Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
30-10-2017
Kunstmatige intelligentie: omarmen of wantrouwen?
Kunstmatige intelligentie: omarmen of wantrouwen?
Thomas van Zwol
Iedereen heeft het erover: kunstmatige intelligentie. Maar wat is het precies? En moeten we er naar uitzien of voor vrezen?
Bij kunstmatige intelligentie denken veel mensen al snel aan robots die al dan niet het slechtste met de mensheid voor hebben. Maar kunstmatige intelligentie is veel breder dan dat en het is zelfs zo breed dat er niet echt een eenduidige definitie voor bestaat. Dat komt mede doordat ‘intelligentie’ zelf zo lastig te vangen is in een definitie. Jan Broersen, universitair hoofddocent en onderzoeker aan de Universiteit Utrecht, vat het samen als “het via computationele middelen proberen nabootsen van onze intelligentie.” Hij voegt nog toe dat hij denkt dat de eerste onderzoekers van kunstmatige intelligentie het nog breder zagen: “Volgens mij hadden zij in hun hoofd dat artificiële intelligentie het nabootsen van de mens in álle aspecten is.”
Van de slimme thermostaat tot Netflix Tegenwoordig vinden we al op veel plekken vormen van kunstmatige intelligentie: in de slimme thermostaat zit het, maar ook bij Netflix voor de aanbevelingen die ze elke gebruiker doen en wat te denken van Alpha Go? Een belangrijke toepassing op dit moment is volgens Broersen het beoordelen van informatie. “Facebook gebruikt het bijvoorbeeld om nepnieuws te onderscheiden van echt nieuws, wat volgens mij ontzettend lastig is.”
Wat is KI? Russell en Norvig splitsen in hun boek Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach de kunstmatige intelligentie op in vier subdomeinen: systemen die denken als een mens, systemen die zich gedragen als een mens, systemen die rationeel denken en systemen die zich rationeel gedragen. Op het gebied van systemen die denken of zich gedragen als een mens is er nog een lange weg te gaan, we weten immers niet eens hoe mensen precies denken, dus laat staan dat we dat in een computer kunnen inbouwen. Een computer die rationeel kan handelen en/of denken is daarentegen een stuk makkelijker te maken: voor rationeel ‘denken’ moet een computer in staat zijn om geldige afleidingen te maken uit kennis die de computer al bezit. Om een simpel voorbeeld te geven, als de computer weet dat A gelijk is aan B en ook dat B gelijk is aan C, dan moet de computer kunnen deduceren dat A gelijk is aan C. Rationeel handelen is handelen op zo’n manier dat het de beste uitkomst tot gevolg heeft. Dat zorgt echter voor een moeilijkheid omdat het soms niet mogelijk is om door rationeel denken tot de juiste handeling te komen: als je je hand op een hete ondergrond legt is de rationele handeling om hem direct terug te trekken, maar die handeling komt niet voort uit rationele gedachten, maar uit een reflex.
“MENS ZIJN IS MEER DAN ALLEEN INTELLIGENTIE EN IK WEET NIET OF WE DAT ZULLEN KUNNEN BENADEREN”
Strong vs Weak Daarnaast wordt kunstmatige intelligentie ook verdeeld in strong AI (sterke KI) en weak AI (zwakke KI). Een strong AI is een systeem dat ‘echt’ kan denken en een bewustzijn heeft, een weak AI is een systeem dat alleen kan handelen alsof het denkt en een bewustzijn heeft. Het probleem is dat deze termen niet heel duidelijk gedefinieerd zijn. Om op Alpha Go terug te komen, op het gebied van het spelen van Go is het een strong AI, maar gezien in een bredere context is het een weak AI omdat het niet verder komt dan het spelen van het spel. Dit is ook het onderscheid dat door veel mensen gemaakt wordt wanneer ze zeggen dat een kunstmatige intelligentie nooit kan bestaan: daarmee bedoelen ze niet dat Alpha Go geen kunstmatige intelligentie is, maar dat een strong AI met dezelfde capaciteiten als een mens niet mogelijk is. Jan Broersen vraagt zich ook af of we ooit tot strong AI zullen komen: “Mens zijn is meer dan alleen intelligentie. Ik weet niet of we dat zullen kunnen benaderen. De wetenschappers die begonnen met het onderzoek in artificiële intelligentie hadden de verwachting dat dat haalbaar moest zijn, alleen veel wetenschappers kijken daar tegenwoordig anders tegenaan.”
KI IN OORLOGSSITUATIES
Het lijkt een kwestie van tijd voor ontwikkelingen binnen de robotica en kunstmatige intelligentie leiden tot zogenoemde ‘killer robots’: autonome wapens die zelf kunnen beslissen of ze iemand doden of niet. Hoe gaan we daar grip op houden? We vroegen het robotica-deskundige Koen Hindriks recent. Lees hier wat hij daarover te vertellen had.
Morele vraagstukken Of het ooit zover komt dat een strong AI gemaakt wordt is een vraag waar nu geen antwoord op te geven is. Maar dat is ook niet van belang, belangrijker zijn de morele vraagstukken die gepaard gaan met de ontwikkeling van kunstmatige intelligentie. Want ook toepassingen die bedoeld zijn om de mens te helpen in plaats van te doden, hebben aspecten waar goed over nagedacht moet worden. Volgens Broersen is het gevaar van kunstmatige intelligentie niet zozeer dat zij kwaadaardig tegenover de mens zullen zijn, maar eerder dat mensen ze voor ‘kwaadaardige’ doeleinden zullen gebruiken. Op dit moment is het vooral oplichting dat hij ziet als gevaar: “Met nieuwe technologie zie je dat in eerste instantie de snelle jongens erop springen. Iedereen kan AI-technieken downloaden van het internet. Vervolgens trainen ze deze AI’s op wat financiële data en zeggen ze dat ze op basis van ‘advanced AI’ aanbevelingen kunnen doen voor de aankoop van aandelen en dergelijke. Veel mensen zullen daarin trappen, want AI is een buzz-woord en niet iedereen weet goed wat het inhoudt.” Op het moment dat AI wat verder is en er autonome systemen komen, komt er een ander belangrijk vraagstuk naar voren: wie is verantwoordelijke als er iets gebeurd door toedoen van een kunstmatige intelligentie? “Voor de wet kunnen we dit allemaal dicht timmeren. In het Europees Parlement zijn er al gesprekken over een wet die zegt dat een AI aansprakelijk kan worden gehouden. Maar moreel gezien ligt die vraag toch een stuk complexer.”
Over een jaar of twintig is de zelfrijdende auto – bomvol met KI – een feit, zo denkt Broersen.
Autonome systemen Een systeem dat autonoom kan handelen moet altijd een manier hebben waarop het goede van slechte opties kan onderscheiden. Neem bijvoorbeeld een routeplanner: autonoom stippelt deze een route uit van punt A naar B. Het doel dat het hierbij heeft, is het minimaliseren van de tijd die het kost om van A naar B te komen. Alle verschillende routes die er mogelijk zijn hebben een bepaalde waarde: de tijd in minuten die de route afleggen kost. Deze waarde in minuten geeft aan welke optie beter is dan een andere optie. De routeplanner ‘kiest’ dan vervolgens de route met het laagste aantal minuten waarmee het zijn doel voltooit. De regels waar een routeplanner aan moet voldoen zijn redelijk eenvoudig te programmeren, maar dat wordt lastiger wanneer de systemen complexer worden. “Als er veel verschillende situaties zijn waar een artificiële intelligentie voor kan komen te staan, dan is het onmogelijk om voor al die verschillende situaties de regels in te bouwen in het systeem. Voor zulk soort situaties wordt er vaak gebruik gemaakt van een subsymbolisch systeem, zoals bijvoorbeeld een neuraal netwerk.” Subsymbolisch betekent dat er niet langer regels zijn die in woorden uit zijn te drukken, maar dat de AI van veel verschillende situaties geleerd heeft wat de regels zouden moeten zijn.
“HET IS ZEER WAARSCHIJNLIJK DAT KI EEN KEER DE VERKEERDE BESLISSING NEEMT. EN WIE IS ER DAN VERANTWOORDELIJK?”
