching Cuba from the northeast. The unidentified aircraft entered Cuban air space at a height of about 10,000 meters (about 33,000 feet) and sped off at nearly Mach 1 (nearly 660 mph). The Cuban airforce scrambled two MIG-21 jet fighters to intercept. The jets were guided to within five kilometers (three miles) of the UFO by Cuban ground control intercept radar personnel. The flight leader radioed that the object was a bright metallic spheroid disc with no visible markings or appendages. When a try at radio contact failed, Cuban air defense headquarters ordered the flight leader to arm his weapons and destroy the object.
The leader reported his radar was locked onto the bogey and his missiles were armed and ready to engage. Seconds later, the wingman screamed to the ground controller that his leader’s jet had exploded. When he gained his composure, the wing man radioed there was no smoke or flame, that his leader’s MIG-21 had disintegrated in mid air. Cuban radar then reported the UFO quickly accelerated and climbed above 30,000 meters (98,000 feet). At last report, it was heading south-southeast towards South America.
Could these two UFO incidents be related to one another? Did they involve extraterrestrial craft? I certainly can't say for sure, but they're both interesting cases that coincidentally occurred in the same general area, with both sightings occurring within a month of each other.
Crestview Elementary School UFO Sighting Video Posted On March 13, 2018:
edit on 7/6/2019 by shawmanfromny because: (no reason given)
It was the first high-altitude launch attempt for Starship SN8.
We'll have to wait a little longer to see SpaceX's latest Starship prototype make its highly anticipated big hop.
The vehicle, known as Starship SN8 ("Serial No. 8"), was scheduled to launch on an 8-mile-high (12.5 kilometers) test flight today (Dec. 8) from SpaceX's South Texas facility, near the Gulf Coast village of Boca Chica.
And it nearly happened. But less than 2 seconds before liftoff, just after 5:30 p.m. EDT (2230 GMT and 4:30 p.m. local Texas time), SN8 detected something abnormal with one or more of its three Raptor engines and automatically aborted the flight.
It's unclear at the moment when SN8 will get its next chance to fly; that depends on what caused the abort and how difficult it will be to fix. But there are launch windows available on both Wednesday and Thursday (Dec. 9 and Dec. 10), SpaceX representatives said.
SpaceX is developing Starship to take people and cargo to the moon, Mars and other distant destinations. The transportation system consists of two elements, both of which are designed to be fully reusable: a 165-foot-tall (50 meters) stainless-steel spacecraft called Starship and a giant rocket called Super Heavy.
The final Starship will sport six Raptors and be powerful to launch itself off the moon and Mars. It will need Super Heavy, however, to escape Earth's much deeper gravity well. (Super Heavy, which will be powered by about 30 Raptors, will land back on Earth shortly after launching Starship to orbit.)
SpaceX is iterating toward the final Starship design via a series of prototypes, three of which have already taken to the sky. But all three of those vehicles — known as Starhopper, SN5 and SN6 — had just a single Raptor and reached a maximum altitude of about 500 feet (150 m) on their jaunts.
So space fans have been very much looking forward to SN8's big hop, which is much more demanding. And SN8 is far more complex than any of its predecessors; it has a nose cone and orientation-stabilizing flaps, for example, whereas Starhopper, SN5 and SN6 resembled flying silos.
It will be fun and dramatic to watch the big silver vehicle fly high — whenever that may be.
Mike Wall is the author of "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated by Karl Tate), a book about the search for alien life. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom or Facebook.
When Earth was just a wee young thing, it birthed many new continents — then it swallowed them all up, leaving just a few traces behind, a new study shows.
These first continents had a knack for living fast and dying young, but in doing so, they paved the way for solid continents that eventually led to the emergence of plate tectonics, the new study suggests.
"Our results explain that continents remained weak and prone to destruction in their infancy, ~4.5 to ~4.0 billion years ago, and then progressively differentiated and became rigid over the next billion years to form the core of our modern continents," lead author Fabio Capitanio, a Monash University Earth scientist, said in a statement.
For hundreds of millions of years, the current continents have been more or less stable. They've moved due to plate tectonics, a theory governing the motion of Earth's crust, forming different shapes, such as the ancient supercontinent Pangea. The puzzle pieces of the crust that existed hundreds of millions of years ago mostly still exist today. But very little is known about the continents that existed early on in Earth's history.
To learn more about that early history, the researchers used computers to model the interactions of rock and magma in the Earth's crust and below. The modeling showed that the earliest continents formed from parts of the upper mantle — the part of the planet just below the crust — which melted as it reached the surface and then spewed across the landscape in enormous volcanic eruptions. At that time, the planet held a vast reservoir of heat in its interior.
"The release of internal primordial heat, three to four times that of the present day, caused large melting in the shallow mantle, which was then extruded as magma (molten rock) onto the Earth's surface," Capitanio said.
But the continents of this period, known as the Hadean (4.6 to 4.0 billion years ago), were weak and prone to destruction.
