Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS NEARLY 13 YEARS AND 4 MONTH.
ON /30/09/2024 MORE THAN 2.230.520
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
18-11-2021
New Paper Shows Wormholes Can Work Without Collapsing Before You Get to the Other Side
New Paper Shows Wormholes Can Work Without Collapsing Before You Get to the Other Side
If you’re one of those people who knows that an ‘Einstein–Rosen bridge’ is the formal name for a wormhole, then you probably know that neither Albert Einstein nor Nathan Rosen would set foot in their theoretical namesake because they knew it might not stay stable long enough to get from one side of the universe to the other through a wormhole-connected black hole and white hole – the mirror image of a black hole at the exit. However, if astronomer Arthur Stanley Eddington and physicist David Finkelstein were here, they might convince Einstein and Rosen to follow them down the wormhole because a new paper maintains that it will remain stable and the proof is in their Eddington-Finkelstein metric. Wait … what?
“The Eddington-Finkelstein metric is obtained from the Schwarzschild metric by a change of the time variable. It is well known that a test mass falling into a black hole does not reach the event horizon for any finite value of the Schwarzschild time variable t. By contrast, we show that the event horizon is reached for a finite value of the Eddington-Finkelstein time variable t′. Then we study in Eddington-Finkelstein time the fate of a massive particle traversing an Einstein-Rosen bridge and obtain a different conclusion than recent proposals in the literature: we show that the particle reaches the wormhole throat for a finite value t′1 of the time marker t′, and continues its trajectory across the throat for t′>t′1. Such a behavior does not make sense in Schwarzschild time since it would amount to continuing the trajectory of the particle “beyond the end of time.”
Arthur Stanley Eddington
There … now do you understand? That’s the abstract from “Infall time in the Eddington-Finkelstein metric, with application to Einstein-Rosen bridges,” the paper written by Pascal Koiran for publication in the journal General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology on how those four geniuses plus Koiran and any of you brave enough to follow them would survive a trip through space-time in a stable wormhole. Fortunately, Live Science was able to explain the concept in terms non-geniuses can kind of understand.
A metric is a way to get from here to there. For most points in space, there are a lot of metrics (think of the options offered by your GPS – by car, by bus, on foot). For wormholes, Einstein and Rosen used the Schwarzschild metric from general relativity, which predicts that an object passing though a wormhole will break down (i.e. be destroyed) when it reaches the black hole’s event horizon – the point where not even light can escape. Koiran, a Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (a French institute of higher learning) computer scientist, took a different path – the Eddington-Finkelstein metric provides a route for a particle to cross the event horizon, enter the wormhole and exit out the white hole at other side in a finite amount of time without any instability or destruction.
David Ritz Finkelstein
Did Koiran drop the mic and book a trip through the nearest wormhole? Unfortunately, metric didn’t misbehave at any point in that trajectory. The Eddington-Finkelstein metric only solves the gravity challenge of getting past the black holes at either end of the wormhole – it doesn’t address the thermodynamics – heat and energy — inside the wormhole which other theories suggest would break the lack-hole-wormhole-white-hole apart before anyone could set foot in it. What Koiran’s paper does prove is that traveling through a wormhole is not impossible nor a death sentence – general relativity says so. All we need is the right metric.
Can you plug a black hole and a white hole into Google Maps?
The only qualified person that can really explain what we see in this video from 1991 is of course Bob Lazar. Why do UFO move so goofy? What is this glow? Bob gives us the answers in easy to understand terms. The full video presentation will follow shortly. Just for clarification: This VHS video was shot from Mailbox Road on public land. This is an unedited original 720x40p VHS recording and not a night vision recording.
As background I have used a photo showing the mountain range. The mountains have been carefully placed in the right position with an accuracy of 5-10 meters. How I achieved this and much more will be explained in our upload: Project Mailbox. The camera is looking South West towards a mountain range called White Sides. Some “expert debunkers” claim that this is a test of a laser induced plasma ball.
When you look at the position of the UFO when it dives in front of the mountain the laser would have been standing outside of Area 51 on public land and quite near the location of the filmer. So the plasma balls theory can be thrown in the bin, just like the planet theory that this is Mars, Venus, Jupiter, our Moon or the landing light of an airplane.
Sorry debunkers but you either have to think of a new theory or you can accept that you cannot explain what it is and therefore an unknown flying object.
UFOs FLY OVER PLANE IN LOS ANGELES!! : Alien madness on the air
UFOs FLY OVER PLANE IN LOS ANGELES!! : Alien madness on the air
Description of Sighting Report - MUFON Case 119255 Standing in my back yard, my little nephew looks into the sky and was like, what in the world is that. I looked up and saw 2 UFOs hovering in the sky.
They were side by side, round, dark metallic objects. I immediately took my phone out, which is an iPhone 12 Pro Max, and recorded 8 total minutes of these objects in 4k video in a total of 3 videos.
The video quality is exceptionally good but the objects were still far away and at times looked blurry almost looking like they were trying to cloak or disappear in a way.
At first they were close by and then moved a ways apart and then back close together before heading west towards Fort Polk military base. During the event, a passenger jet flew right underneath the two UFOs.
In the video you can clearly tell these things aren’t jets or planes or drones or anything like that. I’ve seen things like this plenty of times before in my life. I instantly knew what this was or have some kind of idea what it isn’t. They definitely weren’t stars because of the time of day. They weren’t satellites or drones. I’ve seen like 40 to 50 starlink satellites in a row before just like the video that y’all have up.
I have a star and satellite tracker app on my phone and nothing showed up on my app. Also, I served 6 years in the Army and 18 months in combat in Sadr City, Baghdad, Iraq 2008-2010.
I know what drones look and sound like. The event happened at 4:45 pm a day after daylight savings time changed. The objects at points were glowing bright in the sky almost like stars. The sun was just starting to go down, so I’m sure the objects were some kind of dark metallic reflective metal because the sun was reflecting off of them.
That’s the only reason we saw them was because of how bright they were shinning. Other than that, they just looked like black balls hovering in the sky.
They looked to be rotating at times. I’ve seen things like this in the sky before. I’ve seen triangles flying faster than anything I’ve ever seen in my life twice within a 2 week period.
My first experience witnessing UFOs was in 2006 just getting out of basic training and AIT for the Army. I was at my moms in the same city as I am in now. It was 9:45pm and there was an F-18 fighter jet circling my neighborhood.
It was so loud that it was rattling the pictures on the walls. I walked outside to see all of my neighbors standing outside staring up at the sky watching this jet fly in circles.
My mom walked outside and as soon as she did, the F-18 flew in the center of the circle towards what appeared to be two bright glowing stars at the time. When the jet got closer the 2 stars took off from a dead standstill.
You could clearly tell that these glowing starlike objects weren’t planes or anything else of that nature. The object on the right side appeared to fly upwards into outer space and disappeared and the other object flew West then SW and the F-18 chased it until we couldn’t see it anymore.
I had never seen anything take off from a dead standstill and fly faster than a fighter jet. Every hair on my body stood straight up and at that moment in time, I quickly realized, we are not alone in this universe.
That moment changed my life. Since then, I keep my eyes in the sky and I have witnessed several things that are unexplainable.
I always try to logically explain things or debunk things before assuming it’s UFO or UAP. The 3 videos are in order as to what we saw. The 1st video is 0:14 seconds then the 2nd video is 4:17 and the 3rd is 3:21. The 2nd video (4:17) is the one where the jet flys underneath these 2 objects @ 1:16. I’ve zoomed in and have taken a few screen shots which I will post also.
Nothing really crazy happens in the videos. It’s just something unexplainable and I would love to know what exactly they are and what are they doing here. I try to keep an open mind about everything because there’s so much out there that we as humans have no earthly idea about. We assume things but in all reality, we actually don’t know. Enlightenment would be nice.
A man finds a mysterious implant in his leg after a nighttime snowmobile ride. Four friends witness the same eerie light An amateur photographer captures floating orbs on camera. UFOs circle a larger, egg-shaped mother ship floating high above Anchorage. A brother and sister watch in awe as a massive aircraft disappears behind a mountain range.