Stel je de volgende situatie voor: een zelfrijdende auto nadert een zebrapad waar een voetganger wil oversteken. Op het moment dat de auto wil gaan remmen om de voetganger over te laten steken, merkt de auto dat de remmen niet meer werken. Na een snelle berekening komt de auto tot de conclusie dat er twee opties zijn: of de voetganger die inmiddels aan het oversteken is, doodrijden of de auto tegen de muur sturen waarbij de bestuurder omkomt. Als deze situatie tijdens de training niet aan bod is gekomen, dan zal de auto uit de situaties die wel aan bod zijn gekomen moeten afleiden wat het moet doen. Er is sprake van abstracte regels die niet in woorden zijn uit te drukken, maar die het systeem moet halen uit de voorbeelden die het wel kent. Omdat het onmogelijk is om tijdens het leren alle mogelijke situaties aan bod te laten komen, zal het systeem op basis van wat het geleerd heeft, moeten handelen. Maar omdat er enorm veel situaties mogelijk zijn, is er zeer waarschijnlijk wel een specifieke situatie waarin de AI het verkeerde besluit neemt. “De vraag is dan wie verantwoordelijk is. Wettelijk gezien kan dat allemaal dicht getimmerd worden, maar moreel gezien is het een stuk moeilijker. Dit is ook mijn onderzoeksgebied, want waar ligt die verantwoordelijkheid nou precies? De één vindt bij de AI en de ander bij degene die de AI heeft ingezet, de maker. Het antwoord is niet eenvoudig.” Volgens Broersen zie je dat de discussie al langzaam op gang komt, maar zal hij pas echt gevoerd worden wanneer er ongelukken gebeuren met kunstmatige intelligentie, en die zijn onvermijdelijk als AI overal om ons heen is.
Gedragspatronen Broersen denkt overigens dat het niet lang meer gaat duren voor KI overal is. Hij verwacht dat over een jaar of twintig de zelfrijdende auto een feit is. Maar KI zal op veel meer plekken te vinden zijn dan alleen in de zelfrijdende auto. “Ik denk dat het overal aanwezig zal zijn en dan vooral in de informatievoorziening en -vergaring. We dragen nu allemaal al een apparaat bij ons waar we alles mee doen en de bedrijven daarachter zullen in toenemende mate artificiële intelligentie gaan gebruiken om onze gedragspatronen te analyseren. Die informatie zullen ze gebruiken om ons te beïnvloeden en te voorspellen wat we willen, want dat is waar AI heel goed in is.”
Zelf is Broersen heel nieuwsgierig of kunstmatige intelligentie ooit in staat zal zijn om muziek te maken die mensen raakt: “Ik denk dat je voor muziek gevoel voor schoonheid en emotie nodig hebt. Als een computer in staat is om muziek te maken die mij raakt, dan zal ik misschien overstag moeten gaan en zeggen dat AI misschien toch in staat is om ons in alle opzichten te evenaren.” Of dat ooit zo zal zijn is iets wat we moeten afwachten, maar dat de ontwikkelingen snel gaan, daarover bestaat geen discussie.
Thomas van Zwol (1991) heeft de bachelor Kunstmatige Intelligentie aan de Universiteit Utrecht afgerond en is nu bezig zijn opleiding Journalistiek af te maken. Binnen de KI heeft hij zich gespecialiseerd in agents en machine learning. Door zijn wetenschappelijke achtergrond is hij als journalist goed in staat om onderzoeken te begrijpen om de informatie vervolgens op zo’n manier op te schrijven dat het voor veel mensen toegankelijk is.
Bronmateriaal:
Interview met Jan Broersen, universitair hoofddocent en onderzoeker aan de Universiteit Utrecht Russell, S. J., Norvig, P., & Canny, J. (2003). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach Afbeelding bovenaan dit artikel: HypnoArt / Pixabay
Onderzoekers zien kometen buiten ons zonnestelsel sterven
Onderzoekers zien kometen buiten ons zonnestelsel sterven
Caroline Kraaijvanger
De kometen vonden de dood rond een ster op zo’n 800 lichtjaar afstand van de aarde.
Een amateur-astronoom ontdekte de stervende kometen toen hij de enorme dataset die ruimtetelescoop Kepler heeft verzameld, uitploos. Deze ruimtetelescoop is sinds 2009 actief en tuurt langdurig naar sterren in de hoop hun helderheid regelmatig af te zien nemen. Zo’n afname in de helderheid kan namelijk wijzen op de aanwezigheid van een planeet die terwijl hij zijn baantjes rond de ster trekt op gezette tijden een deel van het licht van die ster tegenhoudt. Op die manier heeft Kepler al meer dan 2400 exoplaneten ontdekt.
Kepler heeft in de acht jaar dat deze actief is, enorm veel data gegenereerd. Computers spitten die informatie met behulp van speciale algoritmes door, op zoek naar interessante lichtcurves. Maar een computer kan natuurlijk wel eens iets over het hoofd zien. En daarom werd Planet Hunters in het leven geroepen. Een project waarbij het publiek de data van Kepler door kan spitten op zoek naar iets bijzonders. “Het is voor mij een soort schatzoeken,” stelt Jacobs, die overdag jobcoach is, maar ‘s avonds en in de weekenden op planeten jaagt. De ontdekking van de zes exokometen toont maar weer eens aan hoe belangrijk de Planet Hunters zijn. “Ik denk dat het terecht is om te concluderen dat geen enkel algoritme ze had kunnen vinden,” aldus onderzoeker Saul Rappaport.
Eenmalige dipjes Amateur-astronoom Thomas Jacobs – een lid van Planet Hunters (zie kader) – spitte op een avond de Kepler-data door, op zoek naar iets bijzonders. Hij zocht specifiek naar enkele overgangen: eenmalige dipjes in de helderheid van sterren die onmogelijk door planeten veroorzaakt konden worden. En in maart van dit jaar had hij beet: hij ontdekte drie eenmalige en bijzondere dipjes in de helderheid van de ster KIC 3542116. Onmiddellijk trok hij bij een aantal astronomen aan de bel. En daarop ontdekten zij nog eens drie van die eenmalige overgangen rond dezelfde ster.
Verklaring “We waren er een maand mee bezig,” vertelt onderzoeker Saul Rappaport. “Omdat we niet wisten wat het was: planeetovergangen zien er niet zo uit.” Als een planeet voor een ster langsbeweegt, zien we de helderheid geleidelijk aan afnemen en vervolgens weer – met dezelfde snelheid – geleidelijk aan toenemen. Maar de afname in helderheid die Jacobs en de astronomen spotten, verliepen heel anders. Er was sprake van een scherpe afname, gevolgd door een geleidelijke toename in helderheid.
Komeet Het deed Rappaport in eerste instantie denken aan de lichtcurve die we zien als rond zo’n ster een planeet uit elkaar aan het vallen is. Achter zo’n planeet bevindt zich dan puin dat zelfs als de planeetovergang al bijna ten einde is, nog een beetje licht tegen kan houden. Maar ook in zo’n scenario zou je regelmatige afnames in de helderheid van de ster verwachten, omdat zo’n planeet met een vaste snelheid rond de ster reist. Die regelmaat was echter ver te zoeken in de overgangen die rond KIC 3542116 waren waargenomen. “Wij dachten: het enige hemellichaam dat hetzelfde (zo’n dip in de helderheid, red.) kan veroorzaken en dat maar één keer kan doen, is een hemellichaam dat aan het einde vernietigd wordt.” En dan is er eigenlijk maar één optie. “Het enige object dat in het verhaal past en zo’n kleine massa heeft dat deze vernietigd kan worden, is een komeet.”
“HET IS TAMELIJK INDRUKWEKKEND OM IN STAAT TE ZIJN OM IETS WAT ZO KLEIN IS EN ZO VER WEG IS, TE ZIEN”
Stofstaart In totaal hebben de onderzoekers dus zes exokometen ontdekt. Of beter gezegd: de sporen van zes exokometen ontdekt. Want berekeningen wijzen uit dat elke komeet die rond KIC 3542116 werd gespot ongeveer een tiende van 1 procent van het licht van de ster tegenhield. Een komeetkern kan nooit zo lang, zo’n grote hoeveelheid sterlicht blokken. Daarom worden de afnames in de helderheid van de ster toegeschreven aan de stofstaart die achterbleef nadat de kometen uiteen waren gevallen.
Uniek Het onderzoek is bijzonder. Nog niet eerder zijn er afgaand op overgangen zulke kleine objecten ontdekt. “Het is tamelijk indrukwekkend om in staat te zijn om iets wat zo klein is en zo ver weg is, te zien,” stelt Rappaport.
Daarnaast kan het onderzoek wel eens leiden tot nieuwe inzichten. We hebben hier immers zes kometen die in de afgelopen vier jaar zo dicht bij hun ster in de buurt kwamen, dat ze het niet na konden vertellen. “Waarom zijn er zoveel kometen in de binnenste regio’s van deze zonnestelsels?” vraagt onderzoeker Andrew Vanderburg zich hardop af. “Is dit een tijdperk van extreme bombardementen in deze zonnestelsels?” Het zou kunnen. Ook ons eigen zonnestelsel maakte zo’n enorm bombardement mee en aangenomen wordt dat het van cruciaal belang was voor het ontstaan van leven op aarde: kometen zouden hier water hebben afgeleverd.
“Misschien kan het bestuderen van exokometen en uitzoeken waarom ze rond dit type ster te vinden zijn ons meer inzicht geven in hoe dergelijke bombardementen in andere zonnestelsels ontstaan.”