Modern continents have a comparatively high tensile strength, meaning it's hard to rip them apart by stretching. But the crust of the Hadean was hotter and thinner, and sat on a squishier upper mantle. So vast rifts would form between these new continents, magma would leak through, and that magma would cover the infant continents, causing the baby continents to sink into the mantle. Meanwhile, new continents were forming from the magma on top of the ones being buried.
By the time the Archean (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) began, ending the Hadean, the crust that had first formed was almost entirely replaced by the seeds of the modern continents.
In a sense, the researchers found, those lost Hadean continents made the later, more stable continents possible. The early continents' reabsorption into the shallowest parts of the mantle made that region of the mantle dryer and firmer, forming a foundation on which later continents could safely grow.
This scenario could explain how modern plate tectonics, which relies on a firmer foundation and more structurally sound continents, emerged. The model also shows that some pieces of those early continents would remain exposed on the surface, forming stable, thick "roots" in the crust. Those pieces still exist today, and are known as cratons. One of these, Laurentia, forms the core of North America and includes a region covering the Midwest and Great Plains, as well as much of central Canada and Greenland.
The emergence of continents at the close of the Hadean also contributed fertilizer that would later help seed life on Earth, the researchers wrote. Bits of them broke off and entered the atmosphere and oceans, providing necessary nutrients for the life forms that soon emerged.
The paper describing the study was published Dec. 2 in the journal Nature.
It was the summer of 1975, and Air Force Sergeant Charles L. Moody was at the time stationed at Holloman air force base near Alamogordo, New Mexico. On August 13th, Moody took a drive out into the surrounding desert on his day off, planning to watch a meteor shower that he had been reading about and which was scheduled to hit that night. He drove out to a secluded area that he had never been to before, far away from the lights of the base and surrounded by the sounds of the desert night, where the sky was clear and black, the stars spread out like diamond dust upon a swath of black velvet and stopped his car to wait for the celestial show to start. Little did he know at the time that he was about to see far more than just meteors out there in that wasteland moonscape. And so we delve into a strange case with a very reliable witness, which has managed to evade all rational explanations.
Charles L. Moody
At around 1:15 AM, Moody’s attention was drawn from the sea of stars to rest on a rather strange sight above. Travelling across the sky was what appeared to be a metallic craft of some sort, disc-shaped, faintly illuminated, and measuring around 50 feet in diameter and 18 feet thick at the center. He was familiar with all types of aircraft but this was not something he recognized, and as he stared on in puzzlement the object began to rapidly descend to around 15 to 20 feet off of the ground, where it hovered silently for a moment before approaching the awestruck Moody. As it came closer, Moody could then make out that it wasn’t silent at all, but rather emanated a bizarre high-pitched buzzing whine or hum, that reverberated through his body and spread out to stoke a deep and irrational fear within him. As the mysterious craft approached, he recoiled away and scrambled into his car in a dazed panic, further fueled by the fact that he could see dark humanoid shapes moving around in the glow of a window on the craft’s side. Who were they and what did they want? Moody did not intend to stick around to find out.
As he fumbled with starting the car, Moody could sense that his limbs were becoming heavy and somewhat numb, which only further alarmed him, and then that high pitched buzzing abruptly stopped to bring total silence crashing down upon him. He frantically tried to start the car, but it would not turn over, as if something had rendered it in operational. As all of this was happening, the mystery craft had drawn so close that it was practically right in front of the vehicle, where it hovered ominously, but Moody now found that he could barely move. He felt his mind go numb as well, and just as he felt he might lose consciousness the craft was gone and there was nothing but the darkened desert sprawled out around him. It was as if it had just vanished into thin air, and he found his car started normally now. It was all very strange and surreal, and he might have almost been able to think that he had hallucinated it all. However, his ordeal was far from over, and in fact things were about to get even more bizarre.
Moody quickly realized that he had lost about an hour of time that he could not account for, and things got even odder when the next day his back hurt him for no reason he could understand. After this a rash began to break out all over his body, and it was apparent that this likely had something to do with that lost hour of missing time and his experience in the desert. He tried self-hypnosis and other means of trying to dig up any repressed memories he had, which caused things to float up to the surface of his mind in dream-like fragments.
Moody recalled that the UFO had not in fact vanished, but that two tall humanoid beings in skintight black suits had approached his car as he sat there helpless and immobile. The entities had oversized hairless heads, round eyes, small ears and noses, and very thin lips, human-like, yet not quite. As they pulled him out of his car, he felt a surge of panic, and was able to briefly wrest back control of his limbs, ferociously fighting back to punch one of the entities and slam another against the car before his paralysis returned and he was captured. His memory would then jump forward to him lying on some sort of slab, with another being standing next to him, this one shorter than the others and dressed in a white suit of some sort.
He sensed somehow that this was the leader, and it began to communicate with him telepathically, first asking if he was going to behave himself. Moody agreed to not fight anymore, and the creature then used a device to turn down the level of Moody’s paralysis, giving him some control of his body back. He found he was able to walk, after which the being then took him on a tour of the ship. Moody would claim that he was shown a strange machine powered by crystals that was called a “drive unit,” and was told that there was a much larger mothership out above Earth’s orbit, as well as the fact that Earth radar apparently interfered with their navigation equipment. After all of this, the alien explained that there would be no further contact with humans for 20 years and that they would be in touch, before rendering Moody unconscious simply by placing both hands at the sides of his head.