The office would place particular emphasis on investigating UAPs as a potential threat to the U.S. and whether they are controlled by hostile governments.
The U.S. government could soon have a brand-new bureau dedicated to investigating "unidentified aerial phenomena" (UAP)—or what the rest of us refer to as UFOs.
Sen. Kirsten Gillibrand (D-NY) has proposed setting up the Anomaly Surveillance and Resolution Office (ASRO) within the defense and intelligence communities. If adopted, the office would collect data on UAPs, cooperate with allies mounting similar efforts, and brief lawmakers twice a year on their progress. In addition to UAPs, the effort would also investigate so-called "transmedium" object sightings, or UAPs that come and go from oceans.
A 1959 photograph of an alleged UFO spotted over Alamogordo, New Mexico, from the archives of the U.S. Air Force’s UFO investigation effort, Project Blue Book.
Earlier this month, Sen. Gillibrand authored and submitted SA 4281 as an amendment to the Senate's version of the 2022 National Defense Authorization Act, commonly known as the U.S. defense budget. Gillibrand's amendment is mirrored in the House of Representatives by a similar one authored by Rep. Ruben Gallego (D-AZ). Unless there's movement to have it removed, there's a pretty good chance that President Biden could sign it into law.
Nick Pope, an author who investigated UFOs for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence, tells Popular Mechanics that he welcomes Sen. Gillibrand's new amendment.
"The new processes would overshadow any previous investigative programs such as Project Blue Book, and would leverage the full resources and capabilities of the U.S. military and intelligence community in a way that hasn't been done before," he says. "The establishment of an advisory committee with a civilian component would bring unprecedented oversight and accountability. The UFO phenomenon isn't a partisan issue."
ASRO would assume the duties of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (UAP TF), a body of the Department of Defense created in 2020 to study the rash of unexplained UAP sightings from U.S. military personnel. That task force released a report in June 2021 that was largely inconclusive. While UAPs posed a "safety of flight" issue and "may pose a challenge to U.S. national security," per the report, "the limited amount of high-quality reporting on unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) hampers our ability to draw firm conclusions about the nature or intent of UAP."
Additionally, ASRO would designate existing organizations—presumably the Office of Naval Intelligence, Air Force Intelligence, and others—to perform field investigations of sightings on its behalf. It would also develop and establish procedures for reporting UAPs, coordinating with other federal agencies and departments including the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), NASA, the Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Energy, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
A Pentagon-shaped UFO photographed over Lawrence County, Pennsylvania, 1966.
NOAA might seem like an odd choice at first. But it makes more sense when you consider that Gillibrand's amendment also directs an investigation into transmedium vehicles, or Unidentified Submarine Objects (USOs). In 2004, U.S. Navy aircrew flying F/A-18F Super Hornets not only witnessed a UFO-like craft, but also an underwater craft that one eyewitness described as being as large as a commercial jetliner—and somehow interacting with the UAP. There have been transmedium vehicle sightings for decades, though they've generally been folded in with the larger, more frequent aerial phenomena.
ASRO would create both unclassified and classified reports on its findings and brief members of Congress every six months. An advisory committee would draw members from NASA, the FAA, the National Academies of Science, the National Academy of Engineering, and Harvard University's Galileo Project, which studies extraterrestrial technological signatures.
A UFO spotted by an Army private at Fort Belvoir, date unknown. The eyewitness described the object as a "black, non-reflecting ring." From the files of the Air Force's Project Blue Book.
NATIONAL ARCHIVES
The new office would be particularly interested in "identification of potential aerospace or other threats posed by unidentified aerial phenomena to the national security of the United States," per Sen. Gillibrand's amendment. It would also place a priority on investigating UAPs "that can be attributed to one or more adversarial foreign government." Think: Russia or China.
ASRO will look into "efforts to capture or exploit discovered unidentified aerial phenomena" like the alleged discovery of a crashed UFO in Roswell, New Mexico in 1957. It will also probe sightings near locations involved in the "production, transportation, or storage of nuclear weapons." Such sightings have been reported for decades, and just last month, four Air Force veterans came forward about their own encounters with UFOs while on active duty working in and around nuclear weapons.
ASRO won't be a permanent organization if it comes to fruition; it would terminate exactly six years after its establishment. While the office will probably be effective at the surveillance part of its mission, how well it will address the "resolution" part remains to be seen.
TOLIMAN Space Telescope Will Look for Potentially Habitable Exoplanets in Alpha Centauri System
TOLIMAN Space Telescope Will Look for Potentially Habitable Exoplanets in Alpha Centauri System
Astronomers from the University of Sydney, the Breakthrough Initiative, Saber Aeronautics and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced this week the TOLIMAN (Telescope for Orbit Locus Interferometric Monitoring of our Astronomical Neighbourhood) mission, which will look for planets in the habitable zone around stars in the triple-star system Alpha Centauri. Toliman is also the Arabic-derived name of Alpha Centauri.
This image shows the closest stellar system to the Sun, the bright double star Alpha Centauri AB and its distant and faint companion Proxima Centauri.
Image credit: ESO / B. Tafreshi, twanight.org / Digitized Sky Survey 2 / Davide De Martin / Mahdi Zamani.
Alpha Centauri, also known as Rigil Kentaurus, Rigil Kent and Gliese 559, is located in the constellation of Centaurus.
This triple system is made up of the bright binary star formed by Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, plus the faint red dwarf Alpha Centauri C.
The two brighter components are roughly 4.35 light years away from Earth. Alpha Centauri C, better known as Proxima Centauri, is slightly closer at 4.23 light years.
Compared to the Sun, Alpha Centauri A is of the same stellar type G2, and slightly bigger. Alpha Centauri B, a K1-type star, is slightly smaller and less bright.
Alpha Centauri A and B orbit a common center of gravity once every 80 years, with a minimum distance of about 11 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun.
Three planets are currently known in the Alpha Centauri system: a warm sub-Neptune around Alpha Centauri A and two planets — Earth-mass Proxima b and much massive Proxima c — around Proxima Centauri.
The proposed TOLIMAN space telescope with a candidate telescope mirror pattern known as a diffractive pupil. Rather than concentrating the starlight into a tight focused beam as is usually done for optical systems, TOLIMAN has a strongly featured pattern, spreading starlight into a complex flower pattern that, paradoxically, makes it easier to register the fine detail required in the measurement to detect the small wobbles a planet would make in the star’s motion.
Image credit: Tuthill et al., doi: 10.1117/12.2313269.
“Our nearest stellar neighbors — the Alpha Centauri and Proxima Centauri systems — are turning out to be extraordinarily interesting,” said Dr. Pete Worden, executive director of the Breakthrough Initiatives.
“The TOLIMAN mission will be a huge step towards finding out if planets capable of supporting life exist there.”
“Astronomers have access to amazing technologies that allow us to find thousands of planets circling stars across vast reaches of the Galaxy. Yet we hardly know anything about our own celestial backyard,” added TOLIMAN project leader Professor Peter Tuthill, an astronomer in the Sydney Institute for Astronomy at the University of Sydney.
“It is a modern problem to have; we are like net-savvy urbanites whose social media connections are global, but we don’t know anyone living on our own block. This blind spot in our local knowledge has important consequences.”
“Getting to know our planetary neighbors is hugely important,” he added.
“These next-door planets are the ones where we have the best prospects for finding and analyzing atmospheres, surface chemistry and possibly even the fingerprints of a biosphere — the tentative signals of life.”
“These nearby planets are where humanity will take our first steps into interstellar space using high-speed, futuristic, robotic probes,” said Pete Klupar, chief engineer of Breakthrough Watch.
“If we consider the nearest few dozen stars, we expect a handful of rocky planets like Earth orbiting at the right distance for liquid surface water to be possible.”
A simulated image of Alpha Centauri AB as observed in narrowband light through the TOLIMAN telescope.
Image credit: Tuthill et al., doi: 10.1117/12.2313269.
“TOLIMAN is a mission that Australia should be very proud of — it is an exciting, bleeding-edge space telescope supplied by an exceptional international collaboration. It will be a joy to fly this bird,” said Dr. Jason Held, CEO of Saber Astronautics.