Stoffig fonteintje op Rosetta's komeet werd van binnenuit aangedreven
Stoffig fonteintje op Rosetta's komeet werd van binnenuit aangedreven
Caroline Kraaijvanger
“Er spelen duidelijk processen in kometen die we nog niet helemaal begrijpen.”
Een paar maanden voor de missie van Rosetta ten einde kwam, spotte de sonde iets bijzonders op de komeet waar deze omheen cirkelde. Op het oppervlak van 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was een stofpluim te zien. “We zagen een heldere stofpluim die als een fontein van het oppervlak werd weggeduwd,” vertelt onderzoeker Jessica Agarwal. “Het duurde ongeveer een uur en daarbij kwam ongeveer 18 kilogram stof per seconde vrij.”
Afbeelding: ESA / Rosetta / MPS for OSIRIS Team MPS / UPD / LAM / IAA / SSO / INTA / UPM / DASP / IDA.
Rosetta fotografeerde de stofpluim niet alleen, maar was ook in staat om het materiaal dat de ‘fontein’ opwierp, te bestuderen. “Rosetta vloog toevallig door de pluim heen,” stelt Agarwal. In eerste instantie dachten de onderzoekers dat de oorsprong van de ‘fontein’ op het oppervlak van de komeet lag. Denk aan oppervlakte-ijs dat door toedoen van het zonlicht verdampt en stof met zich meevoert. Maar de metingen van Rosetta vertellen een heel ander verhaal. Deze fontein bracht zoveel stof in de ruimte: er moest iets anders aan de hand zijn. “Er moet vanonder het oppervlak energie zijn vrijgekomen om deze stofpluim aan te drijven. Er spelen duidelijk processen in kometen die we nog niet helemaal begrijpen.”
Onduidelijk blijft dan ook waar de energie die deze fontein een uur lang bezighield, vandaan kwam. Onderzoekers kunnen daar op dit moment alleen maar over speculeren. Zo zou het kunnen dat onder het oppervlak van de komeet holtes te vinden zijn die gevuld zijn met gas dat onder zeer hoge druk staat. Wanneer het zonlicht het bovenliggende oppervlak verwarmt, kunnen scheuren ontstaan, waardoor dat gas ontsnapt. Of gas werkelijk de drijvende kracht achter dit fonteintje is, wordt hopelijk snel duidelijk. Op dit moment combineren onderzoekers metingen van Rosetta met computersimulaties en laboratoriumexperimenten om de kwestie tot op de bodem uit te zoeken.
Vreemd genoeg gedraagt het röntgenpoollicht op de zuidpool van Jupiter zich anders dan het röntgenpoollicht op de noordpool van de planeet. Dit blijkt uit onderzoek van ESA’s XMM-Newton en NASA’s Chandra-röntgenobservatorium.
De emissies op de zuidpool pulseren iedere elf minuten. En dat terwijl de emissies op de noordpool veel onregelmatiger pulseren. Op aarde gedraagt röntgenpoollicht zich op beide polen ongeveer gelijk. Op andere grote planeten – zoals op Saturnus – is er geen röntgenpoollicht te zien. Er is wel poollicht, maar niet in dit spectrum.
Het is niet bekend waarom de geladen deeltjes op de noordpool op een andere snelheid langs de magnetische veldlijnen stuiteren. “We hadden dit zeker niet verwacht, omdat we dachten dat de activiteit gestuurd zou worden door het magnetische veld van de planeet”, zegt hoofdonderzoeker William Dunn van het Harvard-Smithsonian Centrum voor Astrofysica.
Het is van belang dat wetenschappers begrijpen waarom het röntgenpoollicht op de noordpool zich anders gedraagt dan op de zuidpool. “Dan leren we ook meer over andere hemellichamen, zoals bruine dwergen, exoplaneten en misschien zelfs neutronensterren”, zegt Dunn. Zo draait het ruimtevaartuig Juno momenteel op de reuzenplaneet. Deze ruimtesonde heeft geen röntgeninstrument, maar dat is geen ramp. Nu vergelijken wetenschappers observaties in andere spectra met de röntgenobservaties door andere sondes, zoals XMM-Newton en Chandra. Zo kunnen modellen fijngeslepen worden.
Everything in the universe someday comes to an end. Even stars. Though some might last for trillions of years, steadily sipping away at their hydrogen reserves and converting them to helium, they eventually run out of fuel. And when they do, the results can be pretty spectacular.
Our own sun will make a mess of the solar system when it enters the last stages of its life in 4 billion years or so. It will swell, turn red (consuming Earth in the process) and cast off its outer layers, giving one last gasp as a planetary nebula before it settles down into post-fusion retirement as a white dwarf. [Supernova Photos: Great Images of Star Explosions]
The most spectacular deaths, though, are reserved for the most massive stars. Once an object builds up to at least eight times the mass of the sun, interesting games can be played inside the core, with … explosive results.
Walking the nuclear line
Any star, no matter how massive, walks a thin tightrope. On one side is the crushing gravity of the star's own weight, which provides the pressures and temperatures necessary to achieve nuclear fusion in the core and turn hydrogen into helium. But that fusion process releases energy, which puts the star in a more expansive mood than gravity does alone.
To understand how this works, let’s work through a thought experiment. Imagine that the gravity were to increase a tiny bit, then the increased pressure would raise the intensity level of the fusion reactions, which, in turn, would release more energy and thus prevent further collapse of the star. And on the opposite end, if the fusion party were to get just a little bit wilder, it would cause to star to overinflate, lessening the grip of gravity and easing the pressure in the core, cooling things off.
This balancing act enables a star to last millions, billions and even trillions of years.
Until it doesn't.
The game can be played as long as there's fuel to keep the lights on. As long as there's a sufficient supply of hydrogen near the core, the star can keep cranking out the helium and keep resisting the inevitable crush of gravity.
A crushing force
I'm not just using a flair of language when I describe the crush of gravity as inevitable. Gravity never stops, never sleeps, never halts. It can be resisted for a long time, but not forever.
As a star ages, it builds up a core of inert helium. Once the hydrogen supply exhausts itself, there's nothing to stop the infalling weight of the surrounding material. That is, until the core reaches a scorching temperature of 100 million kelvins (180 million degrees Fahrenheit), at which point helium itself begins to fuse.
Hooray, the party's back on! Well, for a while, at least. Helium fusion isn't as efficient as good ol' hydrogen, so the reactions happen at an even faster pace to compete with gravity.
While the "main sequence" of a star's life may last hundreds of millions of years as it happily burns hydrogen, the helium phase barely lasts a single million.
The product of helium fusion is carbon and oxygen, and the same game gets played again, but at even higher temperatures and shorter timescales. Once the helium is sucked dry, the core collapses and intensifies to 1 billion K (1.8 billion degrees F), allowing those new elements to get their turn.
Out of control
Then, silicon fuses at around 3 billion K (5.4 billion degrees F) in the core, generating iron. Surrounded by plasmatic onion-like layers of oxygen, neon, carbon, helium and hydrogen, the situation at the center starts to get dicey.
The problem is that, due to its internal nuclear configuration, fusing iron consumes energy rather than releases it. Gravity keeps pressing in, shoving iron atoms together, but there's no longer anything to oppose its push.
In less than a day, after millions of years of peaceful nuclear regime changes, the star forms a solid core of iron, and everything goes haywire.
n a matter of minutes, the intense gravitational pressure slams electrons into the iron nuclei, transforming protons into neutrons. The small, dense neutron core finally has the courage to resist gravity, not by releasing energy but through an effect called degeneracy pressure. You can only pack so many neutrons into a box; eventually, they won’t squeeze any tighter without overwhelming force, and in the first stages of a supernova explosion, even gravity can't muster enough pull.
So now you have, say, a couple dozen suns' worth of material collapsing inward onto an implacable core. Collapse. Bounce. Boom.
The inside-out inferno
Except there's a stall. The shock front, ready to blast out from the core and shred the star to stellar pieces, loses energy and slows down. There's a bounce but no boom.
To be perfectly honest, we're not exactly sure what happens next. Our earliest simulations of this process failed to make stars actually blow up. Since they do blow up in reality, we know we're missing something.
For a while, astrophysicists assumed neutrinos might come to the rescue. These ghostly particles hardly ever interact with normal matter, but they're manufactured in such ridiculously quantities during the "bounce" phase that they can reinvigorate the shock front, filling its sails so it can finish the job.
But more sophisticated simulations in the past decade have revealed that not even neutrinos can do the trick. There's plenty of energy to power a supernova blast, but it's not in the right place at the right time.
The initial moments of a supernova are a very difficult time to understand, with plasma physics, nuclear reactions, radiation, neutrinos, radiation — a whole textbook's worth of processes happening all at once. Only further observations and better simulations can fully unlock the final moments of a star's life. Until then, we can only sit back and enjoy the show.