And that is pretty much it, and we are left with a lot of questions. Was any of this true? If so, then why did the aliens even bother? After all, it doesn’t seem like they really did anything other than show him around and tell him some stuff, so why go through all of the effort? It has become a case that has been discussed and debated to this day, despite all of its weirdness, and serves to tantalize the imagination.
Out in the cold grey seas of the Onega Bay, in the White Sea of Russia is a windswept archipelago of islands called the Solovetsky Islands. The bleak landscape here is sparsely populated, the people living a simple existence, but one island that has remained uninhabited is the one they call Bolshoi Zayatsky. It is little more than a speck of rock, measuring less than one square mile in total area and covered with moss and tangles of brush, and this forlorn, remote location long made it known as an almost impenetrable fortress and it was also used as a gulag labor camp at one time. Ion modern times from a distance it would be easy to ignore, just another barren rock in the churning sea, but this is a place of mystery, and among the boulders and brush are scattered ancient labyrinths that have managed to elude understanding.
Bolshoi Zayatsky
Dotted throughout a small area of Bolshoi Zayatsky are dozens of Neolithic stone labyrinths known locally as “vavilons,” meaning “Babylons,” constructed from local boulders and set into spiral patterns, with diameters ranging from between 6 and 25.4 meters across. The rows of stones and boulders that form these spirals are often formed of two separate intertwining spirals, like embracing serpents, and along the rows are sometimes thicker heaps of stones giving them an irregular feel. The labyrinths may vary in size and design, but one common feature is that they all have a single entrance that also serves as the exit for the mazes. Around the labyrinths are numerous arranged piles of rocks and boulders as well as a stone symbol with radial spokes, making it all the more enigmatic and dream-like. There is a surreal quality to seeing these mysterious structures sitting out on this rocky land, and one researcher of the labyrinths has described the experience of walking through them as almost magical, saying:
After entering a labyrinth and circle several times around the center, you leave it through the same entrance. Just after several turns it becomes unclear how much you have walked and how much more to walk. Subjectively, the time stops, but by watch the great labyrinth is passed in 15 minutes. It is difficult to be distracted; the path is narrow and you are required to look permanently underfoot. The path is twisting clockwise and counterclockwise. At last – the exit; and you are happy that the journey is over.
One of the labyrinths
There is very little known about the labyrinths of Bolshoi Zayatsky, and indeed even their precise age has been debated. The Solovetsky Islands are known to have been inhabited from at least from as far back as the 5000 B.C., possibly earlier, and although most researchers tend to estimate the labyrinths as being between 2,500 to 3,000 years old, they could be far more ancient. No one really knows. Their purpose is also steeped in mystery and lost to the mists of time, with many theories proposed. One is that they served as fishing traps, although most are too inland for this to be feasible. Another is that they had some sort of astrological function, such as mapping out the solstices or eclipses. There is also the idea that they had some ritualistic use, and one prominent idea is that they were used by the superstitious ancients as a means to trap evil spirits of some kind. One of the more interesting theories is that the labyrinths serve as some doorway, border, or transitional point between the land of the living and the underworld, somehow helping lost souls find their way to the other side.
The purpose and origins of the labyrinths remain clouded and lost to history, and we are left to wonder just why these ancient people came out to this tiny island to construct these stone oddities. What are they and what do they represent? No one knows, and we perhaps never will.
According to the NASA Astronaut Neil Armstrong the Aliens have a base on the Moon and told us in no uncertain terms to get off and stay off the Moon.
According to hitherto un-confirmed reports, both Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin saw UFOs shortly after that historic landing on the Moon in Apollo 11 on 21 July 1969. I remember hearing one of the astronauts refer to a “light” in or on a crater during the television transmission, followed by a request from mission control for further information. Nothing more was heard.
According to a former NASA employee Otto Binder, unnamed radio hams with their own VHF receiving facilities that bypassed NASA’s broadcasting outlets picked up the following exchange:
NASA: Whats there? Mission Control calling Apollo 11…
Apollo11: These “Babies” are huge, Sir! Enormous! OH MY GOD! You wouldn’t believe it! I’m telling you there are other spacecraft out there, Lined up on the far side of the crater edge! They’re on the Moon watching us!
A certain professor, who wished to remain anonymous, was engaged in a discussion with Neil Armstrong during a NASA symposium.
Professor: What REALLY happened out there with Apollo 11?
Armstrong: It was incredible, of course we had always known there was a possibility, the fact is, we were warned off!(by the Aliens). There was never any question then of a space station or a moon city.
Professor: How do you mean “warned off”?
Armstrong: I can’t go into details, except to say that their ships were far superior to ours both in size and technology – Boy, were they big!…and menacing! No, there is no question of a space station.