“Even for the very nearest bright stars in the night sky, finding planets is a huge technological challenge,” said TOLIMAN team member Dr. Eduardo Bendek, a researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
“Our TOLIMAN mission will launch a custom-designed space telescope that makes extremely fine measurements of the position of the star in the sky. If there is a planet orbiting the star, it will tug on the star betraying a tiny, but measurable, wobble.”
_____
Peter Tuthill et al. 2018. The TOLIMAN space telescope. Proc. SPIE 10701, Optical and Infrared Interferometry and Imaging VI, 107011J; doi: 10.1117/12.2313269
Germinating Pine Cone Found Encased in Baltic Amber
Germinating Pine Cone Found Encased in Baltic Amber
Seed germination — a crucial stage in the development of all plants — normally occurs in the soil after the seed has fallen from the mother plant. In some infrequent instances, precocious germination — a type of viviparity or vivipary — occurs when the seed sprouts while still within the fruit. In a new paper published in the journal Historical Biology, Oregon State University’s Professor George Poinar Jr. described the first case of precocious germination of a fossil plant involving a number of seeds that have germinated in a pine cone embedded in a piece of 40-million-year-old (Eocene epoch) Baltic amber.
A 40-million-year-old cone of Pinus cembrifolia in a piece of Eocene Baltic amber.
Image credit: George Poinar Jr., Oregon State University.
“Crucial to the development of all plants, seed germination typically occurs in the ground after a seed has fallen,” Professor Poinar said.
“We tend to associate viviparity — embryonic development while still inside the parent — with animals and forget that it does sometimes occur in plants. Most typically, by far, those occurrences involve angiosperms.”
“Angiosperms, which directly or indirectly provide most of the food people eat, have flowers and produce seeds enclosed in fruit.”
“Seed germination in fruits is fairly common in plants that lack seed dormancy, like tomatoes, peppers and grapefruit, and it happens for a variety of reasons. But it’s rare in gymnosperms.”
Precocious germination in pine cones is so rare that only one naturally occurring example of this condition, from 1965, has been described in the scientific literature.
“That’s part of what makes this discovery so intriguing, even beyond that it’s the first fossil record of plant viviparity involving seed germination,” Professor Poinar said.
“I find it fascinating that the seeds in this small pine cone could start to germinate inside the cone and the sprouts could grow out so far before they perished in the resin.”
“At the sprouts’ tips are needle clusters, some in bundles of five, associating the fossil with the extinct pine species Pinus cembrifolia, which was previously described from Baltic amber.”
Needles at tip of Pinus cembrifolia’s hypocotyl.
Image credit: George Poinar Jr., Oregon State University.
According to the scientist, viviparity in plants typically shows up in one of two ways.
“Precocious germination is the more common of the two, the other being vegetative viviparity, such as when a bulbil emerges directly from the flower head of a parent plant,” he said.
“In the case of seed viviparity in this fossil, the seeds produced embryonic stems that are quite evident in the amber.”
“Whether those stems, known as hypocotyls, appeared before the cone became encased in amber is unclear. However, based on their position, it appears that some growth, if not most, occurred after the pine cone fell into the resin.”
Research on viviparity in extant gymnosperms suggests the condition could be linked to winter frosts.
“Light frosts would have been possible if the Baltic amber forest had a humid, warm-temperate environment as has been posited,” Professor Poinar said.
“This is the first fossil record of seed viviparity in plants but this condition probably occurred quite a bit earlier than this Eocene record.”
“There’s no reason why vegetative viviparity couldn’t have occurred hundreds of millions of years ago in ancient spore-bearing plants like ferns and lycopods.”
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George Poinar Jr. Precocious germination of a pine cone in Eocene Baltic amber. Historical Biology, published online November 8, 2021; doi: 10.1080/08912963.2021.2001808
The brilliant French prankster Rémi Gaillard, who has pulled off some wild hoaxes in the past, really outdid himself by creating highly believable UFO sightings in Southern France that the media lapped up with glee. The sightings then led to a stray alien with a crashed spaceship showing up in rather odd but commonplace locations.
Gaillard, who is the master of straight face comedy, portrayed the wayward alien who blocked traffic, tried to get the spaceship towed by a local garage, called the fire service for assitance, and even tried to steal a cow, as aliens often do.
UFOs spotted in France : behind the scenes of the hoax that fooled the media… Here is my new prank video ! Watch out, they’re coming
Gaillard stated that his pulled this prank in order to fool the media.
I don’t know what that is in the sky, but it definitely doesn’t look like a plane or a helicopter. If it were either, I’m not sure why the lights would be positioned the way they are.
Is it possible it’s just an optical illusion captured on camera? I suppose so, but it seems unlikely.
As many of you know, I’m fascinated by UFOs and whatever they might be. I truly have no idea, but at this point, can anyone truly deny something strange isn’t going on?
I think the answer to that is no. There are simply too many examples of unexplained events, and it’s not like people wearing tinfoil hats are making the claims.
Our owngovernment has released videos captured by fighter jet pilots. Clearly, something out of the ordinary is happening.
An emerging industry of nuclear-fusion firms promises to have commercial reactors ready in the next decade.
By Philip Ball
The ancient village of Culham, nestled in a bend of the River Thames west of London, seems an unlikely launching pad for the future. But next year, construction will start here on a gleaming building of glass and steel that could house what many people consider to be an essential technology to meet demand for clean energy in the twenty-first century and beyond.
Long derided as a prospect that is forever 30 years away, nuclear fusion seems finally to be approaching commercial viability. There are now more than 30 private fusion firms globally, according to an October survey by the Fusion Industry Association (FIA) in Washington DC, which represents companies in the sector; the 18 firms that have declared their funding say they have attracted more than US$2.4 billion in total, almost entirely from private investments (see ‘Fusion funding’). Key to these efforts are advances in materials research and computing that are enabling technologies other than the standard designs that national and international agencies have pursued for so long.
FUSION FUNDING
Private fusion firms have disclosed more than $2.4 billion in funding.
TAE Technologies 880 US$ million
Helion Energy 578
Commonwealth Fusion Systems 250
General Fusion 200
Tokamak Energy 200
Other (12 firms) 302
The latest venture at Culham — the hub of UK fusion research for decades — is a demonstration plant for General Fusion (GF), a company based in Burnaby, Canada. It is scheduled to start operating in 2025, and the company aims to have reactors for sale in the early 2030s. It “will be the first power-plant-relevant large-scale demonstration”, says GF’s chief executive Chris Mowry — unless, that is, its competitors deliver sooner.
Designed by British architect Amanda Levete, GF’s prototype plant illustrates the way fusion research has shifted from gargantuan state- or internationally funded enterprises to sleek, image-conscious affairs driven by private companies, often with state support. (GF will receive some UK government funding; it has not disclosed how much.)
Artist’s impression of General Fusion’s planned plant at Culham, UK. Credit: AL_A for General Fusion. Lead image: The world's strongest high-temperature superconducting magnet will be used in a 2025 fusion reactor in Massachusetts.
Credit: Gretchen Ertl, CFS/MIT-PSFC, 2021
In this respect, advocates of fusion technology say it has many parallels with the space industry. That, too, was once confined to government agencies but is now benefiting from the drive and imagination of nimble (albeit often state-assisted) private enterprise. This is “the SpaceX moment for fusion”, says Mowry, referring to Elon Musk’s space-flight company in Hawthorne, California.
“The mood has changed,” says Thomas Klinger, a fusion specialist at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP) in Greifswald, Germany. “We can smell that we’re getting close.” Investors sense the real prospect of returns on their money: Google and the New York City-based investment bank Goldman Sachs, for instance, are among those funding the fusion company TAE Technologies, based in Foothill Ranch, California, which has raised around $880 million so far. “Companies are starting to build things at the level of what governments can build,” says Bob Mumgaard, chief executive of Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS), based in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
And just as private space travel is now materializing, many industry observers are forecasting that the same business model will give rise to commercial fusion — desperately needed to decarbonize the energy economy — within a decade. “There’s a very good shot to get there within less than ten years,” says Michl Binderbauer, chief executive of TAE Technologies. In the FIA report, a majority of respondents thought that fusion would power an electrical grid somewhere in the world in the 2030s.