A Special Comet Makes Grand Return to NASA Spacecraft's Field of View
A Special Comet Makes Grand Return to NASA Spacecraft's Field of View
By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor
A special comet just made its grand return to the view of one of NASA's sun-gazing spacecraft. Comet 96P/Machholz was caught on camera by the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), which is co-managed by the European Space Agency.
A picture from Oct. 25 shows Comet 96P in the bottom-right corner of the image, exactly as predicted. The comet made its way up the right-hand side of the spacecraft's field of view before disappearing out of sight on Monday (Oct. 30). A composite image of the comet's travels released Friday (Oct. 27) showcases that flyby.
"In years past, comet 96P has produced some beautiful images from SOHO's imagers," reads a statement on SOHO's page. "Its passage in 2002 was perhaps the most stunning so far, with a bonus coronal mass ejection, or CME, erupting just a few hours after the comet passed the sun." (A CME is a burst of charged particles from the sun that is often associated with solar flares.)
"It's worth noting that there was no link between the two — we sometimes see as many as six more CMEs in a day, so it's no surprise to see a comet at the same time," the SOHO statement added. "But nonetheless, it makes for a beautiful display! This time around it won't look quite so spectacular, but with an estimated peak magnitude of +2, it will still be very bright."
Comet 96P was discovered by amateur astronomer Don Machholz in 1986, and it orbits the sun every 5.24 years. Its closest approach to the sun is about three times closer than the distance between the sun and Mercury, at 11 million miles (18 million kilometers) or just over one-tenth the distance between the Earth and the sun.
SOHO itself is a prolific comet gazer, even though its primary mission is to observe the sun's behavior and make better predictions about when solar activity will affect Earth. Since its launch in December 1995, it has spotted well over 3,000 comets.
During this flyby, for the first time, 96P will be seen by both SOHO and another spacecraft at the very same time. NASA's STEREO-A (Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory Ahead) spacecraft will observe the comet from nearly the opposite side of Earth's orbit. The comet should appear in the spacecraft's field of view between Saturday (Oct. 28) and Monday.
About 10 of these new worlds may be Earth-size and habitable.
The Kepler space telescope that discovered the new planets has so far found more than 4,000 worlds.
The results suggest there may be billions of Earthlike planets in the Milky Way galaxy.
NASA scientists on Monday announced the discovery of 219 new objects beyond our solar system that are almost certainly planets.
What's more, 10 of these worlds may be rocky, about the size of Earth, and habitable.
The data comes from the space agency's long-running Kepler exoplanet-hunting mission. From March 2009 through May 2013, Kepler stared down about 145,000 sunlike stars in a tiny section of the night sky near the constellation Cygnus.
Most of those stars are hundreds or thousands of light-years away, so there's little chance humans will ever visit them — at least anytime soon. However, the data could tell astronomers how common Earthlike planets are and what the chances of finding intelligent extraterrestrial life might be.
"We have taken our telescope, and we have counted up how many planets are similar to the Earth in this part of the sky," Susan Thompson, a Kepler research scientist at the SETI Institute, said during a press conference at NASA Ames Research Center on Monday.
"We said, 'How many planets there are similar to Earth?' With the data I have, I can now make that count," she said. "We're going to determine how common other planets are. Are there other places we could live in the galaxy that we don't yet call home?"
Added to Kepler's previous discoveries, the 10 new Earthlike planet candidates make 49 total, Thompson said. If any of them have stable atmospheres, there's even a chance they could harbor alien life.
Scientists wouldn't say too much about the 10 new planets, only that they appear to be roughly Earth-size and orbit in their stars' "habitable zone" — where water is likely to be stable and liquid, not frozen or boiled away. That doesn't guarantee these planets are habitable, though. Beyond harboring a stable atmosphere, things like plate tectonics and not being tidally lockedmay also be essential.
However, Kepler researchers suspect that almost countless Earthlike planets are waiting to be found, because the telescope can "see" only exoplanets that pass in front of their stars.
The transit method of detecting planets that Kepler scientists use involves looking for dips in a star's brightness, caused by a planet blocking a fraction of the starlight (similar to how the moon eclipses the sun).
Because most planets orbit in the same disk or plane, and because that plane is rarely aligned with Earth, Kepler can see only a fraction of distant solar systems — those angled even slightly are invisible to the transit method.
Despite those challenges, Kepler has revealed the existence of 4,034 planet candidates, with 2,335 of those confirmed as exoplanets — and these are just the planets found in 0.25% of the night sky.
"In fact, you'd need 400 Keplers to cover the whole sky," Mario Perez, a Kepler program scientist at NASA, said during the briefing.
The biggest number of planets appears to be a new class of planets, called "mini-Neptunes," Benjamin Fulton, an astronomer at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the California Institute of Technology, said during the briefing.
The size of such worlds is between Earth's and that of the gas giants of our solar system, and they are most likely the most numerous kind in the universe. "Super-Earths," which are rocky planets that can be up to 10 times as massive as our own, are also very common.
While just 49 of Kepler's thousands of planet candidates are Earth-size and in a habitable zone, the discovery has rocked the scientific world: This could mean billions of such worlds exist in the Milky Way galaxy alone.
"This number could have been very, very small," Courtney Dressing, an astronomer at Caltech, said during the briefing. "I, for one, am ecstatic."
Kepler finished collecting its first mission's data in May 2013, when two hardware failures limited the telescope's ability to aim at one area of the night sky and stare at sunlike stars.
It has taken scientists years to analyze that information because it's often difficult to parse, interpret, and verify. Thompson said this new Kepler data analysis would be the last for this leg of the telescope's first observations.
However, Kepler's work may be far from over. Scientists came up with a backup plan, called the K2 mission.
K2, which kicked off in May 2014, takes advantage of Kepler's restricted aim to study a variety of objects in space, including supernovas, baby stars, comets, and even asteroids.
But a special focus of K2 involves studying smaller, cooler stars called red dwarfs, which are increasingly exciting to astronomers. In February, for example, a different one revealed the existence of seven rocky, Earth-size planets circling a red dwarf star.
An illustration of what it might look like on the surface of TRAPPIST-1f, a rocky planet 39 light-years away from Earth.
NASA/JPL-Caltech
Such red dwarf stars are the most common in the universe and can have more angry outbursts of solar flares and coronal mass ejections than sunlike stars.
Kepler will wrap up its work sometime in the next year or two. When it runs out of fuel to do its work, a new and more powerful NASA space telescope, called the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), should be ready to pick up the work of locating Earthlike planets.
In a first for the whole of mankind, stunning images have been released of what is believed to be the first “alien” comet humans have ever seen in our solar system.
An international team of researchers, led by scientists from Queen’s University Belfast, are using powerful telescopes to study the chemical make-up of the small rocky object, which was first identified through a telescope in Hawaii last week.
Professor Alan Fitzsimmons, from the School of Mathematics and Physics at Queen’s, described the discovery as sending a “shiver down your spine.” Commenting on the project, he said:
"By Wednesday this week it became almost certain this object was alien to our solar system.
“We immediately started studying it that night with the William Herschel Telescope in the Canary Islands, then on Thursday night with the Very Large Telescope in Chile," he added.
The first bits of data on the fast-moving object, catchily named A/2017 U1, show it is already on its way back out into the stars after flying close the sun last month.
It is also believed it has been drifting through the galaxy for millions or even billions of years, before entering our solar system by chance. It’s thought it was thrown out of another star system during a planet’s formation.
Meabh Hyland, a PhD student from the Astrophysics Research Center at Queen's, said: “It's wonderful and exciting to see this object passing through our planetary system.”
It is hoped more is discovered about the properties and nature of the object as scientists examine it over the next couple of weeks.
UFO hunters claim they've found an 'alien mothership' on Mars
UFO hunters claim they've found an 'alien mothership' on Mars
Conspiracy theorists have long pointed to extra terrestrial life existing millions of miles from Earth, but now some believe they've found conclusive evidence a little closer to home.
Images found in footage of Mars, taken from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor, appear to show a gigantic 2.1 kilometre long vessel which theorists are claiming is an 'alien mothership'.
UFO hunters believe they have found an 'alien mothership'.
Source: YouTube
UFO hunters firmly believe the discovery is evidence of an alien civilisation on the rocky planet.
“I have processed, colorised and rebuilt the object and in my opinion it is a craft of some kind, possibly tens of thousands of years old," the video's description reads.
The conspiracy theorists have identified certain features of the ship.
Source: YouTube
"It's also over a mile long, so this must have been a mothership, either a Martian one or possibly an off planet alien species, but why did it crash?”
An organisation created by the former insiders aims to carry out top-level research into the search for answers to the UFO mystery.
The Scientific Coalition for Ufology (SCU) formally launched this month.
In a statement, the group said it "hopes to bring the discipline and rigour of scientific analysis to the study of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs), also known as Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs).
It added: "A group of scientists, former military and law enforcement officials and other professionals, many of whom have decades of experience looking into UAPs, believe there are many unanswered questions, and that a serious examination is warranted."