Professor: But NASA had other missions after Apollo 11?
Armstrong: Naturally – NASA was committed at that time, and couldn’t risk panic on Earth. But it really was a quick scoop and back again.
According to a Dr. Vladimir Azhazha:
“Neil Armstrong relayed the message to Mission Control that two large, mysterious objects were watching them after having landed near the moon module. But this message was never heard by the public — because NASA censored it.”
According to a Dr. Aleksandr Kasantsev, Buzz Aldrin took color movie film of the UFOs from inside the module, and continued filming them after he and Armstrong went outside.
KENS NOTE: Personally I feel we did not go to the Moon in 1969. I think some of these photos and stories have been fabricated to add credibility that we did go to the Moon. See my web site HTTP://www.worldufophotosandnews.org and see the many photos disproving that we did go to Moon.
PHOTOS OF SOME STRANGE OBJECTS ON THE MOON NOT TAKEN BY THE ASTRONAUTS……
Tyler Glockner, who runs the SecureTeam YouTube channel, said the only other time he had seen evidence of a massive object of the moon was in this photo, taken during the Apollo 17 mission. The structure can be seen in the top right
Apollo 8 is famous for being the first time humans travelled to the moon - but the astronauts might not have been alone in outer space, if this image is to be believed
The shape is three-dimensional, and seems to be creating its own shadow, prompting speculation that it could be a UFO
Robert Sepehr: Atlantis, Fallen Angels, and Archaic DNA
Robert Sepehr: Atlantis, Fallen Angels, and Archaic DNA
According to the Greek philosopher Plato, it was a city of immense wealth, being rich in natural minerals and lush vegetation. Atlanteans were said to have built fantastic temples, displayed beautiful architecture, and created magnificent statues to the gods.
Having once been a privileged and favored people, the Atlanteans became corrupt and degraded, according to Plato, by interbreeding with mortals and diluting their noble seed which allegedly descended from the gods. So what did Plato mean by mortal admixture, when he said that the Atlantean divine portion began to fade away and became too diluted, too often, by the mortal admixture?
L. A. Marzulli is an author, lecturer and filmmaker. He has penned 12 books including The Nephilim Trilogy which made the CBA best sellers list. He received an honorary doctorate for the series from his mentor Dr. I. D. E. Thomas, who was the Provost at Pacific International University. He was also honored with the Gold Medallion award from Chuck Missler at the K-House conference in 2014.
His series On the Trail of the Nephilim I & II are full-color, over-sized books, which uncover startling evidence that there has been a massive cover-up of what he believes are the remains of the Nephilim, the giants mentioned in the Bible.
Marzulli teamed up with film producer Richard Shaw to create The Watchers series. There are now 11 installments in the series and Watchers 7: UFO Physical Evidence won UFO Best Film and the Peoples Choice Awards, at the UFO Congress in 2014. Marzulli and Shaw took their second trip to Peru in January of 2014, filming ancient artifacts and megalithic structures at various locations, and also filmed the unwrapping of a 2000-year-old mummy skull, at Sr. Juan Navarro’s Paracas History Museum, which was revealed in Watchers 8.
Marzulli has launched a new series, The Watchman Chronicles and his first independent film was released in March of 2017. The title of the series is “In Their Own Words: UFOs are Real!”
Life Recorded On Mars! Moving Rock, 1 meter tall! Alien Animal Found, UFO Sighting News.
Life Recorded On Mars! Moving Rock, 1 meter tall! Alien Animal Found, UFO Sighting News.
Hey everyone. I made a post about this 6 years ago, but I wanted to make an updated post so I made this video to go along with it. Did you notice the other two smaller black animals that moved...in photo number 4? I made the video and didn't notice it till I was finished. They might actually have a black exoskeleton and be crab like creatures. Here on earth, crabs exist in the sea, lakes, rivers, mountains, forests and jungles. They are very strong.
Another possibility is growing rocks. Rocks that are living creatures, but not like we know them to be. I remember many years ago (4-6) William Rutledge...an astronaut now living in Rwanda spoke about his experience during his Apollo 20 mission. He said he saw yellow living rocks on the abandoned cigar shaped UFO in Deporte crater on the moon. He said they grew in size and a useful liquid chemical came out of them. NASA urls below.
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Former Head of Israel’s Space Program: The Aliens Asked Not To Be Revealed, Humanity Not Yet Ready
Former Head of Israel’s Space Program: The Aliens Asked Not To Be Revealed, Humanity Not Yet Ready
Humans have made contact with aliens but their existence has been kept secret at the behest of a Galactic Federation of extraterrestrials. The aliens have asked not to publish that they are here, humanity is not ready yet.
They have been waiting for humanity to evolve and reach a stage where we will generally understand what space and spaceships are.
There’s an agreement between the US government and the aliens. They signed a contract with us to do experiments here. They, too, are researching and trying to understand the whole fabric of the universe, and they want us as helpers.
Part of that unsettling pact, includes a secret underground base on Mars which is staffed by a team of ETs and Americans.