Several fusion researchers who don’t work for private firms told Nature that, although prospects are undeniably exciting, commercial fusion in a decade is overly optimistic. “Private companies say they’ll have it working in ten years, but that’s just to attract funders,” says Tony Donné, programme manager of the Eurofusion consortium which conducts experiments at the state-run Joint European Torus, established at Culham in the late 1970s. “They all have stated constantly to be about ten years away from a working fusion reactor, and they still do.”
Timelines that companies project should be regarded not so much as promises but as motivational aspirations, says Melanie Windridge, a plasma physicist who is the FIA’s UK director of communications, and a communications consultant for the fusion firm Tokamak Energy, in Culham. “I think bold targets are necessary,” she says. State support is also likely to be needed to build a fusion power plant that actually feeds electricity into the grid, adds Ian Chapman, chief executive of the UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA).
But whether it comes from small-scale private enterprise, huge national or international fusion projects, or a bit of both, practical nuclear fusion finally seems to be on the horizon. “I’m convinced that it’s going to happen”, says Chapman. Chris Kelsall, chief executive of Tokamak Energy, agrees. “Sooner or later this will be cracked,” he says. “And it will be transformative.”
Seventy-year dream
Nuclear fusion, says Klinger, is “the only primary energy source left in the Universe” that we have yet to exploit. Ever since the process that powers the stars was harnessed in the 1950s for hydrogen bombs, technologists have dreamt of unlocking it in a more controlled manner for energy generation.
Existing nuclear power plants use fission: the release of energy when heavy atoms such as uranium decay. Fusion, by contrast, produces energy by merging very light nuclei, typically hydrogen, which can happen only at very high temperatures and pressures. Most efforts to harness it in reactors involve heating the hydrogen isotopes deuterium (D) and tritium (T) until they form a plasma — a fluid state of matter containing ionized atoms and other charged particles — and then fuse (see ‘Fuel mix’). For these isotopes, fusion starts at lower temperatures and densities than for normal hydrogen.
D–T fusion generates some radiation in the form of short-lived neutrons, but no long-lived radioactive waste, unlike fission. It is also safer than fission because it can be switched off easily: if the plasma is brought below critical thresholds of temperature or density, the nuclear reactions stop.
FUEL MIX
Many reactors fuse deuterium (D) with tritium (T) to release energy. This mix ignites, or creates a self-sustaining fusion reaction,at around 100 million kelvin. It produces neutrons, which can make the chamber radioactive.
Deuterium + Tritium Helium 4 + neutron
Other reactions, such as fusing protons (p) with boron-11 (11B), don’t produce neutrons, but ignition requires higher temperatures.
p Boron-11 3a
What makes it so difficult to conduct in a controlled manner, however, is the challenge of containing electrically charged plasma that is undergoing fusion at temperatures of around 100 million kelvin — much hotter than the centre of the Sun. Generally, researchers use magnetic fields to confine and levitate the plasma inside the reactor. But instabilities in this infernal fluid make containment very difficult, and have so far prevented fusion from being sustained for long enough to extract more energy than is put in to trigger it.
This is necessarily big science, and until this century, only state-run projects could muster the resources. The scale of the enterprise is reflected today in the world’s biggest fusion effort: ITER, a fusion reactor being constructed in southern France and supported by 35 nations, including China, European Union member states, the United States, Russia, South Korea and Japan, with a price tag of at least $22 billion.
Although the first test runs are scheduled for 2025, full D–T fusion is not scheduled until 2035, ultimately with the goal of continuously extracting 500 MW of power — comparable to the output of a modest coal-fired power plant — while putting 50 MW into the reactor. (These numbers refer only to the energy put directly into and drawn out of the plasma; they don’t factor in other processes such as maintenance needs or the inefficiencies of converting the fusion heat output into electricity.)
A further series of big reactors might follow ITER: China, which has three fusion reactors feeding results into ITER, plans a China Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor (CFETR) in the 2030s, and both South Korea and the EU propose to build demonstration power plants that would follow on from ITER.
The big national and international efforts won’t succeed soon enough to enable the decarbonization needed to address climate change, although fusion is expected to become a key part of the energy economy in the second half of the century. But private companies hope to have working and affordable devices sooner (see ‘Fusion rush’).
As with space exploration, one of the benefits of a private fusion sector is greater diversity of approaches than monolithic state enterprises can muster. ITER is using the most common approach to confining plasma, in a device called a tokamak, which uses powerful superconducting magnets to hold the plasma in a ring-shaped (toroidal) vessel. The flow of the electrically charged plasma particles themselves also generates a magnetic field that helps to confine the plasma.
But a tokamak isn’t the only option. In the early days of fusion, in the 1950s, US astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer showed that magnetic fields could be configured in a twisted loop, rather like a figure of eight, to make a ‘magnetic bottle’ that could be filled with plasma. This design was known as a stellarator. But solving the equations describing the plasma for this complex geometry was too computationally intensive, so the concept was mostly abandoned once tokamaks had been shown to work.
As supercomputers became available in the late 1980s, however, researchers revisited the idea. This led to a stellarator project at the IPP called the Wendelstein 7-X reactor. Costing more than €1 billion (US$1.15 billion) to build, staff and operate up to its first plasma testing in 2015, with construction costs of €370 million largely borne by the German government, Wendelstein 7-X will be completed by the end of this year. Then comes a long process of working out how to operate it routinely as a demonstration project.
Stellarators have the advantage that their plasma is more easily confined, with no need (as in tokamaks) to drive strong electric currents through it to keep a lid on instabilities, says fusion physicist Josefine Proll at Eindhoven University of Technology in the Netherlands. But it’s not clear whether it will be possible to implement stellarator technology in a reactor in 20–30 years. “It seems not all that likely at this moment,” she says. “We have a lot of basic questions still to answer,” says Klinger. “This is a first-of-a-kind machine, so one must be patient and go step by step.” Private companies set shorter-term goals because they have to satisfy their stakeholders, he says — but that doesn’t mean they can deliver.
Alternative designs
Some private fusion companies are sticking with the tokamak design, but scaled down. At Tokamak Energy, a team of around 165 employees is working on a spherical tokamak, shaped like an apple with its core removed. At 3.5 metres across, it will be many times smaller than the ITER tokamak, which, with surrounding cooling equipment, will be almost 30 metres wide and tall. Some state-funded schemes are considering the compact spherical design, too: the UKAEA, for example, has launched a project called STEP (Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production) that aims to create such a device in a prototype plant that would deliver at least 100 MW to the national grid by 2040. The UKAEA has shortlisted five sites to host the plant, and expects the final choice to be made next year.
Hydrogen plasma in Tokamak Energy’s ST40 spherical tokamak. This video has no sound.
Credit: Tokamak Energy Ltd
Key to these designs are new kinds of magnets made from ribbons of high-temperature superconducting materials, which should produce much stronger fields than the conventional superconducting magnets used by ITER. They are “a potential game-changer”, says Klinger — not just because of their higher fields, but also because conventional superconductors need liquid-helium cooling. That is an engineering nightmare: liquid helium’s viscosity is almost zero, allowing it to leak through any tiny cracks. High-temperature superconductors, by contrast, can be cooled with liquid nitrogen, which is abundant, cheap and easy to store.
Both Tokamak Energy (in collaboration with CERN, Europe’s particle-physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland) and CFS are banking on these new magnets. In August, CFS announced that it had made them in the form needed for its tokamaks — “on schedule and on budget”, Mumgaard says proudly.
In 2018, CFS was spun off from the Plasma Science and Fusion Center of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, and Klinger considers the firm “the most promising, most valuable and most thought-through private fusion initiative”. MIT and CFS together are preparing to build what Mumgaard calls “the first fusion machine that makes net energy” — producing more energy than goes into it. Named SPARC, it is being constructed in Devens, Massachusetts. Mumgaard says it will be running by the end of 2025, and will be “commercially relevant” because it will generate around 100 MW of power.