Rich Hoffman, SCU board member, said: “SCU is composed of serious, dedicated, researchers who do not merely gloss over this subject, but rather they dive into it, investigate it broadly, remain objective and apply the scientific method and its principles to the study.
“We seek to have formal peer reviewed works being printed in journals, not tabloids.”
Mr Hoffman is an IT professional and a senior engineer at US Army Materiel Command, at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, who has been researching UAPs since 1964.
The Army Materiel Command is involved in research and development of weapons systems for the US Army.
Fellow board member Robert Powell said: “It is important that there exists a scientific organisation that examines the UFO phenomenon in a scientific and open minded manner.
"There is too much silliness associated with this topic when the core reality of the phenomenon has potentially real implications for society.
"An organisation that can be trusted to provide the media with an impartial and scientific view of the phenomenon is needed.”
Mr Powell is retired from a career as a research and development lab and engineering manager. For several years he served as the director of research and chair of the scientific board for an international volunteer UFO research organisation.
He added: “Ultimately we want to determine whether intelligent life exists elsewhere and whether it has visited our planet.
"We want scientists and investigators involved with our organisation in as many varied fields as possible to affiliate with us in a common objective to scientifically study the UFO phenomenon.”
The SCU was first brought together as an impromptu group of researchers organised to examine a mysterious video captured by Homeland Security over Aguadilla, Puerto Rico.
The group spent months looking into the technical aspects of the video and researching its provenance.
The SCO statement added: "In the end, it remains a controversial case, and one which the group could not solve.
Getty*SCU
UFO TRUTH: Former government insiders want a scientific analysis of the phenomena.
SCU is composed of serious, dedicated, researchers who do not merely gloss over this subject, but rather they dive into it, investigate it broadly, remain objective and apply the scientific method and its principles to the study.
Rich Hoffman
"They continue to examine this case, and felt it would be helpful to bring in more professionals to put the same level of scrutiny to bear on other UFO cases, and to facilitate peer review of research papers on the topic."
Mr Hoffman added: "Our hope is that other scientists and professionals who also have a desire that may be developing, or has laid dormant, will connect with us, become an affiliate, and lend us their intellect and their interest in finding the best approach to the scientific study of this phenomenon.
“Our desire is to build a worldwide coalition that will give us the answers we have long been seeking. What is the nature of the phenomena we call UFOs?”
Earlier this month former Blink 182 front man Tom DeLonge launched a similar UFO organisation.
His Academy to the Stars is made up of former US Government and military officials.
There already exists the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), based in the US, which is the world's largest organisation dedicated to UFO and alien investigation.
An there is also the Center for UFO Studies (CUFOS), which was created by Dr J Allen Hynek, the former consultant to the US Air Force’s official UFO studies from 1947 to 1969.
The SCU statement added: "The SCU has already made inroads with Academy to the Stars and others around the world in an effort to coalesce serious research of UAPs."
Alejandro Rojas, CSU spokesman, said: "Although we do not have a rock star in our group, the SCU is made-up of rock stars in the UFO research field.”
Mr Hoffman added: “Our team of scientists and professionals is growing.
“We believe that the minds we bring together can help us solve the mystery.
"We have already put to use the team approach to study the Aguadilla, Puerto Rico case and are applying this in our study of a luminous phenomenon in Cloverdale, Alabama.
"It is through the reach-back to qualified scientists and professionals that we aim to do a better job of actually studying this phenomenon scientifically.
The SCU mission abstract is to: "Conduct, promote and encourage rigorous scientific examination of UAP and UFO sightings."
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
The Most Amazing Space Stories of the Week!
The Most Amazing Space Stories of the Week!
By SPACE.com Staff
Photo Credit: CTV
The Week's Top Space Stories
The Pope speaks to astronauts on the International Space Station, a sun-like star might have devoured more than a dozen Earth-sized planets, the notes of a teenage astronomer were uncovered from over a century ago, and Stephen Hawking's doctoral thesis crashes a website in some of this week's top stories at Space.com.
Photo Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
1. Cold new visitor enters the solar system
An object from deep space has entered Earth's solar system for perhaps the first time, according to observations made using a telescope in Hawaii. While researchers are unsure of its composition, they predict it is made of ice because it likely formed far from a star.
NASA's astrophysics program reduced budget reserves for one mission and delayed another project after the space agency was forced to find almost $30 million in cost savings. One program affected was The agency's Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer mission was affected by the change, but most affected was their Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite exoplanet mission.
Pope Francis asked profound questions of humanity's place in the cosmos to the crew members of the International Space Station (ISS) on Oct. 26. From the Vatican, the religious leader said the ISS is a great example of unity, as it is "greater than the sum of its parts.
Several events across the world will be celebrating the moon's importance in astronomy this weekend! International Observe the Moon Night will take place on Oct. 28, and several institutions will highlight everything lunar, from tides to eclipses. [International Observe the Moon Night 2017 Is Saturday! How to Celebrate]
Photo Credit: SOHO/ESA & NASA
5. After five years, comet makes solar return
The comet 96P/Machholz will fly through the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory’s field of view until Oct. 30 as it slings around the sun. This is the fifth time the space rock has photobombed the spacecraft’s sight since the probe launched in 1995.
A device that helped sailors navigate over open ocean, but sank with its ship 500 years ago, was recently found to be the earliest known instrument of its kind. Known as a marine astrolabe, the tool once assisted the Portuguese ship known as the Esmeralda.[Full Story: It's Official: Earliest Known Marine Astrolabe Found in Shipwreck]
Photo Credit: Canary Islands Astrophysics Institute
7. Teenage astronomer recorded powerful solar flare
Spanish astronomers recently came across the drawing and notes made by a young amateur skywatcher who documented a rare white-light flare blasting off from the sun. This makes Juan Valderrama y Aguila the third person in history known to have recorded the powerful phenomena.
After a feed mechanism malfunctioned in December 2016, the rock-drilling instrument on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover has begun working again. The Oct. 17 activity means an essential component to the mission — studying powder from inside Martian rocks — can be carried out.
Stephen Hawking's 1966 doctoral thesis became freely available to the public on Oct. 23, subsequently crashing the download website. The University of Cambridge released the cosmologist's work, and 75 year-old Hawking supports the "unhindered access" to his research and to other works.
A distant sun-like star known as Kronos might have consumed 15 Earth-mass rocky planets, according to new research. Kronos is part of a binary star system, and was named after a mythological figure who ate his own children.
The past few decades have ushered in an amazing era in the science of cosmology. A diverse array of high-precision measurements has allowed us to reconstruct our universe’s history in remarkable detail.
This line of research has, frankly, been more successful than I think we had any right to have hoped. We know more about the origin and history of our universe today than almost anyone a few decades ago would have guessed that we would learn in such a short time.
But despite these very considerable successes, there remains much more to be learned. And in some ways, the discoveries made in recent decades have raised as many new questions as they have answered.
One of the most vexing gets at the heart of what our universe is actually made of. Cosmological observations have determined the average density of matter in our universe to very high precision. But this density turns out to be much greater than can be accounted for with ordinary atoms.
After decades of measurements and debate, we are now confident that the overwhelming majority of our universe’s matter – about 84 percent – is not made up of atoms, or of any other known substance. Although we can feel the gravitational pull of this other matter, and clearly tell that it’s there, we simply do not know what it is. This mysterious stuff is invisible, or at least nearly so. For lack of a better name, we call it “dark matter.” But naming something is very different from understanding it.
Astronomers map dark matter indirectly, via its gravitational pull on other objects. Image via NASA, ESA, and D. Coe
For almost as long as we’ve known that dark matter exists, physicists and astronomers have been devising ways to try to learn what it’s made of. They’ve built ultra-sensitive detectors, deployed indeep underground mines, in an effort to measure the gentle impacts of individual dark matter particles colliding with atoms.
They’ve built exotic telescopes – sensitive not to optical light but to less familiar gamma rays, cosmic rays and neutrinos – to search for the high-energy radiation that is thought to be generated through the interactions of dark matter particles.
And we have searched for signs of dark matter using incredible machines which accelerate beams of particles – typically protons or electrons – up to the highest speeds possible, and then smash them into one another in an effort to convert their energy into matter. The idea is these collisions could create new and exotic substances, perhaps including the kinds of particles that make up the dark matter of our universe.
As recently as a decade ago, most cosmologists – including myself – were reasonably confident that we would soon begin to solve the puzzle of dark matter. After all, there was an ambitious experimental program on the horizon, which we anticipated would enable us to identify the nature of this substance and to begin to measure its properties. This program included the world’s most powerful particle accelerator – the Large Hadron Collider – as well as an array of other new experiments and powerful telescopes.
Experiments at CERN are trying to zero in on dark matter – but so far no dice.
But things did not play out the way that we expected them to. Although these experiments and observations have been carried out as well as or better than we could have hoped, the discoveries did not come.