Remarkably, President Trump was on the verge of revealing, but the aliens in the Galactic Federation, which presumably governs intelligent species in the galaxy, are saying: Wait, let people calm down first. They don’t want to start mass hysteria. They want to first make us sane and understanding.
The claim was reportedly made by the former head of Israel's space security program Haim Eshed and published this past Friday by the Israeli newspaper Yediot Aharonot.
In the interview, the retired general who is now an esteemed professor told a reporter that the United States and Israel have been in contact with ETs for quite some time.
As for why he’s chosen to reveal this information now, Eshed explained that the timing was simply due to how much the academic landscape has changed, and how respected he is in academia.
“If I had come up with what I’m saying today five years ago, I would have been hospitalized,” he explained to Yediot.
He added that “today, they’re already talking differently. I have nothing to lose. I’ve received my degrees and awards; I am respected in universities abroad, where the trend is also changing.”
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Hovering light formation over Portland, Oregon
Hovering light formation over Portland, Oregon
These bright lights were making maneuvers in the sky above Portland in Oregon on 28th October 2020.
Witness report:
Observed four hovering lights in southern sky, forming a straight line. Three of the lights then formed a triangle and hovered for a few minutes. This was seen on two consecutive nights in October, around the same time. No high speed or erratic movement was observed, and man made objects cannot be ruled out.
A universe existed before Big Bang and you can still see it, claims physicist
A universe existed before Big Bang and you can still see it, claims physicist
Professor Sir Roger, Nobel Prize winner, claims universes existed before the Big Bang and evidence can still be observed today. Many scientists believe a "Big Crunch" took place
A universe existed before the Big Bang and it can still be seen today, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist has claimed.
Sir Roger Penrose, who won the honour for his work proving black holes exist, said he had found six "warm points" in the sky – named "Hawking Points".
The warm points, which are approximately eight times the diameter of the Moon, are named after Professor Stephen Hawking who theorised that black holes "leak" radiation and eventually evaporate away.
The time frame for black holes to evaporate completely is vast, potentially longer than the age of our current universe, which makes it impossible to detect the process.
However, Sir Roger, 89, believes that dead black holes from earlier universes – or aeons – can be seen now. If true, Prof Hawking's theories would be proved true.
Sir Roger has called the 'warm points' Hawkings Points in honour of the late Prof Stephen Hawking
(Image: Getty Images/iStockphoto)
Sir Roger shared the prestigious Wolf Foundation Prize for Physics with Prof Hawking for their work on black holes in 1988, reports The Times.
Speaking from his home in Oxford yesterday, he told the paper: "I claim that there is observation of Hawking radiation. The Big Bang was not the beginning. There was something before and that something is what we will have in our future.
"In this crazy theory of mine, that remote future becomes the Big Bang of another aeon. So our Big Bang began with something which was the remote future of a previous aeon and there would have been similar black holes evaporating away – via Hawking evaporation – and they would produce these points in the sky, that I call Hawking Points. We are seeing them.
"These points are about eight times the diameter of the Moon and are slightly warmed up regions. There is pretty good evidence for at least six of these points."
He has also recently published his theory of Hawking Points in the Royal Astronomical Society.
Sir Roger's idea is controversial, although many scientists do believe the universe expands before contracting back into a "Big Crunch" before a new Big Bang.
But black holes were also controversial themselves, English country parson, John Mitchell, first theorised them in 1783, and speculated if an object became extremely dense, it's gravitational pull would stop light from escaping.
However, Albert Einstein himself dismissed the theory as mathematical curiosity over reality.
Nine years after Einstein's death, Sir Roger proved that when objects became too dense, the inevitable consequence resulted in a gravitational collapse, where all known laws of nature stop.
His article is still seen as the most important contribution to the theory of relativity since Einstein.
Sir Roger first stumbled upon the idea when walking to a Tube station on his way to Birkbeck College 50 years ago when he was in his mid-30s.
He has finally been recognised for his work half a century later, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
An Eden Prairie man says he has seen dozens of UFOs at his home near Flying Cloud Airport in Eden Prairie.
EDEN PRAIRIE, Minn. (FOX 9) - A couple miles from Flying Cloud Airport, in a quiet neighborhood, an Eden Prairie man saw a light in the sky last May, the curiosity became an obsession.
“I noticed something I had never seen before, which is an object that appeared to be levitating at or near the airport," he said.
An Eden Prairie man has reported multiple UFO sightings
The man said the objects often flew along the same flight path as planes flying in or out of Flying Cloud Airport but always after 11 p.m. when it is closed.
Fearing ridicule, the man asked the FOX 9 Investigators not to reveal his identity. Since that first encounter, there have been dozens of repeat performances. Bright objects in the western sky, at around 500 feet, moving slowly and silently across the horizon at an estimated 15 mph.
The man said the objects often flew along the same flight path as planes flying in or out of Flying Cloud Airport, but always after 11 p.m. when it is closed.
He’s made more than 80 video recordings with his iPhone, sometimes seeing as many as six objects together.