First Light Fusion, a company spun off from the University of Oxford, UK, in 2011, is pursuing a different strategy, called inertial confinement. Here, the fusion plasma isn’t held by magnetic fields: rather, a shock wave compresses it to the immense densities needed for fusion, and the plasma retains its shape just for a split second by inertia alone, before spreading out and dissipating its energy. The idea has been around since the 1950s, and is also being studied at the US National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, where pea-sized plastic capsules of D–T fuel are imploded by nanosecond pulses of laser light to ignite fusion. In August, NIF reported a laser shot that produced a fleeting energy output 8 times higher than it had ever before achieved — and amounted to 70% of the energy that had gone into the reaction. That has raised hopes of net gain from inertial-confinement laser fusion, although such an energy-intensive process might be more useful for fundamental research than for large-scale power generation.
At First Light, the compression shock wave is created not by energy-hungry lasers, but by using an electromagnetic projectile gun to fire a small piece of material into a target containing the hydrogen isotopes. The company is keeping details of the process secret, but has said that to achieve fusion, it will need to fire the material at 50 kilometres per second — twice as fast as is typically achieved in current shock-wave experiments.
GF is taking yet another approach, called magnetized target fusion. It involves the plasma being compressed more slowly — for instance, using pistons — but with the aid of magnetic confinement that prevents heat from dissipating as the plasma is squeezed. This idea, suggested in the early 1970s by researchers at the US Naval Research Laboratory in Washington DC, seeks an optimal compromise between the energy-intensive high magnetic fields needed to confine a tokamak plasma, and the energy-intensive shock waves, lasers or other methods used to rapidly compress plasma in inertial-confinement designs.
GF’s design for its Culham reactor uses a centrifuge to spin a chamber filled with molten lead and lithium. That motion opens a cavity in the liquid metal, where the plasma sits. A piston system pumps more liquid metal into the chamber, compressing the plasma over a few tens of milliseconds. Fusion begins; then the pressure is released and the process repeated in pulses, about once a second.
One especially neat aspect of this reactor is how it generates tritium fuel — a hugely expensive resource that can be made only in nuclear reactions, and decays rapidly. In ITER and other designs, tritium will be produced when neutrons escaping the reactor hit a lithium blanket lining the tokamak. In GF’s design, tritium is made when neutrons hit lithium within the liquid-metal compression system itself.
GF has cracked key challenges only in the past few years — making a plasma target that lasts for long enough to be compressed, and smoothly and rapidly collapsing the liquid- metal cavity. The firm says, however, that after it has its UK demonstration plant operating in 2025, it will “power homes, businesses and industry with clean, reliable and affordable fusion energy by the early 2030s”.
TAE Technologies has, in some ways, an even more audacious concept. It plans to abandon D–T fuel altogether, instead fusing boron-11 atoms with hydrogen-1 nuclei (protons). This idea, championed by TAE’s co-founder, the Canadian plasma physicist Norman Rostoker, and dubbed p–11B fusion, requires temperatures ten times greater than for D–T fusion: about one billion kelvin. The advantage is that this reaction uses only abundantly available fuel, and generates no neutrons that could contaminate the reactor. Binderbauer says that the concept offers lowers maintenance costs and a much more sustainable end goal.
In TAE reactors, the plasma is confined inside a cylindrical magnetic field made by a solenoid — a design that draws on particle-accelerator technologies. The plasma rotates around the axis; that rotation, as in a spinning top, generates inherent stability. Confinement doesn’t require strong external magnetic fields; those are mostly generated by the spinning plasma itself. To keep it rotating, tangential beams of boron inject angular momentum, rather as a top is torqued by a whip.
The company has made prototypes to demonstrate this set-up; since 2017, it has been working with a test system called Norman, and it is now starting work on a device called Copernicus that will run with normal hydrogen (or other non-fusing) plasmas to avoid producing neutrons. Computer simulations will show what energy would be generated if real fusion fuel were used. If TAE achieves the conditions needed for D–T fusion — which it hopes to do by around the middle of this decade — the company plans to license the technology to others who are pursuing those fuels. Binderbauer calls Copernicus a “stepping stone” to the temperatures needed for p–11B fusion. “We’re convinced that we can go to the billion-degree level,” he says — and he hopes to see this towards the end of the decade.
Among the many other private fusion firms, Helion Energy, in Everett, Washington, has attracted the most interest from investors: this month, it announced a $500-million funding round, bringing its total to $578 million. Its aim is to generate electricity directly from fusion, rather than using the process to heat fluids and drive turbines. Helion’s technique involves firing pulses of plasma together inside a linear reactor, then rapidly compressing the merged plasma with magnetic fields. When fusion occurs, the plasma expands and its magnetic field interacts with that surrounding the reactor to induce an electric current. Helion hopes to fuse a mixture of deuterium and helium-3, which would not produce neutrons as a by-product. But helium-3 itself would need to be produced by D–D fusion. The company is building a demonstration reactor called Polaris, which it aims to have in operation by 2024.
How Helion’s technology will generate electricity. This video has no sound.
Credit: Helion Energy
Cheaper reactors?
The reactors built by private companies, being smaller than ITER-scale projects, will be much more affordable. Tokamak Energy’s co-founder, David Kingham, envisages billion-dollar devices, and Binderbauer thinks TAE’s systems could be built for around $250 million.
The aim is to make small fusion reactors that are compatible with existing energy grids. Kelsall says they could also serve industries that are particularly energy-intensive, such as metal smelting — a sector that can’t be supplied by renewables. Mowry adds that shipping could be another important market: devices producing around 100 MW of power are “just the right size for a large container ship”.
Donné remains cautious about the prospects, however, saying that private companies “are working on aggressive time paths compared to publicly funded projects, but also have a much higher risk of potential failure”. All the same, TAE, for one, insists that it is still on the track that it promised in the mid-2010s, of having a fusion device ready for commercialization by around the end of this decade
Despite his scepticism, Donné adds: “I see the booming of private fusion companies as a good sign. There can be mutual benefits in keeping close ties between public and private fusion projects.” That’s certainly happening. Not only is the private fusion industry building on years of state investment in projects such as ITER, but it is benefiting from governments that see value in supporting it — which is why the UK government and the US Department of Energy are also investing in firms such as Tokamak Energy, CFS and GF. Mowry thinks that such public–private partnerships are the way forward — as they were for COVID-19 vaccines. And, as with the vaccines, fusion will be needed everywhere, especially as energy use rises in lower-income countries.
The vaccines showed “what you can do if you have the resources”, says Windridge. “If we had that kind of commitment in energy, I think it would be incredible to see what can be achieved.” As with the vaccines, too, society desperately needs more clean, carbon-free sources of energy. “This is an existential challenge,” says Mowry. “Fusion is the vaccine for climate change.”
When workers were cleaning up about 6 inches of mud and other debris caused by flooding at Colorado’s Picket Wire Canyonlands in the Comanche National Grassland, they discovered between 100 and 150 dinosaur footprints. Bruce Schumacher, who is a paleontologist with the U.S. Forest Service, stated that the round footprints were left behind by dinosaurs that belonged to the same family of Brontosaurus.
Brontosaurus was a type of sauropod dinosaur that lived between 156.3 and 146.8 million years ago during the late part of Jurassic Period. These herbivores could grow as large as 72 feet in length (22 meters) and weighed as much as 17 tons. They were believed to have lived as long as 100 years and perhaps even longer.
Brontosaurus
These newly discovered footprints will be added to the approximately 2,000 prints already discovered at the location. And there could possibly be even more as Schumacher explained that they “could continue for a long, long time.” “But we’ve kind of reached a point where we’ve got a good amount exposed. At least I feel like we’re at a place to continue to manage it as it is.”
All of the dinosaur tracks have been discovered in more than 130 different trackways in about a quarter of a mile of bedrock that is located along the banks of the Purgatoire River.
During the Jurassic Period, the southeastern part of Colorado was full of forests with ground ferns, tree ferns, sequoia trees, and pine trees, along with tropical climate and a massive shallow lake where the Purgatoire River Valley is now located. Allosaurus and Apatosaurus dinosaurs often visited the shoreline where they left their tracks. In fact, the Comanche National Grassland has the biggest dinosaur track site in all of North America.