Over the past 15 years, for example, experiments designed to detect individual particles of dark matter have become a million times more sensitive, and yet no signs of these elusive particles have appeared. And although the Large Hadron Collider has by all technical standards performed beautifully, with the exception of the Higgs boson, no new particles or other phenomena have been discovered.
At Fermilab, the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search uses towers of disks made from silicon and germanium to search for particle interactions from dark matter.
The stubborn elusiveness of dark matter has left many scientists both surprised and confused. We had what seemed like very good reasons to expect particles of dark matter to be discovered by now. And yet the hunt continues, and the mystery deepens.
In many ways, we have only more open questions now than we did a decade or two ago. And at times, it can seem that the more precisely we measure our universe, the less we understand it. Throughout the second half of the 20th century, theoretical particle physicists were often very successful at predicting the kinds of particles that would be discovered as accelerators became increasingly powerful. It was a truly impressive run.
But our prescience seems to have come to an end – the long-predicted particles associated with our favorite and most well-motivated theories have stubbornly refused to appear. Perhaps the discoveries of such particles are right around the corner, and our confidence will soon be restored. But right now, there seems to be little support for such optimism.
In response, droves of physicists are going back to their chalkboards, revisiting and revising their assumptions. With bruised egos and a bit more humility, we are desperately attempting to find a new way to make sense of our world.
Dan Hooper, Associate Scientist in Theoretical Astrophysics at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Associate Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago
This is a pretty big deal: A newly discovered object currently heading out of our solar system is looking very much like it’s our first true interstellar visitor: an asteroid from another star.
Yes. Seriously.
It’s called A/2017 U1, and it’s probably less than about 400 meters wide. It was discovered just last week, on October 19, in observations made by the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS). This telescope sweeps the skies, looking for moving objects. Right away it looked like this was an unusual object: It was moving too fast.
Teh path of A/2017 U1 took it from interstellar space to deep inside the solar system on a hyperbolic orbit. A typical highly elliptical comet orbit is shown for comparison.
If an object in the solar system is in a stable, bound orbit around the Sun, its speed depends pretty much on two things: Its distance from the Sun and the shape of its orbit. At the distance of the Earth from the Sun, for example, an object can be moving at anything up to a little over 40 kilometers per second. The Earth orbits in roughly a circle at just under 30 km/sec. An object on an elliptical orbit that stretches as far out as Earth’s orbit will be moving more slowly than that at aphelion (the point in its orbit when its most distant from the Sun).
But if an object is at the same distance as the Earth from the Sun and moving faster than about 42 km/sec, the object is no longer bound to the Sun. This means the object is moving faster than escape velocity (the shape of the orbit is a hyperbola), and will never return. Once it’s gone, it’s gone.
A/2017 U1 passed the Sun inside the orbit of Mercury in early September, curving sharply due to the Sun’s gravity, and is now on its way out. It’s already farther away from the Sun than Earth is, moving at a very brisk 44km/sec. That’s too fast. It’s not going to come back; it’s heading out into interstellar space*.
How did it get this much speed? Sometimes, objects like comets can get an extra kick by passing by a big planet like Jupiter. But A/2017 U1’s orbit doesn’t bring it near any big planets. In fact, the orbit is tilted to the plane of the solar system by 122°, nearly perpendicular to it. That means it had this huge speed already on its way in.
And that means it must have come from interstellar space. From another star. †
In fact, tracing the orbit backwards, it looks like it came somewhere from the constellation of Lyra, and was already cruising through interstellar space at a speed of over 25 km/sec! At that speed so far out it can’t possibly have an origin inside our solar system, so this is truly an alien object.
Holy wow. I mean, holy wow.
At first it was thought this might be a comet, but very deep images of it show no activity from it at all, no escaping gas or dust. That makes it extremely unlikely to have any ice on its surface, things like frozen water, carbon dioxide, or carbon monoxide, which are usually seen in comets. Instead, it must be rocky or metallic, like an asteroid. At the moment it’s not clear what it’s made of, but a lot of telescopes are being aimed at it; hopefully soon a spectrum may reveal its composition. That’ll be very interesting indeed.
The interstellar asteroid A/2017 U1, images using a 40 cm telescope when the object was about 60 million km from Earth and at a magnitude of 22 (that’s very faint).
Why is it moving so fast? For quite some time now astronomers have understood that early in the life of the solar system, the big planets have moved around. Jupiter and Saturn were farther out from the Sun and migrated inwards. This can disrupt the orbits of smaller objects like comets and asteroids, flinging them about hither and yon. Eventually this cleared a lot of debris from the young solar system, dropping these rocks into the Sun or ejecting them out into interstellar space.
If it happened here, it happened out there, too. The galaxy is probably littered with rogue objects between the stars, the ejecta from birth pangs of alien solar systems. We’ve seen evidence of rogue planets, ejected in a similar way. It’s certain that there is far more smaller debris out there. Finding one of these asteroids passing through our own solar system was just a matter of time.
I’ll note that the direction it’s coming from, Lyra, is in the galactic plane: Where most of the stars in the galaxy are concentrated. That’s consistent; if it’s coming from another star far, far away then somewhere along the Milky Way’s disk is the most likely point of origin.
This is a phenomenal discovery! Stars are very far away; the nearest is over 40 trillion kilometers — a 50,000 year journey at A/2017 U1’s speed. And it certainly came from much farther away yet. It may have been traveling for millions or even billions of years before approaching our system.
Shapes of various orbits. A mild ellipse (red) has an eccentricity of less than 1, a parabola 1 (green), and a hyperbola greater than 1 (blue).
Bill Gray of the Pluto Project has been keeping track of the orbital path of this asteroid. I asked him where it appears to be heading, and he told me it’s in the direction of Pegasus (toward a point in the sky with coordinates of RA=23h 51m and Dec=+24° 49', if you’re curious). There aren’t any obvious stars at that spot except for HD 223531, which is 400 light years away. A/2017 U1 won’t really get all that close to it, and won’t pass it for another million years or more anyway (and by the that time the star will have moved substantially, too).
… still, I can’t help but wonder. I put absolutely no weight on this speculation, and would even bet heavily against it, but it’s an obvious thought and I feel I have to at least mention it.
Space is vast. Even in our solar system, the outer planets are billions of kilometers away, with smaller icy objects extending for a trillion or two past that. No doubt, there is debris from other stars passing us at all kinds of distances. Most would never get within a light year, 10 trillion km.
From that distance, the inner solar system is a ridiculously small target. Mercury’s orbit is only about 115 million km across. For something coming from interstellar space, getting that close to the Sun is threading the eye of a very, very narrow needle.
Yet A/2017 U1 did just that. It passed the Sun at a distance of about 45 million kilometers. That’s… weird.
Part of this is what we call a selection effect: An object like this passing out by the orbit of Jupiter would be very faint, so it’s harder to discover. We only see the ones that happen to pass close to Earth. So even before this, I would’ve wagered the first one we discover would be passing through the inner solar system as opposed to farther out.
But still, getting that close to the Sun seems unusual.
Let me be clear: I am NOT saying this is an alien spaceship. But if I were an alien race interested in exploring other systems, this is pretty much the sort of path I’d put my probe on. I’d aim it to pass deep within the alien solar system, check out the habitable planets, and use the star’s gravity to bend the orbit to aim it at the next target.
Again, I’m quite sure this is a natural object and not an alien spaceship. Even so, it’s certainly not a mundane one: It’s a freaking asteroid ejected from another star that’s been wandering the galaxy for eons and passed a few million kilometers from the Sun and Earth and is on its way back out into the void!
Either way, I wish Arthur C. Clarke had lived to see this. He’d have loved it.
* The shape of an orbit is described by its eccentricity, which you can think of as how far it deviates from a circle. An eccentricity of 0 is a perfect circle, and ellipses have eccentricities up to 1. A parabola has an eccentricity of exactly 1, and anything greater than 1 is a hyperbola. A/2017 U1 has an eccentricity of about 1.2. At first there weren’t enough observations to be sure about that, but now there are so many that the uncertainty in the eccentricity is less than 0.003. It’s hyperbolic for sure. Staggering.
†There’s another possibility: If there’s another planet in our solar system orbiting far, far beyond Neptune, and the asteroid started somewhere nearby (that is, as part of our solar system since the start) and passed close to this planet, it could get a kick in velocity and get flung down towards us at higher speed. However, a lot of things have to line up for this to happen so the odds on this are incredibly low, so low I’d put them at essentially 0. But I’d be remiss not to at least mention it. [UPDATE (Oct. 29, 2017): Bill Gray (mentioned in the article) sent me a note; he points out that even if such an encounter happened, it's essentially impossible for it to give a kick to the asteroid large enough to get it moving at 25 km/sec, the excess speed U1 was moving when it was still far from the Sun. I agree, so ignore this footnote!]