When he asked airport officials about it, they told him nothing was showing up on radar.
He also called Eden Prairie Police and the FBI, never getting any definitive answers about what the flying objects might be.
When asked if he would speculate on what he was seeing, he responded, “I would just take a shot in the dark and say… it is a listening device or something, something like big brother is tracking people’s movements.”
Exoplanet K2-141b is fiery hot world that circles so close to its star that 1 side of the planet features a deep ocean of molten lava. Meanwhile, the other side is freezing cold.
Artist’s concept of K2-141b, a hot lava world with a magma ocean, rock vapor atmosphere and supersonic winds.
In a new study announced on November 3, 2020, an international team of researchers described a planet unlike any in our solar system. The Earth-size exoplanet– named K2-141b – is a hot lava world on one side, but extremely cold on the other. It has a magma ocean, a rock vapor atmosphere, and supersonic winds. K2-141b is one of two planets in a star system about 202 light-years from our solar system in the direction of Aquarius the Water Bearer, a constellation seen from all part of the world on November evenings.
Planets that orbit close to their stars tend, of course, to be a lot hotter than those that are farther away, for example, Mercury and Venus in our solar system. But in some solar systems, there are planets that orbit their stars even closer than Mercury, the closest planet to our sun. Some of these extreme worlds are referred to as lava planets, where scientists think that at least part of their surfaces are covered by molten magma oceans.
On November 3, scientists at McGill University, York University and the Indian Institute of Science Education announced that one such planet under study – called K2-141b – is even more exotic. It’s a world that is scorching hot on one side and freezing on the other, with a magma ocean about 62 miles (100 km) deep, “rain” composed of rock that evaporates and then precipitates in a regular cycle similar to the water cycle on Earth, and supersonic winds over 3,100 miles per hour (5,000 km/hr). Wild! The findings are based on data from from NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope.
York University’s Tue Giang Nguyen is lead author of the study, published November 3, 2020, in the peer-reviewed journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Nguyen said in a statement:
The study is the first to make predictions about weather conditions on K2-141b that can be detected from hundreds of light-years away with next-generation telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope.
K2-141b’s surface is thought to be largely covered by a magma ocean (artist’s concept).
Discovered in 2018, K2-141b is only about 1 1/2 times the radius of Earth, but is a very alien world. Its surface, atmosphere and ocean are all composed of rock, specifically sodium, silicon monoxide, and silicon dioxide.
It is different in other ways, too. The planet is tidally locked to its star, meaning that the same side is always facing the star, just like one side of the moon always faces Earth. About 2/3 of K2-141b is in perpetual daylight, something we never experience on our own world. The researchers determined this by analyzing illumination patterns of the planet in the telescopic data.
So how does this affect the planet’s climate? Being tidally locked this way means that there are drastic temperature differences between the day and night sides of K2-141b. On the side facing away from the star, it is bitterly cold, estimated to be below -330 degrees Fahrenheit (-200 degrees Celsius). But on the star-facing side, the temperature is estimated to be a scorching 5,700 degrees Fahrenheit (3,000 degrees Celsius). In our own solar system, we think of Venus’ scorching surface temperature as being hot enough to melt rocks. But on K2-141b, it is so hot that rocks can evaporate. The vaporized rock helps to create a thin atmosphere on the planet. As Nicolas Cowan at McGill University noted:
Our finding likely means that the atmosphere extends a little beyond the shore of the magma ocean, making it easier to spot with space telescopes.
55 Cancri e, almost twice the diameter of Earth, is another possible lava world, as seen in this artist’s concept.
The rock vapor that is created on the day side of the planet also acts as precipitation. The cycle is basically similar to what happens on Earth, but with no water involved. The mineral vapor behaves like earthly precipitation; the supersonic winds carry it to the night side of the planet, where it “rains” down to the surface. The currents in the magma ocean, with the precipitated minerals, flow back to the hot day side of the planet, where the rock minerals evaporate again.
It’s a regular cycle, but not as stable as on Earth. Since the flow of the magma ocean back to the hot side is slow, the scientists say that the mineral composition will gradually change over time, affecting both the surface and atmosphere of K2-141b. Cowan said:
All rocky planets, including Earth, started off as molten worlds but then rapidly cooled and solidified. Lava planets give us a rare glimpse at this stage of planetary evolution.
The researchers now want to further test their calculations about K2-141b. They will now use data from the Spitzer Space Telescope to determine more specific temperatures for the day side and night side of the planet. Later, they plan to use the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), due to launch in 2021, to analyze the atmosphere.
Lava worlds like K2-141b are unknown in our solar system. Even Mercury isn’t close enough to the sun to have magma oceans on its surface. On Earth and Jupiter’s moon Io (and maybe Venus), the lava flows from volcanoes can give an idea of what it’s like, but it’s still not the same as having much of, or most of, a planet’s entire surface literally melted to create magma oceans.
Tue Giang Nguyen at York University, lead author of the new study.