A picture of the newly discovered dinosaur footprints can be seen here.
Comanche National Grassland
(Via Wikipedia)
In addition to the massive amount of dinosaur footprints, rock art created by the Native Americans can also be found at the location on the canyon walls. These images, which are between 375 and 4,500 years old, include elk, deer, abstract designs, and humans.
The historic Rourke Ranch is another favorite area for visitors to explore. Built in 1871, it was used by Eugene and Mary Rourke who used it as a horse and cattle ranch. It was in use for three generations until being sold in 1971. Known as one of the most successful ranches in the southwest, it started out with 40 acres and grew to more than 50,000 acres.
Maybe, it has afflicted you on more than one occasion. Perhaps, now and again. Possibly, it’s something that has never bothered you. Or, you get it regularly. What is it? Well, I’ll tell you: it’s the issue of how certain Ufologists, researchers and witnesses to UFO phenomena find themselves on the receiving end of weird phone-calls. To some degree this ties in with the threatening Men in Black. On other occasions, the whole thing is just bizarre. With that said, I’ll share with you a few examples. On November 9, 2014, the Marshall family of Perth, Australia had a strange encounter after seeing a huge, black, triangular shaped UFO flying completely silently, and at a dangerously low level, as they headed home after a night out on June 3, 1999. Although they did not tell anyone about their experience (at least, not at the time, anyway), late on the following night the phone rang. It was a man with a strange and somewhat European accent who warned them not to talk about the craft they had seen [italics mine]. In this case, the family forgot about the experience until years later when they saw a TV documentary on the Men in Black enigma – which referenced the issue of the MIB making threatening phone calls to UFO witnesses. Today, the family is solidly convinced that what they experienced was full-blown intimidation from a menacing MIB. I had to agree, when I read the facts.
Point Pleasant, West Virginia is – beyond any shadow of doubt – noted most of all for its wave of sightings of the infamous Mothman, between 1966 and 1967. In 2014, however, the town played host to something even stranger. The witness to the weird affair was a local woman named Denise, who emailed me the details on May 23. As Denise explained, she was jolted from her sleep by the sight of a young boy looming over her bed. This was no normal boy, however: it was one of the dreaded Black-Eyed Children – pale-skinned, black-hoodie-wearing kids who are noted for their completely black eyes. Denise tried to scream out, but her vocal-chords were paralyzed, as was her entire body. The eerie boy stared at terrified Denise for a few moments, then retreated into the shadows of the room and vanished. It was a nerve-jangling experience that Denise has not forgotten. Nor has she forgotten a strange wave of hang-up phone calls that occurred across the next three nights, and all around 3:00 a.m. A connection? Denise believed so. As did I[Italics mine].
(Nick Redfern) Point Pleasant, West Virginia
August 2015 was a time when, for me, telephone problems were absolutely rife. As an example, Whitley Strieber invited me on his Unknown Country show to talk about my MIB book and we experienced endless amounts of very strange interference and odd sounds on the line. The exact same thing happened, at a later date, with Coast to Coast AM – something which took on even stranger proportions when my landline phone suddenly quit. So, I proceeded to use my cell-phone as a back-up. The battery drained astonishingly quickly, despite being fully charged. And, so, I had to hastily dig out of a cupboard an old, spare, cordless landline phone, which finally allowed us to complete the show. You’ll see from the cases above, all of them were relatively close to each other: from 2014 to 2015. There was more, too. A lot more. The strangest, one, however, took place back in 2003. I had returned from a trip to Taos, New Mexico, where I met with a now-deceased UFO researcher/whistleblower, Dan Salter – a man who claimed insider knowledge of the Marilyn Monroe-UFO controversy. I interviewed the guy and then we wrapped up. So, after getting home, I crashed in the sack. For a while…
It was around 2:00 a.m. and the phone rang. None of us like those situations. And all for the same reason: that, maybe, the voice on the other end will be calling with bad news. In a half-asleep state I ran into the darkness-filled living-room and, without thinking of reaching for the light, fumbled around to grab the phone. As I picked it up, I heard what sounded like screeching static, such was the ear-blasting level of the volume. In a few seconds, though, I was able to figure it out. It was a recording of Marilyn’s never-to-be-forgotten rendition of “Happy Birthday” for JFK at the third Madison Square Garden in New York on May 19, 1962, even though JFK’s actual birth-date of May 29. And the recording was playing over and over on a loop. No call-number was available. A warning? Of what? Having someone play “Happy Birthday” down the line to me – in the dead of night – is certainly one of the nuttiest things that has ever happened to me, but it was hardly something guaranteed to keep me wide awake for the rest of the night. I guessed the message had to be for me, but it was so obscure there was little I could do except make a few notes and save them for posterity. Then, I headed back to bed and slept fine.
For the record, near-identical situations have happened to me on a handful of occasions. Again, it was in the middle of the night. I was woken up, and there was a voice on the phone. This time, it was the sound of one of those battery-powered laughing bags. That’s what can happen when you get into Ufology: you’re exposed to loonies, M.I.B. and spies (and which are, sometimes, one and the very same) with too much time on their hands.
The experts made what is being dubbed as "one of the most important discoveries in 50 years" in Abu Gorab, south of Cairo. They found one of the four "lost Sun temples" erected by the pharaohs of the fifth dynasty to complement their pyramids. These magnificent monuments were said to have been constructed to make the pharaoh a god while still alive.
But while experts believe six were built by different pharaohs, only two have ever been found by modern archaeologists – now one of those mysteries has finally been solved, according to Dr Massimiliano Nuzzolo.
The assistant professor of Egyptology at the Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, said: “Each king wanted a pyramid for achieving his resurrection but this was not enough for the fifth dynasty kings.
"They wanted something more. The king built [a Sun temple] to turn himself into a god. The Sun god.”
Ra, the Sun god, was the most powerful god in ancient Egypt and the focal point of many elaborate rituals that were performed both on the living and dead.
Archaeologists made a stunning find
(Image: GETTY)
The remains of a Sun temple were uncovered
(Image: NAT GEO)
These grant structures were built around a tall, pyramid-like obelisk that aligned perfectly with the east-west axis of the Sun.
Dr Nuzzolo focused on one of the already known Sun temples, which was built in Abu Goab by the king Nyuserre, who ruled for about 30 years in the 25th century BC.
But after carefully digging under its shattered remains, he found an older base made of mud bricks, indicating that a building previously existed at the site.
However, the experts had no idea what it was.
Experts then discovered the two-foot-deep base of a white limestone pillar which they suggested the original structure was "quite impressive".
It solves the mystery of one of the temple's locations
(Image: NAT GEO)
Dr Nuzzolo said: “We knew that there was something below the stone temple of Nyuserre, but we don’t know if it is just another building phase of the same temple or if it is a new temple.
“Actually, the fact that there is such a huge, monumental entrance would point to a new building.
"So, why not another Sun temple, one of the missing Sun temples?”
But then an array of beer jars filled with mud were uncovered providing the final proof the old site was a temple.
The experts believe they were an offering reserved for the most sacred places.
The remains of what is believed to be one of the lost sun temples dating back about 4,500 years during the middle part of the 25th century BCE has been unearthed by archaeologists in Egypt. The structure was found buried underneath another temple located at Abu Ghurab.
This isn’t the first sun temple that has been found. In fact, it is thought that a total of six sun temples were constructed around Abu Ghurab; however, only two had been previously discovered. Back in 1898, the sun temple of Nyuserra (also called Neuserre or Nyuserre) – the sixth king of the 5th dynasty – was found by archaeologists at the same site as the recently discovered one. It is now believed that the Nyuserra temple was built over an older one.
Reconstruction of Nyuserre’s Sun Temple by Gaston Maspero.