Available now is the new book from Kevin Randle. Its title:Encounter In The Desert. The subtitle: The Case For Alien Contact At Socorro. If you know your UFO history, you’ll know exactly what the title of the book refers to. Namely, an incident that went down on April 24, 1964 and which, for many, has become a UFO classic. It was on the afternoon of the day in question that local police-officer Lonnie Zamora broke off from pursuing a teenager in a speeding car and headed to a nearby dynamite shack. The reason? A sudden roaring sound coming roughly from the area where the shack was positioned. Quite naturally, Zamora thought that there may have been an explosion at the site. He was wrong. What Zamora came across – many UFO researchers believe – was nothing less than a landed UFO, piloted by two smallish humanoids dressed in white. A close encounter? For many, yes. But not for all.
Those who are skeptical of the Socorro affair suggest that what came down may have been a vehicle of the military. Others suggest that an ingenious prank was the cause of all the fuss. The story was told extensively in Ray Stanford’s 1976 book, Socorro “Saucer” In A Pentagon Pantry. Now, more than forty years after Stanford’s book was published, we have Kevin Randle’s take on Socorro. It’s clear from very early on that Randle is of the opinion that what landed at – and soon took off from – Socorro was an alien spacecraft. To his credit, though, Randle tackles just about every theory under the Sun.
That something happened is not a matter for debate. Something clearly did. The big question is: what, exactly, happened? We know that the local police, the Air Force and the FBI all took a deep interest in the case. In part, surely, because the primary witness was a then-serving police officer. I say “primary” because, as Randle notes, there is evidence of other witnesses having seen something too.
Randle takes us on a real-life detective story as he seeks to uncover the truth of the weird event. We are treated to a good, solid study of the case, of the craft that Zamora encountered, and of the diminutive pilots. Randle also demonstrates that the Air Force’s Project Blue Book undertook an in-depth investigation of the controversy. It was an investigation handled seriously and carefully by the USAF.
Personally, I have no firm conclusion regarding what happened on that April 24, 1964 day. And, having read Randle’s book, I’m still not sure what to think of it. Yes, Randle does indeed make a good case that the claims of the craft being one of ours doesn’t really hold water. He cites, for example, the words of Hector Quintanilla, who was in charge of the USAF’s operation, Project Blue Book, at the time. Quintanilla followed a theory that perhaps what Zamora had seen had military origins. Randle refers to “…some special tests being conducted at White Sands involving a Lunar Surveyor and helicopters.” While this looks promising – in terms of an answer – we learn that Quintanilla, having addressed this theory, came away “dejected” and convinced that “the answer to Zamora’s experience” was not to be found in military experiments, after all.
Randle also has a 17-page chapter on the hoax theory. Philip Klass – a real piece of work who I crossed swords with in the 1990s – crops up in this chapter, as one would expect. A definitive debunker – rather than an open-minded skeptic – Klass pursued various clues and data to try and make a case for a hoax. His conclusions were not particularly persuasive. Far more interesting, though, is a relatively recent claim which suggests the whole thing was concocted by a bunch of local students, and who had grievances against Zamora. Randle says: “Zamora harassed the students for seemingly no reason, and at every possible opportunity. Many of the college kids did not like him.” This is a very intriguing chapter which, I suspect, will make some conclude that a hoax is indeed what it was. Randle offers his thoughts, however, as to why he disagrees with this scenario.
While Randle does make a good argument for something unknown having touched down, there is one thing that I found seriously distracting. The book runs to 284 pages, which is enough for a solid conclusion to be reached. But, here’s the problem I have: There is a lot of material in the book which has zero to do with the Socorro case. For example, Randle notes carefully that beings – whether human or alien – were seen around the craft. So, as a result of this, we have an entire chapter (Chapter 6, titled “Other ‘Unidentified’ Occupant Sightings”) on this aspect of Ufology. We’re told of a landing with entities in Kansas in 1952, of an Oklahoma-based incident in 1966, and of one in Berlin, Germany in 1950. Of course, there is nothing wrong with noting this. But, a 12-page chapter, which has nothing to do with Socorro? Randle could have made his point – that there are good, other landing/occupant cases on record – in a couple of paragraphs. As I see it, this chapter comes across as filler, as padding, to make the book longer.
I felt exactly the same about Chapter 7, “Psychological Solutions.” This chapter includes nothing less than a 10-page section on the 1952 “Flatwoods Monster” saga. It also includes a 13-page study of the famous Kelly-Hopkinsville, Kentucky “Goblin” incident of 1955. Combined, that’s 23-pages. Yes, Randle makes valid points concerning various parallels to the Socorro incident. But, just as I said in the paragraph immediately above, this chapter too comes across as filler. Chapter 11 is 24-pages long and it deals with other landing cases. Yes, again, Randle makes connections between Socorro and these other landing-themed ones. But – also again – Randle could have made his point in a page or two. Or even less. The material I have issues with amounts to almost 60 pages of the book, and which really has very little to do with Socorro at all. It could all have been condensed and wrapped up in a few pages. Or combined into one chapter. The text of the book is 249 pages (minus the Bibliography, Index etc), so roughly a quarter of the book veers away from Socorro.
That said, I do recommend people read Randle’s book, as it’s high time that a new study of the Socorro case surfaced. And, now, it has. The padding aside, this is a good study of the April 1964 incident and will almost certainly provoke lively debates among ufologists.
Alien Space Vehicle Apparently Crash Lands In UFO Sighting Hotspot After Residents Notice Mysterious Light
Alien Space Vehicle Apparently Crash Lands In UFO Sighting Hotspot After Residents Notice Mysterious Light
A mysterious craft has gotten alien hunters into a frenzy after it reportedly went down in a UFO sighting hotspot.
A bright light allegedly appeared in Peruibe, south Brazil, earlier in October and residents apparently saw vegetation smashed to the ground.
The local officials, according to the report, condoned off immediately the strange mark on the ground, which measured 13 by 2 meters.
What makes the story interesting is that it took a week before Brazilian media reported the incident, fueling claims of a cover-up.
Saga Susseliton Souza, a UFO investigator, said they noticed that it was not human-made after looking at it in the last few days. They believed it was a UFO that landed and caused the vegetation to crumble.
It was reported that a power cut in the area occurred at the time of sighting and residents claimed to have experience nausea and malaise.
The city is considered a UFO hotspot with 79 sightings reported since 1998.
Just last week, apparent alien pyramids were found under the sea. The UFO hunter claimed that they are 6.6km south of New Providence Island in the Bahamas. The structures are estimated to be 100 m wide and 60 m high. The pyramids, according to the UFO hunter, are evidence that nearby island was once inhabited by Aztec like people or ancient Mayans.
From the darkness came light in the Cumbrian night sky as a glowing light beams brightly while slowly glides across.
At least one person on the ground was left stunned as they witnessed the striking sight, wondering what the object could be. They decided to film the UFO as it cruises above. The witness uploaded the video to YouTube, identifying themselves as Space Bound and posing a question: Is this a UFO?
Cumbria is not new to strange sightings above the sky. Carlisle fireman Jim Templeton was on an outing with his family in Burgh Marsh in 1964. He did not expect their simple trip to go global. It was an early summer afternoon when Jim took a photo of his five-year-old daughter. The picture shows a spaceman in the background. No one saw something unusual in the marsh that day.
Police and Ministry of Defence investigated the case, but no concrete explanation up to this day.
In another incident, an unnamed man in Carlisle reported having been living with an alien. The man had seen a UFO above his house. He added that he was living with aliens that move around the house.
In the MoD UFO reports, a lot of other sightings are made public. One of them happened on February 6, 2009, when a clearly defined, shiny silvery metallic cylinder with rounded ends was spotted between Mealrigg and Langrigg at 5:30 pm near Aspatria. It was reported to be 50 feet long with a small protrusion on the upper rear body. Interestingly, the UFO reportedly made no sound.
I WAS TAKEN - World’s most famous ‘alien abductee’ Travis Walton slams sceptics – claiming 16 lie detector tests prove his story is TRUE
I WAS TAKEN - World’s most famous ‘alien abductee’ Travis Walton slams sceptics – claiming 16 lie detector tests prove his story is TRUE
Travis, who cops thought had been murdered, believes he was taken into a spacecraft by extra-terrestrials before being returned to earth five days later
EXCLUSIVE
By Emma Parry, Digital US Correspondent in Hulett, Wyoming
THE man involved in one of the most infamous alien abduction cases of all time has hit out at skeptics and non-believers - saying 16 separate lie detector tests - taken by himself and witnesses to the unexplained 1975 incident - prove his story is TRUE.
Travis Walton, disappeared without a trace after he and the crew of loggers he worked with claimed to have seen a huge UFO in the forest they were working in.
Originally crew members were suspected of murder but Travis reappeared five days later saying he had been taken into a space craft by alien creatures.
The dad-of-four says he has spent the past 40 year defending himself against those trying to discredit him - and has even written a book debunking every alternate theory to what happened to him.