Earth and other rocky planets in our solar system actually used to be kinds of lava worlds when they were first starting to form several billion years ago, and were still extremely hot, molten and uninhabitable. But then they gradually cooled and became the solid, rocky worlds we see today. In the case of Earth, there is still residual heat inside, in the core, but the surface cooled enough to have a thicker atmosphere and water. Smaller planets like Mercury cooled down also, but have little or no internal heat left over, and very thin or nonexistent atmospheres. Molten worlds like K2-141b could therefore provide valuable clues as to how young, newborn rocky planets form and evolve before they cool enough to become rocky worlds.
Bottom line: Lava planet K2-141b is an extreme world with a magma ocean, a rock vapor atmosphere and supersonic winds.
‘WTF?’: newly discovered ghostly circles in the sky can’t be explained by current theories, and astronomers are excited
‘WTF?’: newly discovered ghostly circles in the sky can’t be explained by current theories, and astronomers are excited
In September 2019, my colleague Anna Kapinska gave a presentation showing interesting objects she’d found while browsing our new radio astronomical data. She had started noticing very weird shapes she couldn’t fit easily to any known type of object.
Among them, labelled by Anna as WTF?, was a picture of a ghostly circle of radio emission, hanging out in space like a cosmic smoke-ring. None of us had ever seen anything like it before, and we had no idea what it was. A few days later, our colleague Emil Lenc found a second one, even more spooky than Anna’s.
EMU plans to boldly probe parts of the Universe where no telescope has gone before. It can do so because ASKAP can survey large swathes of the sky very quickly, probing to a depth previously only reached in tiny areas of sky, and being especially sensitive to faint, diffuse objects like these.
I predicted a couple of years ago this exploration of the unknown would probably make unexpected discoveries, which I called WTFs. But none of us expected to discover something so unexpected, so quickly. Because of the enormous data volumes, I expected the discoveries would be made using machine learning. But these discoveries were made with good old-fashioned eyeballing.
Our team searched the rest of the data by eye, and we found a few more of the mysterious round blobs. We dubbed them ORCs, which stands for “odd radio circles”. But the big question, of course, is: “what are they?”
At first we suspected an imaging artefact, perhaps generated by a software error. But we soon confirmed they are real, using other radio telescopes. We still have no idea how big or far away they are. They could be objects in our galaxy, perhaps a few light-years across, or they could be far away in the Universe and maybe millions of light years across.
When we look in images taken with optical telescopes at the position of ORCs, we see nothing. The rings of radio emission are probably caused by clouds of electrons, but why don’t we see anything in visible wavelengths of light? We don’t know, but finding a puzzle like this is the dream of every astronomer.
We have ruled out several possibilities for what ORCs might be.
Could they be supernova remnants, the clouds of debris left behind when a star in our galaxy explodes? No. They are far from most of the stars in the Milky Way and there are too many of them.
Could they be the rings of radio emission sometimes seen in galaxies undergoing intense bursts of star formation? Again, no. We don’t see any underlying galaxy that would be hosting the star formation.
Could they be the giant lobes of radio emission we see in radio galaxies, caused by jets of electrons squirting out from the environs of a supermassive black hole? Not likely, because the ORCs are very distinctly circular, unlike the tangled clouds we see in radio galaxies.
Could they be Einstein rings, in which radio waves from a distant galaxy are being bent into a circle by the gravitational field of a cluster of galaxies? Still no. ORCs are too symmetrical, and we don’t see a cluster at their centre.
A genuine mystery
In our paper about ORCs, which is forthcoming in the Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, we run through all the possibilities and conclude these enigmatic blobs don’t look like anything we already know about.
So we need to explore things that might exist but haven’t yet been observed, such as a vast shockwave from some explosion in a distant galaxy. Such explosions may have something to do with fast radio bursts, or the neutron star and black hole collisions that generate gravitational waves.
Or perhaps they are something else entirely. Two Russian scientists have even suggested ORCs might be the “throats” of wormholes in spacetime.
From the handful we’ve found so far, we estimate there are about 1,000 ORCs in the sky. My colleague Bärbel Koribalski notes the search is now on, with telescopes around the world, to find more ORCs and understand their cause.
It’s a tricky job, because ORCS are very faint and difficult to find. Our team is brainstorming all these ideas and more, hoping for the eureka moment when one of us, or perhaps someone else, suddenly has the flash of inspiration that solves the puzzle.
It’s an exciting time for us. Most astronomical research is aimed at refining our knowledge of the Universe, or testing theories. Very rarely do we get the challenge of stumbling across a new type of object which nobody has seen before, and trying to figure out what it is.
Is it a completely new phenomenon, or something we already know about but viewed in a weird way? And if it really is completely new, how does that change our understanding of the Universe? Watch this space!
On December 1, the Chang’e-5 lander touched down on Oceanus Procellarum, a vast lunar mare on the western edge of the near side of the Moon. After the lander collected about two kilograms of lunar samples, it deployeda small version of China’s five-star red flag and then ejected the samples on an ascended vehicle to lunar orbit. After it completed its mission, Chinese engineers sent instructions that commanded the ascent vehicle to crash into the moon on Monday.