(Via Wikipedia)
In an email to CNN, Massimiliano Nuzzolo, who is the mission’s co-director as well as an assistant professor of Egyptology at the Polish Academy of Sciences’ Institute for Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures in Warsaw, went into further details, “The archaeologists of the 19th century excavated only a very small part of this mud bricks building below the stone temple of Nyuserra and concluded that this was a previous building phase of the same temple,” adding, “Now our finds demonstrate that this was a completely different building, erected before Nyuserra.” (The dig is a joint mission by the Polish Academy of Sciences as well as the University of Naples L’Orientale.)
The researchers found several items that seem to prove that the sun temple was much older than the one of Nyuserra. These artifacts, which contained engravings of kings who ruled prior to Nyuserra, included seals for jar stoppers, a limestone threshold, and the bases of two limestone columns that would have been located at the entrance.
Additional items found at the site included dozens of beer jars with some of them still containing mud that was used during ancient religious rituals. Furthermore, the jars date back one or two generations prior to when Nyuserra was alive.
Statue of Nyuserra
(Via Wikipedia)
As for the temple itself, it was constructed with mud bricks and was “…impressive in size” as described by Nuzzolo. It was later destroyed in order for Nyuserra to have his temple built which was bigger and made with stones.
Now that the latest sun temple has been unearthed, researchers are hoping to figure out which former king had it built. And by analyzing the pottery that was found there, they will hopefully learn more about those who inhabited the area during ancient times, such as their beliefs and what types of food they feasted on.
Pictures of the ancient sun temple and some of the artifacts can be viewed here.
The temple was discovered beneath a later sun temple.
Lost Treasures of Egypt/National Geographic/Windfall Films
We have long looked out into the sky and wondered what lies out there. It seems that ever since the first flickers of consciousness swirled within our brains we have looked up at the heavens and wondered at what lies out there and what our place is. On our long road to understanding of the universe we live in, there have been many strides and missteps. Science has tried to pave the way forward over the horizon of the unknown, and sometimes it gets it very right, and sometimes it gets things so very, very wrong. Here we will look at a rather entertaining look at the latter.
Reverend Thomas Dick was born in November of 1774, and was a British church minister, science teacher and writer who had a deep and intense interest in astronomy from a young age. It all began when he saw a meteor streak across the sky when he was 9 years old, and before long he was devising his own telescope fashioned from some modified spectacle lenses and pasteboard tubes. He would pursue this passion into adulthood, and although his career as a preacher derailed a bit when he was excommunicated for having an affair with his servant, he nevertheless still managed to churn out quite a few scientific, philosophical, and religious works that were well received both in England and America and would go on to influence countless scientists, engineers, politicians, writers and thinkers. Yet for all of his respected work, some things really stand out as very odd in this day and age.
Thomas Dick
Between stints at writing, preaching, and scientific research, Dick became more and more obsessed with the idea that we are not alone in the universe. He was what is called a “natural theologist,” meaning that he believed that God’s signs pervaded nature and the cosmos, and that if He had deemed it worthy to create life here, then He had probably done it elsewhere as well. He came to strongly believe in the concept of the plurality of worlds, or cosmic pluralism, that every planet in the Solar System was inhabited and that God would not have created a universe that consisted of merely barren expanses and lifeless rocks. Dick believed that God would want the grandeur of His creation to be witnessed as widely as possible, and so he came to believe that all of the planets of the solar system must therefore be inhabited. He would say of this in his book Celestial Scenery:
This is a conclusion which is not merely probable, but absolutely certain, for the opposite opinion would rob the Deity of the most distinguishing attribute of his nature, by virtually denying him the perfection of infinite wisdom and intelligence. But we have no reason to conclude that they are exactly similar to us. Schemes far more foolish and preposterous than the above have been contrived and acted upon in every age of the world.
The idea of alien life in our solar system in and of itself wasn’t a new idea, and indeed the astronomer William Herschel had been talking about it since way back, but Dick was one of the first to actually try to make a census of just how many aliens there were. He was so sure that the rest of the solar system was inhabited that he went about trying to calculate exactly how many aliens there were populating each planet in our neighborhood, ultimately falling back on the now questionable method of using the surface area of each planet and the population density of England. In those days there were an average of 280 people per square mile in England, so crunching the numbers gave Dick an idea of how many extraterrestrials there were on each celestial object, and his predictions are wild, to say the least.
According to Dick, based on his calculations, there were 50 billion creatures living on Venus, seven trillion on Jupiter, 15 billion Martians on Mars, eight trillion living on Saturn, and even 4.2 billion on the moon and the asteroid Vesta holding around 64 million inhabitants according to him. Dick even theorized that Saturn’s rings were inhabited, and surmised that there were no fewer than 21 trillion inhabitants of the solar system, possibly even more if the sun was also inhabited, which he believed it was, even theorizing that it could support an additional 31 times as many creatures. Indeed, Dick believed that although these alien creatures would similar to us in size and habits of living, God had provided each planet with organisms capable of adapting to live in their own respective habitats, even the sun, which was pretty revelatory since this was just before Charles Darwin would come out with his theories on evolution. He would say:
We need not imagine there will be any great difficulty in ascending such lofty eminences; for the inhabitants of such worlds may be furnished with bodies different from those of the human race, and endowed with locomotive powers far superior to ours.
Dick would die in 1857 at the age of 82 without meeting a single one of these 22 trillion galactic neighbors, and to this day we haven’t met any of them either. It all seems pretty silly to us now, but back in the day Dick was so respected as a scientist that it didn’t all seem totally absurd. Looking back at it all now, it seems to be a rather charming, if misguided foray into gathering an understanding of our solar system, and although we can laugh now, it all goes to show the stumbling blocks we have had when venturing out into the vast unknown above our heads, and how much we don’t know even now.
Will November 15th, 2021, go down in history as the day the first shot was fired starting the first war in space. Or will it go down as the first example of how a space program can shoot itself in the foot without gravity? Both are possible as news spreads that the Russian military destroyed one of its own satellites with a missile on November 15th … and the resulting debris put the International Space Station in such danger that the crew members were forced to take shelter in the attached space capsules. This comes just days after the ISS was moved to avoid colliding with an old piece of a Chinese rocket. Are any – or all – of these events related? Is this a first shot, a first shot-in-the-foot … or something else? Something worse?
“Earlier today, due to the debris generated by the destructive Russian Anti-Satellite (ASAT) test, ISS astronauts and cosmonauts undertook emergency procedures for safety.
“Like Secretary Blinken, I’m outraged by this irresponsible and destabilizing action. With its long and storied history in human spaceflight, it is unthinkable that Russia would endanger not only the American and international partner astronauts on the ISS, but also their own cosmonauts. Their actions are reckless and dangerous, threatening as well the Chinese space station and the taikonauts on board.
“All nations have a responsibility to prevent the purposeful creation of space debris from ASATs and to foster a safe, sustainable space environment.
“NASA will continue monitoring the debris in the coming days and beyond to ensure the safety of our crew in orbit.”
That statement from NASA Administrator Bill Nelson says it all from the U.S. side, but both crews were affected – The Guardian and Spaceflight Now reported that most of the NASA and ESA crew members moved to the SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft and the two Russian cosmonauts and NASA astronaut Mark Vande Hei boarded the Soyuz spacecraft on the Russian side. In response, ROSCOSMOS tweeted:
“The crew of the International Space Station regularly performs work in accordance with the flight program. The orbit of the object, due to which the crew was forced today according to standard procedures to transfer to spaceships, moved away from the ISS orbit. The station is in the “green zone”.”
That “Move along … nothing to see here” comment belittles the reality that a Russian missile exploded a defunct satellite into over 1500 pieces of trackable orbital debris and hundreds of thousands of pieces of smaller orbital debris in the direct path of the ISS, which was reportedly in danger on two orbital passes before getting the ‘all clear’. In a strong statement, US State Department spokesperson Ned Price said “We will work with our allies and partners in different ways to make clear that the United States, that the international community is not going to tolerate this kind of irresponsible behavior,” but will not take any action “today.”
The question is … was this an intentional provocation or a dangerous screw-up? With the problems on the oxygen-leaking Russian side of the ISS, the on-again-off-again plans for a Russian space station, and political tensions on the ground, this is a troubling situation.