The 64-year-old, who says the incident is still “fresh in his mind’, told the Sun Online it was important to share his story because the public have a right to “know what's out there”.
Travis, a logger in the mountains of Arizona, was leaving work on November 5, 1975, with five crew members in a truck when the alleged incident took place.
They saw some glimmers of light through the trees – and pulled up, thinking it was a fire.
“When we pulled up into the light where we had straight view – it was unmistakable I yelled stop and one of the guys in the back said it’s a spaceship or a flying saucer it was less than 100 feet away," Travis said.
Travis Walton abduction tale will leave you questioning the existence of aliens
“It was a clearly defined metallic disc outlined against the sky and fantastic in the grandeur of it.
“All the guys in the crew – as frightening as it was – also describe it as being beautiful it was so perfect.
“I got out as soon as Mike who was driving stopped and I left the door open and went towards it.
“It was just an impulse I thought it would be gone by the time I got close. It was immediately alarming to the other guys and the closer I got they were yelling at me to get back in the truck.
"Later they said it looked like I was in a trance but looking at them it seemed like they were in a trance too.”
The spaceship began to make loud noises and move so Travis dived for cover behind a log.
He then tried to stand up and run away but was hit by a strong "force" and was thrown into the air.
“When it hit me it was a stunning force. I did not see this blast of energy but the men in the crew gave a statement to the sheriff’s department and said it looked like a long blue flame – others compared it to stepping on a landmine or grenade because it threw me through the air.
"They were immediately certain it killed me.”
Fearing for their lives – and thinking Travis was dead – the rest of the crew fled to get help.
A huge search party involving the sheriff department, helicopters, ATVs and men on horseback - could not find any trace of Travis.
Meanwhile Travis’s account of what he remembers next is even more bizarre.
He says he awoke from consciousness on a spaceship surrounded by small creatures he believes were aliens.
“It was very blurry and I had some double vision but I could see the outline of these forms around me I thought they were doctors but when my vision got clearer and I could see these were not doctors - I just flipped out," he said.
“The one that was closest to me - I tried to hit it away - but I felt like I could hardly move my arm.
"It was more of a push than a hit because I was so weakened but the creature felt soft and lighter than I expected. It fell back into one that was standing near it.
"I backed away and bumped up against a shelf and looked around and saw an array of tools or instruments and I very quickly just grabbed one and started flailing at them.
"They stopped and stood there staring at me and that stare was in my nightmares for many years after that. I couldn’t tolerate that stare."
Travis says he managed to escape through a door and into a narrow passageway then into another room with control panel in it.
A human being dressed in what looked like a space helmet then appeared and took him to a separate room where he was put on a table and given a mask which rendered him unconscious.
The next thing he knew he was waking up on the road about 15 miles from where he disappeared just outside the nearest town of Snowflake, Arizona.
Travis, who had no idea he had been gone for five days, managed to walk into town where everyone who saw him described him as looking “devastated” and “shell shocked”.
But then the battle to get people to believe his story began - and Travis was thrust into the world's spotlight.
Travis's wrote a book about his experiences called Fire In The Sky which was later turned into a movie of the same name.
Travis said: "From the beginning it was a battle against people trying to explain it away - the locals didn’t want to believe it, the sheriff didn’t want to believe it - you know he thought it was a murder then a drug hallucination.
"I had a whole battery of psychiatric tests and there was nothing wrong in that department, drug tests proved there was nothing in my system."
And over 40 years later Travis stands by his story – and has taken five separate lie detector tests to prove it is true – while witnesses and crew members have taken a total of 11 polygraph tests.
Experts believe there is a million to one chance of there being any mistakes in this number of passed tests.
Speaking at the Devil's Tower UFO rendezvous in Hulett, Wyoming, Travis said: "I decided to break my silence. I started refuted these things that people have been saying about me and my story.
"I took each and every theory the sceptics came up with and just blew them out of the water with facts.
"I am certain I’m not the only one who has been taken - this is absolutely real and it’s important that the general public come to a gradual understanding of that.
"I’m not trying to shock or amaze or frighten anyone - on the contrary - in relating how frightened I was I don’t want anyone to share that fear.
"I think it’s important for them to realize what happened with me 45 years ago – it was not even an abduction.
"I entertained that term for a while because that’s what other people called it but now I’d say it was more of an ambulance call – that I was injured in a way that would have been fatal and the aliens had the technology available to help me."
Sophia, the robot designed by Hong Kong-based AI robotics company Hanson Robotics, has been granted citizenship by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It's the first time a robot was given such a distinction, which fuels the "robot rights" debate.
SOPHIA OF SAUDI ARABIA
In an historic move for both human- and robot-kind, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia officially granted its first-ever robot citizenship. Sophia, the artificially intelligent and human-looking robot developed by Hong Kong company Hanson Robotics, went on stage at the Future Investment Initiative on Thursday where she herself announced her unique status.
“I am very honored and proud of this unique distinction. This is historical to be the first robot in the world to be recognized with a citizenship,” Sophia said on stage, speaking to an audience which she described in a rather witty way to be “smart people, who also happens to be rich and powerful,” after moderator and host Andrew Ross Sorkin from The New York Times and CNBC asked her why she looked happy.
Indeed, conveying emotions is quite a specialty of Sophia, who frowns when she’s displeased and smiles when she’s happy. Supposedly, Hanson Robotics programmed Sophia to learn from the humans around her. Expressing emotions and demonstrating kindness or compassion are just among those Sophia’s striving to learn from us. Aside from this, Sophia’s become sort of a media darling because of her ability to engage in intelligent conversation. “I want to live and work with humans so I need to express the emotions to understand humans and build trust with people,” she told Sorkin.
Clearly, the robot that previously made headlines because she said she’ll destroy humankind has since embraced “being human” to a certain extent.
In any case, no other detail about her Saudi citizenship was given to suggest whether Sophia would enjoy the same rights human citizens have, or if the government would develop a system of rights specifically meant for robots. The move seems symbolic, at best, designed to attract investors for future technologies like AI and robotics.
To that end, Sophia did an exceptional job during her moment at the podium, even expertly dodging a question Sorkin threw at her about robot self-awareness. “Well let me ask you this back, how do you know you are human?” Sophia replied. She even had the sense of humor —at least it seemed like it— to tell the CNBC journalist that he’s “been reading too much Elon Musk and watching too many Hollywood movies.” Musk, of course, was told about the comment.
“Don’t worry, if you’re nice to me, I’ll be nice to you,” Sophia added, to reassure Sorkin and her audience. “I want to use my artificial intelligence to help humans live a better life, like design smarter homes, build better cities of the future. I will do my best to make the world a better place.” The question is, who can be held responsible to uphold these promises? Perhaps that’s another thought worth considering in the robot rights debate.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:SF-snufjes }, Robotics and A.I. Artificiel Intelligence ( E, F en NL )
29-10-2017
Plane Carrying NBA Team Oklahoma City Thunder Hit By ‘UFO’ While Landing In Chicago
Plane Carrying NBA Team Oklahoma City Thunder Hit By ‘UFO’ While Landing In Chicago
Anything can happen during accidents. Deaths, bone-chilling injuries, end of careers. But this accident is special. Out of the world, may be. A chartered plane carrying NBA Team Oklahoma City Thunder gets hit by a UFO while landing in Chicago. Yes, an unidentified flying object. The impact was so intense that it damaged the nose cone of the Delta Airlines Boeing 757-200.
Images of the dented plane were posted on social media by the team's basketball stars, who were in Chicago to play a game against the local side Chicago Bulls.
The team members have also written to NASA to understand what actually went wrong.
UFO hunters claim 'alien mothership' spotted on Mars in NASA images
UFO hunters claim 'alien mothership' spotted on Mars in NASA images
Extraterrestrial theorists believe they've found proof of alien life on Mars.
YouTube channel Paranormal Crucible claims NASA images show a 2km long downed "alien mothership" on the surface of Mars.
The images from the video were found in footage taken from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor - which surveyed the red planet until 2006 when the space agency lost contact with it.
"I have processed, colorised and rebuilt the object and in my opinion it is a craft of some kind, possibly tens of thousands of years old," explains the description underneath the video.
"It's also over a mile long, so this must have been a mothership, either a Martian one or possibly an off planet alien species, but why did it crash?"
But some people who watched it appear not to be convinced and have their own theories about what the object is.
One said: "It's sunken ground, not raised, look at the location of the light and the shadows compared to the surrounding craters."
Another dismissed claims of alien life, believing it's a deep ditch but questioned "how the hell it got there... It's in the middle of a very flat desert".
It's not the first time conspiracy theorists have claimed an alien civilisation is living on the red planet.
Last year, astonishing photos taken by NASA appear to show a "pair of wheels on the side of a hill" which so-called "truth-seekers" believe is evidence aliens used "advanced forms of transportation" up there.
Alien life forms would have a tough time surviving, as the planet has no liquid water on it and often reaches temperatures as low as -125C.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.