Following the successful docking of the ascent vehicle with the Chang’e-5 lunar orbit on December 5, reports from Chinese media suggested that the ascent vehicle still had a lot of fuel, which qualified it for an extended mission. However, the China Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP) took the decision to decommission the vehicle by crashing it into the moon in order to avoid producing space junk in the moon’s orbit that could impact future missions.
The impact occurred just half an hour after mission control sent commands to the Chang’e-5 ascent vehicle, instructing it to crash at 0 degrees longitude and 30 degrees south — somewhere between the ancient craters Regiomontanus and Walther in the southern highlands region.
The docking of the ascension vehicle with the Chang’e-5 orbiter was performed with an accuracy of no less than five centimeters while mission control was 380,000 kilometers away. This experience will prove extremely useful for China’s highly ambitious missions in the future, which will involve similar rendezvous and docking maneuvers for a Mars sample return mission in 2030. China also has plans for a crew mission to the moon that will also involve an ascent vehicle, orbiter, and reentry capsule.
The Chang’e-5 orbiter carrying the precious samples collected from the moon’s surface is still in lunar orbit. Chinese mission control is still waiting for the right window of opportunity to open for trans-Earth injection.
According to Chinese state media, the operation is scheduled for the next few days, most likely on Saturday, resulting in the landing of the reentry capsule at Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia.
If successful, Chang’e-5 will become the first mission to bring lunar samples back to Earth since the landing of the Russian spacecraft, Luna 24, on August 18, 1976. During the Apollo missions, the United States retrieved 382 kilograms of lunar rocks and soil, whereas the former Soviet Union brought over 300 grams of lunar samples back to Earth during three missions.
After six years of traveling alone, the Japanese Hayabusa 2 probe sent a capsule back to Earth. The capsule should contain at least 100 milligrams of samples taken from Ryugu — an asteroid located about 186 million miles (300 million kilometers) from Earth. It’s the first time any samples from asteroids have been brought back to Earth.
The spacecraft spent over a year investigating Ryugu, a kilometer-wide potentially dangerous asteroid, taking photos and measurements from as close by as possible — before ultimately snagging some hard rock samples.
It’s not easy to latch onto a quick-moving asteroid. Hayabusa 2 had to fire a small tantalum projectile into the surface, collecting the cloud of surface debris with a sampling horn, and returning to its holding position. But this was just the first stage: for the second stage, Hayabusa actually fired a larger copper projectile, exposing pristine material, and landing on the asteroid to take a sample. Then, as the asteroid approached our planet, Hayabusa released the capsule with the samples and used its engine to push it towards Earth. The capsule contained a radio beacon which gave off a signal, allowing researchers to track its location and retrieve it successfully.
“Hayabusa 2 is home,” Dr. Yuichi Tsuda, project manager for the mission, said at a press conference on Sunday morning (GMT) in Sagamihara, Japan.
“We collected the treasure box,” he said, adding: “The capsule collection was perfectly done.”
Satoru Nakazawa, the Hayabusa 2 sub-manager at the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Jaxa), who was part of the retrieval operation described the search:
“We went there with the helicopter and it was emitting the beacon signal. But at that time, it was still dark, so it was unclear [where it was]. I was very, very nervous.
“We flew over the area [where it landed] many times and I thought maybe that was where it was. Then the Sun rose and we could visually confirm the existence of the capsule. We thought: ‘Wow, we found it!”
“But we had a very jittery, frustrating time until sunrise.”
Image credits: JAXA / EPA.
Geologists already had some idea of Ryugu’s geological but of course, having access to direct samples will offer a much clearer vision — especially as it’s never been done before. But there’s more to this mission than just Ryugu’s own tale, the asteroid hides secrets from the early days of the solar system.
Asteroids are essentially time capsules, going about the solar system for billions of years. Scientists have a decent idea of what they’re made of, but fine measurements have been lacking until now — hence the importance of bringing asteroid samples to Earth. Some researchers believe these asteroids brought water to Earth and made it habitable; this idea will now be investigated in closer detail.
Indeed, to scientists, the asteroid sample from Ryugu really is like a treasure box. As explained by the Verge, asteroids are the earliest pictures of our Solar System. They’ve been around for billions of years, and scientists don’t think they’ve changed much. Some scientists believe that it’s possible that asteroids like Ryugu brought water to Earth thereby making the planet habitable. Asteroid samples could help shed light on this hypothesis and plenty others.
What makes it even more exciting is that Hayabusa 2 managed to grab samples from below the asteroid’s surface — samples that haven’t been struck by sunlight in billions of years and could still hold the original chemistry of billions of years ago.
Researchers aren’t sure yet just how big the treasure box is. It will now be thoroughly investigated, and hopefully, the payload will be at least 100 milligrams, which would be enough to carry out all the desired tests.
Meanwhile, Hayabusa 2 still isn’t retired, it merely made a quick trip to drop the capsule. Now, the shuttle is off to explore another asteroid: 1998KY26, to find out how we can deflect potentially dangerous asteroids.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
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