The verdict on November 15, 2021, is far from being decided.
Now maybe finding a head of a statue is not significant to NASA since they over look so many archeological discoveries daily on Mars, but to me its significant. The face is not only the face of an intelligent species that once lived on Mars, but also the face of a child about 10-14 years of age. The curly hair, chubby cheeks and chin really stand out, not to mention the eyes, nose, mouth and forehead. The hair...the hair seems to be in a bun on the top, so it has a high probability of being a female. The statue head is looking out from the small hill and its facing outward on purpose...its where it was placed, so that it can look out to the horizon...I'm guessing its probably aimed at the setting sun. Also the face itself is very small, about 3 inches across, or 6-7cm. That means the probability of this species being 30 cm or 1 foot tall is very likely.
Here on Earth there are many short people, a few that are only 20-28 inches tall, 1.5-2 feet tall. And those people had a normal intelligence and you or I. So its safe to assume that a species once lived on Mars and was only 20-30 cm tall. Clearly they had a high intelligence...just look at that incredible detail of the face they made. It was probably made to be a head stone...for a grave...a final goodbye to a loved one lost. I really wonder how may archeological artifacts are passed by the NASA rover every year? Hundreds...thousands...too many to even believe possible, and yet...the rover passes by as if the discoveries don't even exist. Ask yourself why? Because, the rover is not there to inform the public, but instead to appease and drop feed the public boring scientific info the control the publics curiosity.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:Ruins, strange artifacts on other planets, moons, ed ( Fr, EN, NL )
Possible triangle UFO hovering above Fort Worth, Texas 16-Nov-2021
Possible triangle UFO hovering above Fort Worth, Texas 16-Nov-2021
Here’s one new UFO video of a possible triangular-shaped formation hovering in the sky above Forth Worth, TX on 16th November 2021.
Witness report:
Viewed a hovering craft with two main “motherships” there were smaller disc-like crafts entering and exiting. From the video at certain points this can be noticed, such as about 1:47 minutes in…the video doesn’t do justice from what I could see with my eyes, the ships could be seen visibly entering what I could see as docking stations. At certain points when there were violent flashes, it was close enough that my phone would cut out. Thanks for letting me post this, if you know of anything that I don’t see, please let me know. Keeping this video just to you from me, has not been shared with any other organizations at all.
Luis Elizondo, the ex-head of the Pentagon UFO program, reveals more informaton pertaining to his time working for the government.
While working for the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), Elizondo witnessed and learned about numerous things that defy explanation.
There are few people with more inside knowledge about the world of UFOs, Demi Lovatoaside, than the former head of the Pentagon UFO program Luis Elizondo.
Elizondo, who has a new tell-all book coming out soon, that will “reveal shocking never-before-shared details” and have “profound implications for humanity,” recently spoke to GQ UK about some of his experiences working for the government in the Pentagon’s Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP).
In a lengthy interview, Luis Elizondo discussed some of his experiences working for the AATIP, his current work with congress helping to set up a program that works with allies to report and monitor UAPs (unidedntified aerial phenomena – today’s government term for UFOs), and whether he believes many of the UFOs witnessed and reported in the past were man-made or from some other world.
When asked why he believes many of these UFOs are not just some sort of foreign government’s spy technology, Elizondo’s answer was striking.
“Well, if that were the case, this would be the greatest intelligence failure that this country has ever faced, including that of 9/11,” Elizondo explained. “Because some country, for more than 70 years, has managed to be able to conduct operations with a technology that surpasses anything that we’ve ever had or currently have. And they’ve been able to operate in and around our restricted airspace unchallenged.
“But the second reason is there’s a time aspect. I have in my possession official US government documentation that describes the exact same vehicle that we now call the Tic Tac [seen by the Nimitz pilots in 2004] being described in the early 1950s and early 1960s and performing in ways that, frankly, can outperform anything we have in our inventory. For some country to have developed hypersonic technology, instantaneous acceleration and basically transmedial travel in the early 1950s is absolutely preposterous.”
3/21/66: With unidentified flying objects reportedly frequenting the southern Michigan area, curious citizens are turning out by the hundreds to scan the night sky. These area residents gathered late at the scene of a reported sighting by Dexter patrolman Robert Huniwell.
Elizondo also confirmed that there are a lot of videos of UFOs in the government’s possession that the public still hasn’t seen.
“There’s one that’s 23 minutes long,” he said. “There’s another one where this thing is 50 feet away from the cockpit. I mean, it ain’t ours. We know that. Sometimes you just couldn’t believe it – you’d have seven or eight incidents in a single day.”
He also explained why pilots’ observations and reports of UFOs are so important.
“The pilots are trained observers,” said Elizondo. “They are trained to identify an aircraft silhouette at 20 miles away – an SU-22, a European Tornado, a Harrier or even an F-16 – and literally within a split moment’s notice be able to identify friend or foe and shoot it down. What they’re reporting doesn’t fit any type of parameters of any type of conventional aircraft that we know of.”
Elizondo also stated that many of these UFOs may not come from another planet, but rather from another dimension.
3/12/1967: A New Mexico State University student took this photo of what he says is a UFO, while photographing land formations for a geology class. The picture was taken with a 4×5 press camera at F8 at 1/100/second. He said the object made no noise and disappeared as he looked down to change plates in the camera.
He also explained why it may be that so many of these sightings occur near water and nuclear sites: an abundance of super dense hydrogen in water and a potentially limitless supply of energy with nuclear power.
“Right now one of the leading theories out there [about how these UFOs fly] is that someone has figured out a way to manipulate space-time and, in essence, master the idea of antigravity,” said Elizondo.
“Current hypothesis is that it creates a bubble around it and that bubble is insulating itself from the space-time that all of us experience. And so, therefore, the way it experiences space-time within the bubble is fundamentally different from outside the bubble.”
When asked if he believes these UFOs are manned or controlled remotely like a drone, Elizondo responded, “They’re intelligently controlled, for sure, because they’re responding and reacting to our actions. That is for certain,” adding “I suspect they have things inside them.”
As for the recent reports and additional transparency being put forth by the United States government regarding UFOs, Elizondo believes it’s all legit.
“At no time since I’ve been involved with AATIP has my government been involved in an active disinformation campaign, other than initially denying that it was real,” Elizondo said. “The United States government is not in the habit of conducting disinformation on American citizens. There was a time when our government did do that and got caught and so congress passed laws to make sure that will never happen again.”
Read the entire interview with Luis Elizondo over at GQ UK.
Top image: UFO photographed in the sky over DeLand, Florida in 1969.
A photograph taken on November 8 of a “doughnut” UFO has people puzzled. The glowing blue and white object was initially thought by many to be the SpaceX Endeavour capsule which was returning from the International Space Station, completing its 200 day mission.
The Daily Mail even included it in a roundup of photos of the craft’s return home as it flew over Louisiana and Alabama.
Just one problem though. This is what it actually looked like when viewed in those states…
Below is the image that was captured by a photographer in Zurich, Switzerland on the same night…
Those are not the same thing.
In fact, according to Live Science, “When the Endeavour capsule splashed down a little after 10:30 p.m. EDT that night, it landed half a world away in the Gulf of Mexico — more than 5,000 miles (8,000 kilometers) from Zurich.”
While spectators in Louisiana, Alabama and several other Gulf states saw clear views of the capsule streaming across the sky, it is almost impossible that anyone in Switzerland would have been able to see the craft’s reentry, Marco Langbroek, an amateur satellite tracker and academic researcher at Leiden University in the Netherlands, told Live Science in an email.
“Any passes [of Endeavour] over Switzerland prior to landing that night would have been completely in Earth’s shadow, i.e. it would not be illuminated by the sun and hence not visible,” said Langbroek. “Reentry itself was over Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico, and would not have been visible from Switzerland. The deorbit burn, prior to reentry, was over the Indian Ocean, so also not visible from Switzerland.”
Langbroek’s best guess is that this “doughnut” UFO was really just “an out-of-focus image of a bright star.”
Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Massachusetts, speculated that the UFO was the upper stage of a rocket reentering the atmosphere and burning up, but wasn’t in any way certain.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
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